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But in-depth reporting is costly, so to continue this vital work, we have an ambitious goal to add 5, new members. We rely on readers like you to fund our journalism. Will you support our work and become a Vox Member today? Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is, by some measures, the most popular leader in the world. But when the results were announced on Tuesday , the BJP held just seats. They not only underperformed expectations, they actually lost their parliamentary majority. While Modi will remain prime minister, he will do so at the helm of a coalition government — meaning that he will depend on other parties to stay in office, making it harder to continue his ongoing assault on Indian democracy. So what happened? Why did Indian voters deal a devastating blow to a prime minister who, by all measures, they mostly seem to like? India is a massive country — the most populous in the world — and one of the most diverse, making its internal politics exceedingly complicated. A definitive assessment of the election would require granular data on voter breakdown across caste, class, linguistic, religious, age, and gender divides. Second, Indian voters had some real concerns about the decline of liberal democracy under BJP rule. One prominent Indian analyst, Yogendra Yadav, saw the cracks in advance. Swimming against the tide of Indian media, he correctly predicted that the BJP would fall short of a governing majority. Nearly half of all Indians between 20 and 24 are unemployed ; Indian farmers have repeatedly protested Modi policies that they felt hurt their livelihoods. According to Pavithra Suryanarayan, a political scientist at the London School of Economics, this sort of discontent was quite visible on the ground. She found that voters blamed Modi for three major economic policy mistakes: a failed attempt to replace cash payments with electronic transfers , a disastrous Covid response , and a tax on goods and services that favored the wealthy over small businesses. Interestingly, many of these policies are not new. The Indian constitution is a liberal document: It guarantees equality of all citizens and enshrines measures designed to enshrine said equality into law. The Hindu, a leading Indian newspaper, published an essential post-election data analysis breaking down what we know about the results. Caste has long been an essential cleavage in Indian politics, with Dalits typically favoring the left-wing Congress party over the BJP long seen as an upper-caste party. According to experts, Dalit voters feared the consequences of a BJP landslide. Since the constitution contains several protections designed to promote Dalit equality — including a first-in-the-world affirmative action system — that seemed like a serious threat to the community. It seems, at least based on preliminary data, that they voted accordingly. Yet not only did the BJP lose UP, it specifically lost the constituency — the city of Faizabad — in which the Ayodhya temple is located. In Maharashtra, the second largest state, the BJP made a tactical alliance with a local politician, Ajit Pawar, facing serious corruption charges. The global lesson here is clear: Even popular authoritarians can overreach. So they turned out to stop him en masse. The Indian opposition, however, was far more effective than most observers anticipated. Perhaps most importantly, the many opposition parties coordinated with each other. The leading party in the opposition bloc — Congress — was also more put together than people thought. Its most prominent leader, Rahul Gandhi, was widely dismissed as a dilettante nepo baby: a pale imitation of his father Rajiv and grandmother Indira, both former Congress prime ministers. Now his critics are rethinking things. This, too, has a lesson for the rest of the world: Tactical innovation from the opposition matters even in an unfair electoral context. There is no doubt that, in the past 10 years, the BJP stacked the political deck against its opponents. They consolidated control over large chunks of the national media, changed campaign finance law to favor themselves, suborned the famously independent Indian Electoral Commission, and even intimidated the Supreme Court into letting them get away with it. The opposition, though, managed to find ways to compete even under unfair circumstances. Strategic coordination between them helped consolidate resources and ameliorate the BJP cash advantage. Direct voter outreach like the yatra helped circumvent BJP dominance in the national media. To be clear, the opposition still did not win a majority. Modi will have a third term in office, likely thanks in large part to the ways he rigged the system in his favor. Yet there is no doubt that the opposition deserves to celebrate. Indian voters, like those in Brazil and Poland before them, have dealt a major blow to their homegrown authoritarian faction. And that is something worth celebrating. Understand the world with a daily explainer plus the most compelling stories of the day. Progressives felt they were gaining. Would a Harris administration change that? Skip to main content The homepage Vox Vox logo. The homepage Vox Vox logo. Navigation Drawer. Become a Member. Vox Vox logo India just showed the world how to fight an authoritarian on the rise. Support Vox. Facebook Link. Trinamool Congress party members are celebrating the victory in the Lok Sabha election in Kolkata, India, on June 4, Zack Beauchamp is a senior correspondent at Vox, where he covers ideology and challenges to democracy, both at home and abroad. His book on democracy, The Reactionary Spirit , was published 0n July You can purchase it here. A new and unequal economy. Liberalism strikes back. Dalit women in Ayela village on the outskirts of Agra on May 6, Return of the Gandhis? Most Popular. The big political shift that explains the election. Member Exclusive. Today, Explained Understand the world with a daily explainer plus the most compelling stories of the day. Email required. By submitting your email, you agree to our Terms and Privacy Notice. Advertiser Content From. More in Politics. Will abortion rights help turn out voters in Arizona? Why not? How tough would a President Kamala Harris be on immigrants? By Andrew Prokop. Today, Explained podcast Oct 20 Member Exclusive. 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India just showed the world how to fight an authoritarian on the rise

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The article has also attempted to read the pointers which this election gives for the f uture of electoral politics in Ind ia. The Lok Sabha election results in UP reaffirmed its outsized electoral influence, yet again. It dealt a severe blow to the dominant position, which the BJP had come to acquire in the state as well as the country, owing mainly to its excellent performance in UP in the and parliamentary elections. The EPW produces independent and public-spirited scholarship and analyses of contemporary affairs every week. EPW is one of the few publications that keep alive the spirit of intellectual inquiry in the Indian media. Our publication is free from political pressure, or commercial interests. Our editorial independence is our pride. We rely on your support to continue the endeavour of highlighting the challenges faced by the disadvantaged, writings from the margins, and scholarship on the most pertinent issues that concern contemporary Indian society. Designed, developed and maintained by Yodasoft Technologies Pvt. Reader Mode. General Elections Mirza Asmer Beg. Shashi Kant Pandey. Akhilesh Pal. To continue reading, become a subscriber. Explore our attractive subscription offers. Click here. To gain instant access to this article download. Every contribution is valuable for our future. Advertisement Tariffs. Connect with us. Contact Us.

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