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We focus on the prevalence of substance use and describe the patterns of drug consumption. These include pleasure and recreation, spiritual discovery, performance enhancement, experimentation, peer pressure, or to self-medicate physical problems, emotional pain or trauma. For those who use illicit substances, most will do so without encountering significant harm. However, some people will experience harm to their physical or mental health from either short or long-term use. There is a growing body of literature on the medicinal benefits of particular illicit drugs — in fact, most of the well-known substances have established medicinal uses. While this report does not explore why people use various substances, it is useful to keep in mind that there are a variety of reasons why New Zealanders use them. About the data sources. The substance use data NZ Health Survey is drawn from a large general population survey of New Zealanders which uses representative sampling. This allows us to gather information about substance use on a whole-population level. However, some substances are not widely used, which reduces the sample size and increases the risk of statistical errors. These errors are even more likely when looking at data for smaller demographic subgroups. This means that there may be year-to-year variation depending on recruitment in any given year, and comparing different groups of New Zealanders and trends over time needs to be done with caution. The survey also relies on self-reporting of substance use. We know that substance use carries a level of stigma in Aotearoa, so it is possible that survey participants may misrepresent their actual substance use. This is not a representative sample of the general population, as it specifically recruits people with experience of substance use. This is also a self-reported survey. The wastewater testing data used in this report relies on objective measures and is not influenced by societal views on substance use or participant errors. However, wastewater testing is only able to quantify the total volume of drugs consumed in a given catchment area, and is not able to provide us with patterns of use among people living there. At times, a decrease in detection in wastewater may also be a cause for concern — when a preferred substance is less available in the illicit market, its consumers may be switching to a different substance whose risk profile is less known. Wastewater testing is reported by Police district, however this report combines the three districts in the Auckland region. Past-year cannabis use has jumped Almost a quarter Disabled people are 3. Amphetamine-type stimulant use including methamphetamine has remained relatively stable since , with 1. Disabled people are 5. Illicit drugs are used by people in every city, town, and region of Aotearoa. This report describes some of the patterns and trends among different ages, ethnicities, genders, and locations. This report does not describe alcohol and tobacco consumption trends, instead focusing on illicit drugs. According to the NZ Health Survey, over half a million , adults used cannabis in the last year. An estimated , used cannabis at least once a week. Drugs like MDMA, methamphetamine, and opioids are used by a relatively small percentage of the population. Some drugs can be prescribed by a doctor, including cannabis, some types of amphetamines, and some types of opioids typically as pain medication. These drugs can also be obtained illicitly. Some are only available illicitly, for example heroin an opioid , methamphetamine, and psychedelics like LSD. Those who live in the most deprived neighbourhoods report higher rates of past-year use of cannabis, MDMA, amphetamines, opioids and psychedelics compared to those who live in our wealthiest areas. The reported prevalence of use of amphetamines 1. Per capita, cocaine use was more than 2. The prevalence of cocaine use in New Zealand overall is very low and has remained low for the past few years currently 1. This means that the numbers are small and are subject to fluctuation year on year. About the map data. The NZDTS surveys a very large number of people with recent experience and knowledge of drug use and drug markets across the country. While the NZDTS is not a representative sample, it broadly reflects the demographic profile and regional population distribution of New Zealand. The map categorises data according to Police district boundaries. Where locations do not match exactly for example Otago , this is noted in the specific fact. Text version of the map data. Men are 1. Almost one in ten adults aged 55—64 9. Looking further back, over the past decade, past-year cannabis use has increased across people of all ages. For example, 6. Caution is advised when interpreting these figures. MDMA use is concentrated among younger people. Use becomes far less common as people get older, with around 0. MDMA availability may be decreasing. Around 1. Because the increases in cocaine use have started from a very low baseline, any changing trends should be treated with caution. NZ Health Survey data on cocaine use prevalence does not show as rapid an increase as wastewater testing data, which may indicate that existing cocaine users may be consuming larger amounts, or that the increases in prevalence of use are very recent. Cocaine use is much more common among men 2. A record 3. Wastewater testing also reveals that the total amount of cocaine consumed in Aotearoa has more than doubled in the past two years. Latest figures for July to September show that cocaine use across those three months was 2. By contrast, just 0. Nationally, 1. The latest data shows that disabled people are 5. Amphetamine use is significantly more common among men than women. Methamphetamine use varies widely across the country. Methamphetamine use per capita is higher than the national average in every district of the North Island apart from Wellington. This is around 18, adults. The relatively low prevalence of opioid use means that there can be large variation in the numbers year-to-year. Disabled adults are 3. Some illicit drugs for example stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids can be adulterated with ultra-potent opioids like fentanyl, which people might not be aware of when they obtain them. Data for previous years is not directly comparable, however, it appears that the proportion of client visits for stimulant injecting may be increasing. At the same time, client visits for opioids methadone, morphine, heroin may be decreasing. The NZNEP report also found an increase in the proportion of client visits for steroid injecting, with latest figures showing a concentration of steroid injecting in the Auckland, Mount Maunganui, Hamilton, and central Christchurch areas. Our latest report pulls together international evidence and local experiences of how neurodivergence impacts drug use. Researcher Robin Murphy talks us through the latest Auckland University microdosing study. Policy and advocacy Drug law Submissions and reports Drugs in Aotearoa - an overview. For parents and caregivers. Workplaces and venues Bars and hospo Events For employers. Who we are Our mahi Our strategy Contact us Work for us. People use alcohol and other drugs for many reasons. About the data sources Each data source has strengths and limitations associated with the methodology used. These include: The substance use data NZ Health Survey is drawn from a large general population survey of New Zealanders which uses representative sampling. Stimulants Amphetamine-type stimulant use including methamphetamine has remained relatively stable since , with 1. Overview Illicit drugs are used by people in every city, town, and region of Aotearoa. Disabled people are more likely to have used cannabis in the past week 3. Disabled people are also more likely to report past-year opioid use compared with non-disabled people 3. Men are significantly more likely than women to report past-year use of certain illicit substances like amphetamines 2. Most illicit drug use declines as people age. However, past year cannabis use has increased across all age groups in the past decade. Cocaine was reportedly becoming easier to obtain. Illicit drug use prevalence remains relatively stable, and cannabis is still our most commonly used drug. Cannabis Cannabis use has increased among older people View this in the Drug Data section. At least-weekly cannabis use appears to be rising, especially among women. Prevalence of psychedelic use over time by gender. This is more than three times the total amount seized in kg. Amphetamines, including methamphetamine Amphetamine use is concentrated in our most deprived neighbourhoods. Prevalence of opioid use over time. References Denning P, Little J. Over the Influence. New York: The Guildford Press; Intoxication: self, state and society. Palgrave Macmillan Cham; Ministry of Health. Cocaine availability increasing in urban centres. Declines in meth prices over past four years. Cannabis prices decline as availability increases. Recent declines in MDMA availability in many regions. Psychedelic use and availability stable over time. Drug seizures. Quarter Three July - September Quarter Three: July - September Key findings. Aotearoa at a glance.

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From September, you may experience issues accessing our website. We recommend using the Firefox browser. Drug use imposes a range of health and social costs on New Zealand society. Measures of the availability of drugs are important for understanding levels of drug use and changes in drug use over time. Policy makers can directly affect levels of drug availability through a range of policy tools, including age restrictions, vendor regulation, varying levels of enforcement, and changing the legal classification of drug types. This paper presents population-level data on the current availability, and recent change in availability, of the 11 most commonly used drug types in New Zealand. Cannabis was the most easily available illegal drug, although it was much less available than the legal drugs. Cannabis was assessed by last-year users to be relatively more difficult to obtain in compared to , and Amphetamine was also assessed to be relatively more difficult to obtain in compared to The decline in the availability of amphetamine occurred during a period after of sustained focus by drug enforcement agencies on disrupting clandestine methamphetamine manufacture and supply. A fall in the availability of nitrous oxide in followed a tightening of the rules concerning its sale by the Ministry of Health. Our findings suggest that policy makers can negatively affect the availability of a drug and, in turn, its level of use, with effective policy interventions. Drug use imposes a range of health and social costs on New Zealand, including death, illness, mental health problems, injuries from accidents, violence, property crime, family and relationship breakdown, and child neglect Ministerial Committee on Drug Policy Much of the monitoring of drug use has traditionally involved measures of the prevalence of use of a drug type within the population, and how the population prevalence changes over time see Black and Casswell , Field and Casswell , SHORE , Wilkins, Casswell, et al. However, measures of the availability of a drug type can also provide valuable information that can be used to inform the development of effective drug policy. Measures of drug availability are of particular interest to policy makers because drug policy can directly affect levels of drug availability through a range of policy tools, such as purchase age restrictions, product taxation, vendor licensing, hours of trading, vendor density, advertising restrictions, increasing enforcement, and changes to a drug's legal classification see Babor et al. The level of use of a drug is generally closely related to its availability: greater availability can lead to more convenient purchase, which in turn can lead to increased use. Rising availability of a drug type can often be a forewarning of future increases in the use of a drug. In the case of illegal drugs, increasing levels of availability can indicate increased dealing, smuggling and clandestine manufacture, or more open public selling of illegal drugs, such as from street drug markets. Measures of drug availability can therefore assist in understanding changes in use, and consequently inform policy responses Wilkins, Bhatta, et al. The concept of drug availability has been most widely used in relation to legal drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco Ministry of Health , World Health Assembly In the alcohol literature, availability is most often used to refer to the 'accessibility or convenience' of purchasing alcohol Babor et al. In the illegal drugs literature, availability is discussed under the term 'search costs', which refers to the time buyers must spend finding sellers and completing transactions in the illegal drugs market see Kleiman , Moore In this paper we use the term 'availability' in its widest sense, meaning the ease or difficulty of physically obtaining a drug. The aim of this paper is to present data on the current availability, and change in availability, of the 11 most commonly used drug types in New Zealand. Longer-term trends in the availability of cannabis, amphetamine and ecstasy are also examined. The final section of the paper places the findings in the context of recent drug policy in New Zealand. Respondents were informed that the study was being conducted on behalf of the Ministry of Health and that everything they said would be confidential. The age range of the respective survey waves were truncated to those aged years old for the purposes of our analysis to allow valid comparisons back to the survey. The general population samples of each survey wave were compared. Those respondents who reported using a drug type in the past 12 months were asked to describe the drugs current availability using a four-point scale i. In the survey wave, respondents were asked to describe the current availability and change in availability of a range of drug types. The survey asked respondents about the change in the availability of cannabis compared to a year ago, and this question was asked in the subsequent , and survey waves. In the survey, respondents were asked about the change in the availability of amphetamine and ecstasy MDMA compared to a year ago, and these questions were included in all subsequent survey waves. The respective sample sizes for each survey wave were: 5, in , 5, in , 3, in and 1, in To provide an overall quantitative measure of the current availability, and change in availability, of a drug type, we calculated the mean score for each drug type by enumerating the scale provided 4. These values were defined as follows. Table 1 presents the current availability of the 11 most commonly used drug types from the survey. The drug types considered by last-year users to be most easily available were alcohol mean score 1. Approximately three-quarters of last-year users of these drug types described their current availability as very easy. Cannabis was considered by last-year users to be the most easily available illegal drug 2. Amphetamine 2. LSD 3. Forty-five percent of those who had used cocaine in the past year described it as very difficult to obtain at the moment. Table 2 presents findings from the survey on how the availability of the drug types had changed compared to a year ago. Forty-five percent of those who had used party pills in the past 12 months said that party pills were easier to obtain in compared to 12 months ago. Thirty-two percent of last-year ecstasy users said that ecstasy was easier to obtain in compared to the previous year. Twenty-four percent of alcohol drinkers considered alcohol to be easier to obtain in compared to a year ago. In the overall availability of amphetamine and cannabis was considered to be stable. The drug types which the largest proportion of last-year users considered to have become harder to obtain in the past 12 months were hallucinogenic mushrooms 2. Fifty-three percent of last-year users of nitrous oxide said that it was harder to get in compared to the previous 12 months. Approximately one-third of last-year users of LSD and cocaine considered these drug types to have become harder to obtain compared to a year ago. Table 3 presents last-year cannabis users' assessment of how the availability of cannabis has changed compared to a year ago, from the , , and survey waves. It is worth noting that there was some change in the types of respondents who answered this question between the survey waves. In and all those who reported using cannabis in the past year were asked the question about the change in the availability of cannabis. In and only those who reported purchasing cannabis in the past year were asked the question. As those answering the question are asked to assess the cannabis environment i. The statistical test between and compares identical groups of respondents i. Cannabis was assessed to be relatively harder to obtain compared to a year ago in compared to 2. Cannabis was also judged to be relatively harder to obtain compared to a year ago in compared to 2. As with the comparison between and , these differences were largely due to a lower proportion of last-year users saying it had become easier to get cannabis compared to a year ago in compared to and Table 4 presents last-year amphetamine users' assessment of how the availability of amphetamine had changed compared to a year ago, from the , and survey waves. Amphetamine was assessed to be relatively more difficult to obtain compared to a year ago in compared to 2. Table 5 presents last-year ecstasy users' assessment of the availability of ecstasy compared to a year ago from the , and survey waves. There was no statistically significant difference in the assessment of change in the availability of ecstasy MDMA between the survey waves. The findings from the wave of national household surveying provide the most complete picture of the current availability of different drug types in New Zealand. It is important when interpreting these results to note that these are assessments of the availability of a drug type by last-year users of the drug, rather than the wider general public. Because current drug users are already connected with social networks of sellers and users, their assessments of the availability of a drug type do not generally reflect how available the drug is to the wider population of non-users. Current drug users do, however, provide informed assessments of the availability of a drug type and hence 'expert' insight into current levels of supply and ease of purchase. In , these drug types were all legitimately sold from public retail outlets. It is worth noting that while cannabis was the most widely available illegal drug, it was considered to be much less available than these legal drugs. The difference in availability between the illegal cannabis and the legal drug types illustrates the negative impact prohibition can have on the supply and sale of a drug type. It is not the case, as is sometimes claimed, that cannabis prohibition has no impact on the availability of cannabis in New Zealand. The relatively high availability of cannabis compared to the other illegal drugs in New Zealand reflects the size of the illegal market for cannabis and the fact that it is the drug type most often sold from semi-public 'tinny' houses and from street drug markets. A study of the impact of cannabis tinny houses in New Zealand indicated that year-olds were more likely to purchase their cannabis from public tinny houses than through private personal networks Wilkins et al. The New Zealand Police have undertaken a number of raids on tinny houses in recent times, and these operations have confirmed the central role that gangs play in the operation of these drug retail outlets. The ability of gangs to quickly find new personnel to reopen tinny houses following a police raid makes it difficult for the authorities to close down these places for any length of time. A number of innovative, low-intensity drug enforcement tactics have been used in other countries to disrupt open street drug markets, such as a high-profile police presence at selling locations; the confiscation of the cars and sending of police warnings to the owners of cars observed soliciting for illegal drugs; altering traffic flows to reduce the ease of access to selling locations; and increasing both formal and informal surveillance of selling sites through the use of CCTV surveillance and appointment of site managers see Edmunds et al. The advantage of these low-intensity tactics is that they disrupt the viability of street drug markets by making potential customers reluctant to return to the selling location for fear of identification and arrest, without swamping the criminal justice system with low-level drug prosecutions. The marketing and use of party pills increased rapidly in New Zealand around In order to obtain the necessary information to classify BZP, the Government commissioned a series of research studies to investigate the health and social risks of BZP party pills. While this research was being completed the Government acted in October , establishing an age limit of 18 years old on the purchase of BZP products, banning the distribution of free promotional samples containing BZP, and prohibiting the advertising of BZP party pills in major media, including television, radio and print media. In December the Government announced its intention to follow the advice provided by the EACD, but was required to go through a formal public consultation process before reaching a final decision. The legislation to schedule BZP as a Class C drug was drawn up and passed in late with the ban coming into effect on the 1 April To facilitate a smooth transition to the new law an amnesty on the possession of small amounts of BZP for personal use was put into effect until September Our findings concerning changes in the availability of cannabis and amphetamine are broadly consistent with subsequent trends in the population prevalence of these drug types. The prevalence of use of cannabis declined in compared to i. A number of factors are likely to have impacted on the availability of cannabis during this time including changes in young peoples drug preferences, and the greater profit available to drug dealers and drug smugglers from manufacturing and selling other drug types such as ecstasy and methamphetamine. Annual seizures of cannabis plants made by the New Zealand Police increased in compared to the previous three years i. Amphetamine was assessed to be relatively more difficult to obtain in compared to The prevalence of amphetamine use was found to have levelled off in compared to Wilkins et al. The declining availability of amphetamine, and the levelling out of its use, occurred during a period of sustained focus by drug enforcement agencies on amphetamine manufacture and supply after The number of clandestine amphetamine laboratories dismantled each year by the New Zealand Police increased from 41 laboratories in , to in , to approximately in the subsequent years i. The number of tablets of ephedrine i. Methamphetamine was also reclassified as a Class A drug during this time. The fall in the availability of nitrous oxide followed a government campaign to tighten up its conditions of sale, with the Ministry of Health writing to retailers explaining that it was illegal to sell nitrous oxide for recreational use and warning that prosecutions could follow. Our findings suggest that policy makers can have a negative impact on the availability, and in turn the level of use, of drugs with effective policy interventions. They also show that measures of drug availability can help to understand the levels of drug use and changes in drug use. Consequently, measures of drug availability should be viewed as important information by policy makers when developing and evaluating drug policy responses. Babor, T. Caetano, S. Casswell, G. Edwards, N. Giesbrecht, K. Graham, et al. Black, S. Edmunds, M. Hough and N. Field, A. Reuter, P. Kleiman 'Risks and prices: An economic analysis of drug enforcement' in M. Tonry and N. Morris eds. MacCoun 'Street drug markets in inner-city neighbourhoods' in J. Steinberg, D. Lyon and M. Vaiana eds. Urban America , Rand, Santa Monica. Wilkins, C. Bhatta and S. Casswell, K. Bhatta and M. Girling and P. Reilly and S. Casswell 'Cannabis 'tinny' houses in New Zealand: Implications for the use of cannabis and other drugs in New Zealand' Addiction , Sweetsur and S. Casswell 'Recent population trends in amphetamine use in New Zealand: Comparisons of findings from national household drug surveying in , and ' New Zealand Medical Journal , , www. The and National Drug Surveys were funded by contestable research grants from the Health Research Council and partially by direct funding from the Ministry of Health. We would like to acknowledge all the researchers and interviewers who worked on the different survey waves, and all those members of the New Zealand public who participated in the surveys. In the and surveys only those who had purchased cannabis in the past 12 months were asked about the change in the availability of cannabis. It was not possible to recalculate the response rates for the different surveys for the truncated age range because we cannot distinguish the non-response by age. To ensure reliable statistical comparisons, we restricted our analysis to the drug types that included 10 or more respondents in the wave. All analysis was completed in the SAS statistical environment and controlled for the effects of weighting and stratification. Search msd. Abstract Drug use imposes a range of health and social costs on New Zealand society. Introduction Drug use imposes a range of health and social costs on New Zealand, including death, illness, mental health problems, injuries from accidents, violence, property crime, family and relationship breakdown, and child neglect Ministerial Committee on Drug Policy Results Current Availability of All Drug Types Table 1 presents the current availability of the 11 most commonly used drug types from the survey. Table 3 Change in availability of cannabis, , , and n vs. Table 4 Change in availability of amphetamine, , and n vs. Conclusion The findings from the wave of national household surveying provide the most complete picture of the current availability of different drug types in New Zealand. References Babor, T. Kleiman, M. Moore, M. Footnotes 1 Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the different funding sources involved in each of the survey waves. Download the article RTF Related links Issue 34 - Index page. Disabled people Community Business Providers. 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