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Explore more from Middle East. In the aftermath of the Second World War , the British Army found itself stuck in the middle of a growing conflict between Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The momentous events that followed led to the creation of the State of Israel. Middle East Politics s Global Role. However, the British had also promised Arab nationalists that a united Arab country, covering most of the Arab Middle East, would result if the Ottoman Turks were defeated. When the fighting ended in , with the Ottoman Empire defeated on every front, neither promise was delivered. During the next two decades, over , Jews entered the country. The British Army's operations in Palestine during this period were mainly directed against militant Arab groups who were opposed to this mass Jewish immigration. Violence reached a height with the Arab Revolt of The Holocaust had a major impact on the situation in Palestine. They had imposed a limit on Jewish immigration in the summer of , anxious to end the disturbances in Palestine and to secure the support of the Egyptians and oil-rich Saudis ahead of the looming conflict in Europe. This policy provoked armed Jewish resistance, and eventually united those who looked to Britain for help in establishing their national homeland the Haganah and those who wished to use terrorism to drive the British out. After the Second World War, , Jewish refugees were stranded in displaced persons camps in Europe. Despite the pressure of world opinion - in particular the repeated requests of US President Harry Truman - the British refused to lift the ban on immigration and admit , Jews to Palestine. The Jewish underground forces now united. The Haganah had resisted attacking the British as long as they were fighting Nazi Germany. Now, their fighters allied themselves with Irgun and carried out several raids against the British. In late , in response to full-scale riots in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, and bomb attacks on the railway system, British troops from the 1st Infantry and 6th Airborne Divisions had to be deployed in support of the civil police. When the 3rd Infantry Division arrived in Palestine in , the number of British troops deployed there had risen to about , - the majority of them National Servicemen. Used to conventional fighting in Europe, British troops found it difficult to deal with the violent actions of Irgun and LHI. The tactics used in the s - curfews, searches and the guarding of key locations - were again put into place. But the Jewish groups enjoyed the support of the local Jewish population and the British found intelligence gathering particularly difficult. Despite this, the High Commissioner Sir Allan Cunningham decided to mount a major blow against the insurgents. The Jewish Agency offices and other buildings were raided and arms caches discovered. A large number of Jews suspected of terrorism were arrested. Anti-terrorist operations were primarily the responsibility of the Palestine Police. The Army's job was to support them, cordoning off villages or sectors of towns, and helping the police search them. When this ended in deadlock in February , the Government announced it had decided to refer the problem to the United Nations. Terrorist activity continued, leading to the introduction of martial law and stricter curfews. British soldiers were frequently targets for attack and kidnap, often in retaliation for death sentences passed on members of Irgun and LHI. A typical insurgent operation was the bombing of the British Officers Club in Haifa, in which 30 people were killed and injured. On 22 July , Irgun fighters also blew up a wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, killing over 90 people, including many civilians. This attack broke the fragile Haganah-Irgun partnership. On 31 March , Irgun set light to the oil refinery at Haifa, starting a fire which blazed for three weeks. In May, it attacked the prison at Acre, freeing a large number of inmates. On 29 July, in retaliation for the execution of three of their members, LHI kidnapped and hanged two British Army sergeants. They then booby-trapped the bodies so that the officer who cut them down was badly injured. In November , the United Nations recommended the partition of Palestine and the establishment of separate Arab and Jewish states. On 15 May , Britain gave up her mandate. The British Army departed from Palestine leaving the Jews and the Arabs to fight it out in the war that followed. The campaign had cost around British military and police lives. The Malayan Emergency was one of the few successful counter-insurgency operations undertaken by the Western powers during the Cold War. The Aden Emergency was an insurgency against British rule in the south of the Arabian Peninsula. The unrest hastened British plans for withdrawal and marked the end of 20 years of decolonisation. In the early s, a revolt in favour of union with Greece began in British-controlled Cyprus. British troops remain on the island to this day as part of a United Nations peacekeeping force. For some, National Service was a horrible experience. For others, it was a time of great camaraderie. National Service, a standardised form of peacetime conscription, was introduced in for all able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and Thoroughly enjoyed it. Be the first to hear about our latest events, exhibitions and offers. Simply enter your email address below to start receiving our monthly email newsletter. To find out more about how we collect, store and use your personal information, read our Privacy Policy. Toggle navigation. Troops searching a Jewish immigrant ship, Haifa, View this object. General Sir Edmund Allenby entering Jerusalem, Troops engaged in railway protection duties near Haifa, Jewish homeland The Holocaust had a major impact on the situation in Palestine. Jewish child refugees at Haifa Docks, A train sabotaged by the Irgun near Binyamina, Jewish refugees disembarking, Palestine, c Escalation In late , in response to full-scale riots in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, and bomb attacks on the railway system, British troops from the 1st Infantry and 6th Airborne Divisions had to be deployed in support of the civil police. Intelligence failure Used to conventional fighting in Europe, British troops found it difficult to deal with the violent actions of Irgun and LHI. Members of Airborne Field Security Section, Bomb damaged apartment block in Haifa, I went into Gaza a lot of occasions when I first went there to the shops and there was a NAAFI club but eventually they became more and more hostile and it was effectively out of bounds to us. A Haifa street, Kidnap and bombings British soldiers were frequently targets for attack and kidnap, often in retaliation for death sentences passed on members of Irgun and LHI. The vehicle was blown up they were transported in. You know, you were transported in the back I do believe it was the Jews. Ongoing attacks On 31 March , Irgun set light to the oil refinery at Haifa, starting a fire which blazed for three weeks. Withdrawal In November , the United Nations recommended the partition of Palestine and the establishment of separate Arab and Jewish states. Explore further. Story Malayan Emergency The Malayan Emergency was one of the few successful counter-insurgency operations undertaken by the Western powers during the Cold War. Story Cyprus In the early s, a revolt in favour of union with Greece began in British-controlled Cyprus. Story What was National Service? Sign up to the National Army Museum newsletter Be the first to hear about our latest events, exhibitions and offers. 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