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Retain current filters. Filter by Author. Clear filters. Ethiopia says British museum must permanently return its artifacts. France to return 26 artworks to Benin. The decision came as Macron received the findings of a study he had commissioned on returning African treasures held by French museums, a radical policy shift that could put LONDON: Two eight-year-old boys, who have upped their philanthropic game over the past year by selling lemonade, have now set their eyes on raising money to build homes for Syria this Ramadan. Kids cook while fasting to raise money during Ramadan for UK mental health charity. LONDON: A British Muslim year-old boy who marked his first Ramadan last year by cooking while fasting to raise money for charity has returned with a whole entourage. Non-Muslims around the world take on Ramadan fasting challenge to help tackle Islamophobia. LONDON: Non-Muslims around the world took part in two Ramadan challenges this month designed to show solidarity with Muslims against a rising tide of Islamophobia, and improve religious tolerance and understanding. People from more than 25 countries took part in the annual Fast For Unity and Eid in the Square, which is hosted by the Mayor of London, is held each year in Trafalgar Square to mark the end of the Muslim holy mo Speaking during He was minister of culture from until , and again from until He was also minister of national education from to , and from to Lang has been deeply connected with Arab cult Filter by author:. Search form Search. Print Edition Read pdf version Subscribe now.
Pengguna Dadah Wanita di Malaysia: Pengalaman Penagihan dan Hubungan Kekeluargaan
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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This study explored the demographic characteristics of hepatitis C patients in the Kota Setar KS district, Kedah, Malaysia, the prevalence of intravenous drug use IVDU as a risk factor among these patients, and the associations between IVDU and demographic characteristics. Retrospective data pertaining to patients from January to December were retrieved from hospital and disease notification records for analysis. Of the hepatitis C patients included in this study, the most common age group was 31 to 40 years Ethnic Malays constituted approximately Single patients were 2. The factors associated with IVDU included age, sex, and marital status. Appropriate preventive measures should be developed to target the groups in which IVDU is most likely to be a risk factor for HCV infection. Hepatitis C is a major global health problem and a potential cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in the future. In addition, the WHO reported that more than , people die annually from hepatitis C-related liver disease \[ 1 \]. HCV can cause both acute and chronic liver disease, with eventual complications that include liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is a small 55 nm to 65 nm , enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae , and was first identified in \[ 3 \]. Six basic genotypes exist, with multiple subtypes within each genotype \[ 4 , 5 \]. HCV is most frequently spread through direct contact with infectious blood. In frequently, it may also be transmitted through sexual intercourse with an infected person or sharing personal items contaminated with HCV \[ 1 \]. Risk factors include transfusion of blood and blood products, transplantation of solid organs from infected donors, intravenous drug use IVDU , hemodialysis, occupational exposure to infected blood, tattooing, birth to an infected mother, and sexual intercourse with an infected partner \[ 1 , 6 \]. A study conducted in Kuala Lumpur Hospital involving HCV-infected patients from to found that the majority of patients The introduction of routine blood screening in has led to effective control of this infection route. However, patients who are already infected are at risk of developing advanced liver disease, contributing to a continuing rise in HCV-related morbidity and mortality that has been predicted by mathematical models \[ 8 - 10 \]. Relatively few publications have dealt with the epidemiological aspects of HCV infection in Malaysia. The studies that have been published were conducted on selected population subgroups, such as blood donors, intravenous drug users, and hemodialysis patients, ranging from to \[ 11 - 13 \]. This study was motivated by the lack of local data, and focused primarily on the demographic data, risk factors, and complications of HCV patients in the Kota Setar KS district, Kedah, Malaysia. We aimed to study the demographic characteristics of hepatitis C patients, and to explore the associations of demographic characteristics and IVDU with HCV infection. A cross-sectional study involving patients in the KS district, Kedah, Malaysia was conducted from June to June The secondary data of all patients diagnosed with hepatitis C from January until December were included in this study. The enrollment criterion was the presence of antibodies to HCV as indicated by a positive screening test and confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbenct assay ELISA kit, regardless of whether the infection was acute or chronic. The secondary data gathered included demographic characteristics, risk factors, and data pertaining to clinical care. A data collection sheet was used to gather data from computerized medical records, notification forms, and hand-written case notes without including any identifiable information. A patient could have one or more risk factors. Our main goal was to explore associations between the demographic characteristics of hepatitis C patients and IVDU. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version Simple logistic regression was utilized to explore associations between demographic characteristics and IVDU. In the five-year period of the study, patients were diagnosed with hepatitis C in the KS district, Kedah, Malaysia. The plurality of our patients The overwhelming majority According to ethnicity, With regard to marital and employment status, pluralities of the patients were currently married Demographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with hepatitis C in the Kota Setar district, Kedah, Malaysia from to In general, IVDU Risk factors among patients diagnosed with hepatitis C in the Kota Setar district, Kedah, Malaysia from to The complications identified in this study were decompensated liver disease 8. The main methods of diagnosing liver cirrhosis are abdominal ultrasonography and liver biopsy if the diagnosis is uncertain \[ 15 \]. Hepatic decompensation is defined by the development of jaundice, ascites, variceal bleeding, or hepatic encephalopathy. Its diagnosis is guided by the Child-Pugh classification of liver disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma is diagnosed according to the following guidelines \[ 16 , 17 \]:. However, the majority This could have been due to limitations in our data regarding the outcomes of HCV infection Table 3. Complications of hepatitis C infection in the Kota Setar district, Kedah, Malaysia from to Further inferential analysis was performed using logistic regression between demographic characteristics and IVDU. In a simple logistic regression analysis, age group, sex, marital status, and ethnicity were found to be associated with IVDU as a risk factor for HCV. After adjusting for every variable using multiple logistic regression, age group, sex, and marital status remained significantly associated with IVDU as a risk factor for HCV. Another notable finding was that unmarried patients were 2. Association between demographic characteristics and intravenous drug use as a risk factor for hepatitis C. HCV is most effectively transmitted via large or repeated direct percutaneous exposure to infected blood \[ 18 \]. This finding corresponds to those of many other studies, such as one that found that the risk of HCV infection was three times as high among subjects who had used marijuana times or more adjusted odds ratio \[OR\], 2. The above findings have established a strong link between drug use and HCV infection. Globally, the illegal injection of drugs has been established as the predominant mode of transmission of HCV \[ 18 \]. From to , intravenous drug users had a markedly higher prevalence of HCV infection Garfein et al. In addition, HCV seroprevalence was found to be independently related to reusing syringes at least once in the past six months OR, 3. The top three age groups among our sample of hepatitis C patients were 31 to 40 years, 41 to 50 years, and 51 to 60 years. In contrast, in a study of Malaysian blood donors, HCV infection was most common in subjects more than 40 years old \[ 13 \]. A review in Brazil found that the prevalence of HCV infection was high among individuals over 30 years old, with a peak in patients aged 50 to 59 years 3. In that study, the most important risk factors included intravenous drug use, although their study contained relatively little information on the distribution of risk factors. The fact that these studies reported similar findings about which age groups are most affected by HCV infection suggests that the risk of being infected by HCV is highest in people at least 30 years of age for whom IVDU is an important risk factor. Globally, Alter et al. The prevalence of HCV infection in Egypt was also found to increase with age, although a high rate of infection was observed in all age groups \[ 18 \]. It was hypothesized that a greater risk of infection existed in the past, roughly 40 to 60 years previously \[ 22 \]. The current study found that men made up the overwhelming majority of HCV cases Our findings complement those of a study in Iran in which the prevalence of HCV infection among male inmates was found to be Another study in Kuala Lumpur likewise showed a preponderance of male patients The differences between the findings of that study and those of the current study may be due to the fact that the former study was conducted almost 15 years ago, when the main transmission route of HCV was blood transfusions. In Vancouver, female adolescents were found to have a higher rate of HCV seroconversion, and a gender-stratified analysis revealed the presence of similar risk factors, such as the injection of heroin and crystal methamphetamine, in both genders \[ 24 \]. The difference between the findings of that study and those of the current study could be accounted for by the presence of sharp differences in the study populations and the social and cultural contexts. Another study in the US likewise found no significant difference between genders in the prevalence of sharing needles during drug use \[ 25 \]. This study found that the subjects who were single were 2. Limited information exists from previous studies that would help contextualize this finding. One of the most valuable studies in this regard was conducted in the US, and it was found that unmarried people comprised more than half of the subjects with all durations of intravenous drug use \[ 21 \]. As mentioned above, HCV infection may lead to complications, meaning that the prevention of HCV transmission should be emphasized in order to reduce its morbidity and mortality. Primary prevention is especially crucial in reducing the disease burden posed by HCV infection. Risk reduction counseling and services should also be made widely available in the community \[ 26 \]. Moreover, the elimination of intravenous drug abuse would certainly reduce the transmission of HCV infection. An excellent example is the use of methadone, which eliminates intravenous injections and thereby addresses the main risk factor identified in this study. The main strength of this study is that it was conducted in a multiethnic setting and included an entire district in the state of Kedah. Moreover, the district analyzed in the study is one of the most heavily populated districts in the state, with a mixture of urban and suburban settings. Thus, these results can be applied to urban and suburban populations. To our knowledge, this is the first study on this topic conducted in Kedah, Malaysia, and this study was motivated by the scarcity of information on HCV infection in this region. One limitation of this study is the fact that comprehensive data were not always available; for instance, only incomplete data about the complications of HCV infections were available and most of the patients are still under follow up as complications may take a long time to develop. Another limitation was that tests for HCV RNA were not performed among our patients, meaning that we could not identify patients who had cleared an HCV infection in the past or who had false positive reactions to the tests measuring HCV antibodies. This study indirectly underscores the need for widely implementing programs designed to facilitate the early detection of HCV infections. Early testing should be offered to those at high risk of HCV infection, such as intravenous drug users \[ 26 \]. After a case of HCV infection is detected, appropriate medical management, counseling, and follow-up are warranted in order to contain the spread of disease in a high--risk population. This step would likely be the cornerstone of controlling the transmission of HCV infection in the community. Moreover, early and appropriate treatment for HCV is curative. As a result, preventive measures targeting high-risk groups should be developed in order to control HCV infection and to reduce its burden of morbidity and mortality in the coming years. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Epidemiol Health. Find articles by Wei Leong Tan. Find articles by Goh Yihui. Find articles by Muhammad Radzi Abu Hassan. Received Mar 11; Accepted Jul 10; Collection date Open in a new tab. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.
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Pengguna Dadah Wanita di Malaysia: Pengalaman Penagihan dan Hubungan Kekeluargaan
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