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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. We believe that analysing pooled urine samples for recreational drugs used at mass events can provide useful information about trends in drug use. An opportunity arose with the Ultra Europe music festival, which is attended by more than , people from over countries every year. We analysed 30 pooled urine samples collected from portable chemical toilets located at or close to the Ultra Europe music festival venue in Split, Croatia in — to detect the presence of classic and new psychoactive substances NPS. Four urine samples collected in were from a toilet without added chemicals otherwise used to kill the smell while the remaining samples were collected from toilets with added chemicals. Data were compared with the Wiley mass spectral library of designer drugs and our in-house library containing about compounds and metabolites. In the NPS group, most of them were phenethylamines and cathinones. The variety of substances was the highest on the first day of the festival regardless of the year, but showed a significant drop compared to the previous two years. The results of our study revealed a stable trend of classic drug consumption, while NPS trend changed from one year to another. Key words: amphetamines, cathinones, music festival, portable chemical toilet, recreational drugs. Analiza uzoraka urina prikupljenih iz prijenosnih kemijskih zahoda korisna je u otkrivanju droga za rekreaciju koje su se koristile tijekom Ultra Europe glazbenoga festivala. Analiza uzoraka urina koji su se prikupljali od U Suprotno They are analogues or chemical derivatives of controlled drugs designed to achieve similar effects to those of illegal ones but still have not been listed as such 2 , 3. Their use is most common among young recreational users and is constantly increasing 3 , 4. Presently, many countries are experimenting with a number of control measures to address this issue, which is why any information on the trends of their use is welcome. According to online forums, people consume NPS at electronic music festivals to enhance their musical experience. There are reports of an increasing number of acute intoxications at music festivals in the Netherlands 4 and nightclubs, bars, and disco clubs in central London, which confirm the presence of both classical drugs and NPS 5 , 6. The latter two studies point to the utility of urine sample analysis to evaluate NPS consumption. Similar tests have been performed on pooled urine samples taken at music festivals in Belgium and the UK 7 , while an analysis in Poland, carried out on wastewater samples, also showed a rise in popularity of NPS there 8. Ultra Europe held in Split, Croatia each summer since has been the largest electronic music festival in Europe. As in other countries, this festival has been connected with increasing availability, possession, and distribution of illegal drugs. As we did not have any official data about NPS use at the festival, we asked the Croatian Ministry of Internal Affairs for more detail. They reported back that the police seized pieces of ecstasy, 73 pieces and In , the police seized pieces of ecstasy, The report from referred only to seizure of a large amount of marijuana, 49 kg. Considering that NPS consumption seems to increase worldwide and that no NPS were reported by the police, we decided to identify the trends at the Split Ultra, hoping to get more accurate information about what was actually being consumed. Location of the sampled chemical toilets during the Split Ultra music festival in A , B , and C. Our first urine sampling in 16—18 July was arranged with the organiser to take place inside the stadium, but one chemical toilet was mis placed on the main road connecting the city centre with the stadium Figure 1A , location 1 and had no chemicals, while the other, which contained added chemical agents, was placed close to the stadium Figure 1A , location 2. Each had a L capacity and no rinse system to dilute urine. The assumption was that the toilets would mostly be used by the festival audience but also by those who did not enter the stadium at all, such as youth gathering around the stadium to listen to music. The musical part of the festival was scheduled to take place from 5 pm to 5 am every day, and the toilets were emptied and cleansed at 7 every morning. However, the first day was cancelled over stormy weather, which is why only the toilets outside the stadium were available for use, and we collected one sample per toilet only once that day. On the second day, the organiser decided to start the programme earlier 1 pm to compensate for the lost time. We took two samples from both locations, one at the start and the other at the end of the event. On the last day, samples were taken after the festival had ended, which makes eight collected samples in total, four from either toilet Table 1. In , sampling from four toilets with added chemicals placed at three locations by the stadium Figure 1B was scheduled to take place once a day at 2 am Table 1 , but on the second and the third day one of the two toilets at location 3 was out of commission, which is why we collected only ten urine samples. In , the organiser let us enter the stadium. Twelve samples were taken from toilets with added chemicals at four locations: three from three toilets placed inside the stadium, five from five toilets located next to the stadium, and four samples from three toilets a bit further away from the stadium Figure 1 C. All but the inside-the-stadium samples were taken once at 4 am Table 1. At location 3 one sample was taken on the first day of the festival and two samples on the second day, while only one sample was taken at location 4 on the second day , which was the farthest away from the stadium. Overall, 30 samples were analysed Table 1. The analysis was done according to the laboratory protocol and the protocols described by Vaiano et al. The total run time was Ultra-pure grade helium was used as a carrier gas at the flow rate of about 1. The obtained data were compared with the Wiley mass spectra library of designer drugs DD , the SWGDRUG free database, and our own in-house library containing about compounds and metabolites 11 , Each sample was analysed twice. Table 2 shows the findings for 18 samples collected in and Nineteen substances were identified as NPS and 25 as classic substances. Most 11 classic and 7 NPS were found in sample 1 from , which was taken from the toilet with added chemicals on the first night when the festival was not held. Between 4 and 18 substances were found in other urine samples. In two samples from , taken from the toilet with added chemicals, NPS were not found Figure 2. In addition, all and in samples showed the presence of caffeine, theobromine, paracetamol, ibuprofen, nicotine, and its metabolite cotinine Table 2. Compounds detected in 18 pooled urine samples at the Split Ultra music festival in and by festival days. Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from to by sampling site chemical toilet. NPS — new psychoactive substances. In the 12 samples collected in , we identified 16 substances, 14 of which were classic and 2 NPS from the cathinone and phenethylamine groups Table 3 , most of which in sample 1 10 and 2, respectively taken from one of the toilets placed inside the stadium on the first day. In other urine samples 5 to 12 substances and metabolites were found. Most of the classic substances and metabolites were from the stimulants group. As in the previous two years, all samples showed the presence of caffeine, theobromine, nicotine, and its metabolite cotinine. Cocaine was identified in six and MDMA in three urine samples. Ten of the 12 samples had ibuprofen Table 3. The largest signal area dominating over all other substances was for MDMA in sample 12 taken on the second day of the festival from the farthest toilet and for cocaine in sample 7 from the toilet located in the stadium ring. A higher cocaine signal was also found in all samples collected from the stadium toilet. In addition we identified methcathinone for the first time. Compounds detected in 12 pooled urine samples at the Split Ultra music festival in by festival days. Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from to by festival day. Quite expectedly, our findings reflect drug use trends at mass music events across Europe. The most prevalent were MDMA, propylhexedrine, and cocaine among the classic substances and cathinones and phenethylamines among the NPS. Similar results were reported by Bijlsma et al. They also reported a rising trend in ketamine use, while we noticed its continuous drop from year to year. As for the NPS and the prevalence of cathinones and phenethylamines, our findings are in line with European reports of the time 7 , 14 , 15 , especially with those reporting a downward trend over the years, such as that of Archer et al. In fact, in our study the prevalence of NPS in was ten times lower than in the two previous years. However, this downward trend does not undermine the issue at hand, as hospital care was provided to around patients attending the Split festival alone over the three years of our study, fortunately with no fatal outcome. Altogether over people were apprehended for possession, most of whom non-Croatian nationals. All of this calls for further monitoring at the Split and other similar music festivals across Europe to keep abreast with NPS accessibility and use trends. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. Show available content in en hr. Find articles by Sendi Kuret. Find articles by Marija Definis. Open in a new tab. Location and time of urine sampling at the Split Ultra festival by day. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Classic NPS 2.

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Safer drug use is more enjoyable drug use and accepting that pleasure drives drug use not the avoidance of harm might help us to start having healthier and useful conversations with people who choose to use drugs. With better quality drugs comes the need for better quality drug education actually rubbish drugs need better quality drug education as well! I believe we are missing a huge opportunity and one that is easier to start implementing than changing drugs laws. In fact, the recent failure of UNGASS to significantly shift from zero tolerance to one of adult acceptance that drugs can enhance people lives and that there are other approaches in addition to regulation that might help reduce drug related harm, means we have to change the conversation now. Let me stay with MDMA as an example. Young women seem more likely to present than men unrelated to body size or consumption patterns with a rate times higher than men. What moderates the risk of harm more than anything else is the way it used. Of course giving advice on illicit drug dosing is complicated. And dosing is easier with some drugs cocaine and cannabis than others LSD for example. Currently one of the issues facing users is that higher dose pills and high purity MDMA powers can make safer dosing more difficult and it very easy to inadvertently take too much. But some universal truths still hold most importantly the more you take the greater the effects. For most drugs there is an optimum dose at which the balance of positives and negatives is about as good at it gets. A dose of about 80mg of MDMA not necessarily all at once for most people without tolerance and assuming average body weight gives them the pleasurable effects of energy, euphoria and empathy, which outweigh the negative effects that become more common with bigger doses such as nausea, panic, paranoia, agitation and gurning. Higher doses tend to leave people feeling too wasted for too long and being less able to enjoy the people around them and their environment. More MDMA is not more fun. The current average dose of MDMA used in a session across many countries is over mg. GDS thinks for most people this too much. Using less MDMA less often for most people might actually be a way to a better time. Other than having an enhanced experience there are other benefits of keeping your dose down and using less frequently. These include a less intense and prolonged comedown and the avoidance of tolerance. It might surprise you that most users of MDMA use 10 times or less per year. Using less than monthly gives your brain especially serotonin levels and body time to recover and return to baseline. Although it would be nice if all MDMA manufacturers agreed to produce standard pills of mg with a cross allowing easy breaking into 4 equal doses this is planet earth in Other than keeping a close eye on your mates and getting help if you are worried, 3 things would make a huge difference to most people. Too much MDMA causes unpleasant experience which places you at risk of ending up needing medical help, while just the right amount of MDMA is much more likely to give you the effect you want. Please make sure you understand I am not saying that lower doses of MDMA are safe, but generally moderation reduces the risk of harm. Nothing you read here and nothing you do when you take drugs can reduce the risk of harm to zero. The only way to avoid drug related harm is not to use drugs. But to any critics of my advice I say this. Less is more. Please tweet out startwithhalf. If you value our research, we would greatly appreciate your contribution Please help us continue in our work. Posted: 13 June Dosing for pleasure and why less is often more Safer drug use is more enjoyable drug use and accepting that pleasure drives drug use not the avoidance of harm might help us to start having healthier and useful conversations with people who choose to use drugs Dr Adam R Winstock on behalf of Global Drug Survey might be the worst time to start taking MDMA in a generation. Less, is often more Of course giving advice on illicit drug dosing is complicated. Less is more startwithhalf Too much MDMA causes unpleasant experience which places you at risk of ending up needing medical help, while just the right amount of MDMA is much more likely to give you the effect you want. December November May June

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