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Since , Anna von Lipa has collaborated with the oldest and most prominent glass blowers in Europe, designing and manufacturing luxurious free-blown glass art. If you have any questions please check our FAQ page. If you do not find the answer, do not hesitate to contact us at info annavonlipa. You need to change a setting in your web browser. Please see: How to enable JavaScript in your browser. If you use ad-blocking software, it may require you to allow JavaScript from this page. Back to shop. Login to your account. You cannot fill out this field. Login New registration Forgotten password. Scandinavian Design Czech Glass Glass is fantastic material. It is at once fragile and at the same time incredibly strong. Of course, it has a physical strength, withstand, for example, moisture, sun and frost. But it is just as strong in its artistic and aesthetic expression. The transparency and reflection of the glass creates depth when it plays with the light in refractions and reflections. See our products. For this reason, the name MEADOWS and individual color combinations were named after the most similar colors from the nature that surrounds us. The muted colors are meant to remind us of this natural phenomenon. Their appearance certainly suits modern homes and can be easily combined with other natural materials such as wood and stone. Created using a special technique where an array of colours is splashed on the glass, they are festive and sure catch the eye. More about us. About our glass Blowing glass is a fascinating and time-consuming process. More about our glass. Sign up and get access to our e-shop where you can place your orders. Get registered. Back shopping. Back shopping What are you looking for? We use cookies to provide you with a comfortable browsing experience and to continuously improve the functionality, performance and usability of the website by analysing its traffic. More information.

Fluid Thinking, Thermal Innovation

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E-mail: fatma. Microbial fuel cells MFCs represent simple devices that harness the metabolic activities of microorganisms to produce electrical energy from diverse sources such as organic waste and sustainable biomass. Because of their unique advantage to generate sustainable energy, through the employment of biodegradable and repurposed waste materials, the development of MFCs has garnered considerable interest. Critical elements are typically the electrodes and separator. This mini-review article presents a critical assessment of nanofiber technology used as electrodes and separators in MFCs to enhance energy generation. In particular, the review highlights the application of nanofiber webs in each part of MFCs including anodes, cathodes, and membranes and their influence on energy generation. The role of nanofiber technology in this regard is then analysed in detail, focusing on improved electron transfer rate, enhanced biofilm formation, and enhanced durability and stability. In addition, the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating nanofibers into MFCs are discussed, along with suggestions for future research in this field. Significant developments in MFCs over the past decade have led to a several-fold increase in achievable power density, yet further improvements in performance and the exploration of cost-effective materials remain promising areas for further advancement. This review demonstrates the great promise of nanofiber-based electrodes and separators in future applications of MFCs. By definition, the MFC is a device that converts the energy from organic compounds into electrical energy through the metabolic processes of microorganisms. This is achieved by electrochemically active bacteria, which oxidize organic matter in the anode compartment, releasing electrons and cations, eqn 1. The electrons flow through the external circuit to the cathode, where they combine with an oxidant to produce water eqn 2. In a conventional MFC, two half-cells — an anode and a cathode, are separated by an ion exchange membrane, as depicted in Fig. The process of electricity generation in the MFC is sustained through a continuous consumption of an oxidising agent, e. The cathode compartment can work with either aqueous or atmospheric oxygen. The interest in microbial fuel cells has been consistently increasing over the last two decades. Despite these promising features and significant interest, the performance of MFCs is currently characterized by lower power density, when compared with chemical fuel cells, whose rates of reaction are naturally higher than biological processes; this has however driven the need for innovation to enhance performance. As with every real system, MFCs produce energy output that is lower than their theoretical maximum due to different electrochemical losses. The losses are due to resistance in materials, separator material, and electrolytes, leading to the lower power production of MFCs compared to their potential. According to Torres et al. Developments in electrode and membrane materials are focused on enhancing MFC performance by seeking novel materials with improved capabilities. Carbon nanofibers CNFs are widely utilised as MFC electrodes due to their unique network structure and exceptional structural stability. The main challenges for MFC systems are cost reduction and productivity enhancement. Using nanofibers offers a viable option to tackle the main issues of reducing costs and increasing productivity in microbial fuel cell MFC systems. The customisable features enhance the optimisation of electrode and membrane materials, hence enhancing the performance and lifespan of MFC systems. Due to their small size, highly porous structure, tight pore size, and high specific surface area, nanofiber webs are ideal for integration into MFCs. For instance, incorporating nanofibers into the anode can promote microbial adhesion and increase surface area, resulting in faster electron transfer rates and higher power production. The results showed the high surface roughness, porous and three-dimensional interconnecting conductive scaffold improved the colonization of Escherichia coli and electron transfer to the anode. It is clearly shown that the nanofiber effect on the colonization of bacteria is non-negligible. Integrating nanofibers in MFCs has demonstrated potential benefits for improving power density, current output, and durability of these cells. Nanofibers can be used as an anode material to facilitate electron transfer from bacteria to the electrode surface, a cathode material to enhance oxygen reduction, or a membrane material to separate the anode and cathode compartments. However, more research is needed to optimize the fabrication and integration of nanofibers in MFCs and to understand their long-term stability and performance under different operating conditions. In the literature, CNFs have been widely studied in MFCs due to their excellent electrical conductivity and biocompatibility. One such study, 31 employed activated electrospun carbon nanofibers ACNFs in an MFC as an alternative cathode catalyst to platinum Pt and conducted a performance comparison with plain carbon paper. Karra et al. The analysis of biofilm adhesion, both qualitatively and quantitatively, indicated that ACNFs outperformed other commonly used carbon anodes. The power density of the ACNFs was 1. Bosch-Jimenez et al. Adding metals increased mesoporosity and catalytic activity of cathode material. Manickam et al. The bio-electrochemical performance of activated carbon nanofiber anodes was compared to commonly-used anodes like carbon cloth and granular activated carbon, and this anode architecture is expected to help overcome low power density issues that have limited the widespread adoption of MFCs. Polymer nanofibers have been investigated for their use in MFCs due to their high surface area and flexibility. Consequently, higher power production can be achieved. Chae et al. The addition of the nanofiber layer not only enhances the dimensional stability of the SPEEK membrane but also improves its affinity for protons, all while reducing costs. Additionally, the composite membrane demonstrated superior hydrogen efficiency electron to hydrogen of In addition to the potential improvement of MFC performance, nanofiber technology can also contribute to the sustainability of MFCs by utilizing renewable feedstocks in nanofiber production. Nanofibers can be fabricated from various materials, such as carbon, metal, polymer, and ceramic, using different fabrication techniques, including electrospinning, 38,39 melt spinning, 40 force spinning, 41 chemical vapour deposition, 42 and template synthesis. Electrospinning is a method that can produce continuous and uniform nanofibers from various polymers and composite materials, making it a popular choice for applications in various applications, including fuel cells. Their high surface area-to-volume ratio, small diameter, and porosity render these suitable as electrode materials in MFCs. The high surface area of nanofibers allows for a larger number of microorganisms to attach to the electrode, resulting in improved performance. The high porosity of nanofibers facilitates the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen to the microorganisms, which is essential for their growth and metabolism. Compared to commercial graphite felt, the nanocomposite anode showed a 1. The role of carbon nanofibers on MFCs is not only because of their conductivity, but also their adoption properties. The conductive carbon nanofibers can improve bacterial attachment and extracellular electron transfer simultaneously. For instance, Zhang et al. The start-up time was shortened by Apparently, carbon-based nanofibers, including carbon nanotubes and graphene, are attractive due to their high electrical conductivity and adsorption properties. Other commonly used nanofiber materials in MFCs include metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide, and conductive polymers, such as polyaniline. In another work, 55 electrospun metal-doped CNF were employed as anode electrodes. The CNF served as carriers for metals, enhancing the surface area and creating a highly porous structure. Differences in power output across various metals are due to variances in active sites on the carbon nanofiber surface, as well as differences in surface morphology, structure, and electronegativity. These differences influence the direct contact between the anode interface and extracellular proteins of electricity-producing microorganisms, affecting the degree to which the diffusion limit is surpassed. Therefore, significant differences have been observed in the improvement of bioelectrocatalytic performance with different metal anode materials. This combination enhances the electrocatalytic efficiency of bimetallic MOFs and avoids the agglomeration of nanoparticles. Barakat et al. Adding cobalt Co to carbon nanofibers CNFs helps reduce the negative impact of the metal on microorganisms and lowers the chance of metal dissolution, while simultaneously utilising the advantageous features of cobalt. It can be concluded that employing conductive nanofibers as anodes can alter the surface morphology and porosity of the anode material, thereby impacting the performance of MFC units. The incorporation of metals onto the nanofiber layer has shown significant potential to enhance power generation performance several-fold. This improvement is attributed to better attachment of electroactive bacteria, enhanced electrocatalytic activity, and catalytic reduction processes facilitated by the modified nanofiber structure. Nanofiber-based cathodes have been developed as a viable option to improve MFCs' performance. Nanofibers' high surface area, porosity, and electrical conductivity make them suitable for replacing traditional electrode materials such as graphite and platinum. Carbon-based nanofibers, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, are particularly attractive due to their high electrical conductivity and potential for enhanced electron transfer. Xu et al. Ghasemi et al. To increase surface area and catalytic activity of the cathode, chemical and physical activation was done by KOH reagents and CO2 gas, respectively. On the other hand, the cost of chemically activated carbon nanofibers was 2. Eom et al. Palladium Pd was used at various ratios to enhance the catalytic activity of MFC together with carbon nanofibers in the cathode electrodes. Results indicated that the performance of MFC increased as the content of Pd increased. Pd incorporated nanofiber showed current density and power density The porous structure of the nanofiber composite electrode effectively decreased the internal resistance of the MFC cathode. Nandy et al. The graphite felt GF showed superior electrochemical performance, with a peak power density of The increased performance of GF was due to its larger surface area, which improved biofilm adhesion and resulted in higher oxygen reduction reaction ORR activity. Gong et al. Palladium nanoparticles are evenly spread and highly active on the surface of carbon nanofibers in the Pd-CNMs structure. The Pd-CNMs exhibit outstanding electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction process ORR in alkaline electrolytes due to their large specific surface area. On the other hand, Santoro et al. The nitrogen functional groups attached to the nanofiber surfaces likely enhanced the properties of the ACNF. The findings demonstrated that CNFs activated by HNO3 exhibited greater stability in voltage output and power production over extended periods compared to a Pt-based cathode, which experienced deterioration and detachment of the catalyst with time. While Cong et al. Furthermore, it was suggested that the ACNF cathode serves as a dependable and cost-effective alternative to Pt-based cathodes. Similarly, Yang et al. Depending on the carbonization temperature, variations in nitrogen content and the degree of graphitic phase were observed. The optimal carbonization temperature for achieving a desirable graphitic phase and a nitrogen content of 3. Among the samples with varying pore volumes 0. The remarkable electrocatalytic activity, with an onset potential of approximately 0. Their analysis showed that all nitrogen atoms primarily existed in active pyridinic and quaternary-N bonding configurations across all carbon fibers. This highlights the significant potential of N-CNFs to replace noble metal-based catalysts. Besides carbon, polymeric nanofibers started to be used in MFCs. The Ag showed catalyst role. This work showed, without carbon cloth or paper and catalyst coating, it is possible to get high MFC performance by using modified nanofibers. It is very common to use nanofibers together with a catalyst. Ahmed et al. The power density of pristine PANI nanofiber increased 2. On the other hand, for the long-term stability h and high performance of the low-cost, Co-dopped carbon nanofibers showed the best performance with a current density of Functionalized nanofibers can be used to selectively transport specific ions or molecules, such as proton-selective membranes that enhance proton transfer in MFCs. Limited research has been conducted regarding the utilization of nanofiber membranes in the separator component of MFCs. More research is being conducted on the application of nanofiber membranes in lithium cells, direct methanol fuel cells DMFCs , biomedical materials, sensors, and electronic devices. It was found that using a microfiltration membrane reduces the internal resistance of MCFs compared to Nafion proton exchange membranes PEM. It was found that proton conductivity increased with decreasing fiber diameter. Compared to pristine Nafion film, Nafion nanofibers showed fold higher proton conductivity. Based on the previous finding it can be expected that nanofiber membranes can help reduce internal resistance with a lower cost. Shahgaldi et al. The results indicate that maximum power density was attained with 0. By this method, it is possible to reduce the price of separator membrane cost. The carbon electrospun structure changed the roughness, lowered pore size and increased porosity of membranes which resulted in higher generation of power in MFC. Li et al. Functionalizing the nanofiber surfaces created proton-conducting channels and enhanced the proton conductivity of Nafion-CM1. Liu et al. With excellent chemical stability and consistent rupture energy levels at both high and low relative humidity RH levels and higher proton conductivity compared to commercial Nafion membrane, the SPP-TFP The greatest power density attained was The durability test showed the excellent stability of the composite membrane, showing just a 2. Based on the previous studies, it can be concluded that, the proton exchange membranes based on nanofibers demonstrate exceptional MFC performance attributes surpassing those of the Nafion membrane, suggesting their potential as a viable substitute for Nafion membranes in MFC reactors. Future studies are required to optimize the properties of nanofibers and their potential applications in MFCs and other energy-related fields. The improvement in bulk production of nanofibers accelerate their application area in the market. The challenges mentioned in Table 2 are not insurmountable but require great research and effort. For instance, for cost-effectiveness production, the equipment, polymers, solvents, additives need to be selected carefully. Otherwise, the fabrication of nanofibers with high-quality raw materials can be costly. The scalability of nanofiber production for large-scale MFC applications needs to be addressed to make this technology economically viable. The other limitations, such as un-spinnability, defect-free surface or low conductivity can be solved by using polymer mixture, solvent mixture, polymer type, additives, changing process and system parameters. The defect-free surface is important in MFC. For instance, large defects or low conductivity can cause electron loss, high internal-resistance, low proton conductivity or low impermeability to gases. The biocompatibility of nanofiber-based materials is another challenge that needs to be addressed. Some nanofibers might negatively affect microbial development and activity, which would prevent their usage in MFCs. To ensure that nanofibers can be used safely in MFCs, a detailed investigation into their toxicity is required. Regarding their long-term efficacy, the stability and durability of nanofiber-based electrodes and membranes in MFCs also pose challenges. The polymer selection must be done carefully. For instance, polyacrylonitrile PAN is one of the most commonly used polymers for the production of nanofibers. However, the sensitivity of this polymer to alkaline restrict its application. It is found that the nitrile groups of PAN hydrolysis and swells under alkaline condition and pores getting smaller. Recent research has demonstrated that the incorporation of nanofibers into MFCs holds great potential for enhancing the performance of MFCs in the future years. In this respect, future research should focus on optimizing the properties of nanofibers according to MFCs application. The advancement of nanofiber materials and their composites through the exploration of novel synthesis methods holds the potential to significantly enhance their performance characteristics and expand the scope of their applications. In order to improve the overall power generation of MFC systems, it is also critical to give priority to the exploration and development of MFC stacks. This factor becomes essential in order to meet the power requirements required for the future implementation of large-scale MFC operations. In summary, the incorporation of nanofiber technology into MFCs exhibits considerable potential for improving their performance and extending their applicability. The focus of future research should be on improving nanofiber characteristics and investigating potential uses for them in MFCs and other areas related to energy production. DOI: Received 26th January , Accepted 7th March Abstract Microbial fuel cells MFCs represent simple devices that harness the metabolic activities of microorganisms to produce electrical energy from diverse sources such as organic waste and sustainable biomass. Ideal properties Effect on MFC performance References Anode electrode Conductivity Reduce resistance, improve electron transfer, lower losses 66 and 67 Improve electrochemical performance over plain carbon paper Surface area Enhance bacterial attachment 68 and 69 More biocatalysts from organic compounds oxidation e. These radicals react with C C unsaturated groups. Table 2 Limitations and solutions of nanofiber technology to use in energy application. Limitations Solution Reference Cost The increase of industrial scale production devices reduces the price of nanofiber webs 85—87 Un-spinnability Using polymer mixture or using additives can help to fabricate nanofiber web 88 and 89 Defect-free surface Optimizing both system and process parameters is essential to prevent uneven web surface, which can lead to energy generation failure 90—92 Low conductivity The conductivity can be improved by using conductive polymers, carbon nanofibers, or additives 32 and 93—95 Biocompatibility Focusing on biocompatible polymers and using non-toxic chemicals can be the solution 96—98 Stability Using chemical resistance nanofiber webs such as PVDF or PSU are beneficial to enhance stability and durability under acidic and alkaline conditions 39 and More biocatalysts from organic compounds oxidation e. Enhancement on in situ oxidation of the microbial metabolites. Better mechanical strength under a range of conditions by using carbonaceous and metallic materials e. Enhancement in number of active sites e. To conduct the protons to cathode, not electrons to fulfil the eqn 1 and 2 for energy generation. The increase of industrial scale production devices reduces the price of nanofiber webs. Optimizing both system and process parameters is essential to prevent uneven web surface, which can lead to energy generation failure. The conductivity can be improved by using conductive polymers, carbon nanofibers, or additives. Focusing on biocompatible polymers and using non-toxic chemicals can be the solution. Using chemical resistance nanofiber webs such as PVDF or PSU are beneficial to enhance stability and durability under acidic and alkaline conditions.

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