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Since the outbreak of the Libyan revolution, the desert road between Al-Jaghbub, in southeastern Libya and the Egyptian Siwa oasis has witnessed a persistent increase in the smuggling of not only goods, but also weapons, wine, drugs, and illegal migrants. This process of exchange, say locals, increased after the regimes in both countries were toppled, leading to chaos and the inability of authorities to control border crossings in the eastern Sahara. Jaghbub is a border area with a population of no more than 3, according to pre-revolutionary statistics. Its people are renowned for their piety and religious commitment and for many decades it was a major Senussi center and the destination for scientists and Koran scholars. These weapons enters Egypt through Siwa across the desert, said Al-Zawi. As for the heavy weapons, they are likely to reach farther places. He believes that there are middlemen rather than real weapon traders in Jaghbub and weapons are often not directly moved into the region; rather, the exchange activities are carried out behind its mountains many kilometers away. Zawi, as well as other SSC members, complains about weak capacities since there are only 52 untrained soldiers, less than 10 weapons, and three cars. Zawi narrated the events of previous confrontations between SSC members and smugglers when the latter achieved victory due to an imbalance of power, and acknowledged that he stopped giving orders to pursue them since he was unwilling to bear the responsibility of the risk. Zawi suggests that Musaid border crossing is differently dealt with not only by the government but also by media, even though the goods smuggled through Jaghbub crossing significantly exceed in terms of both quantity and quality those smuggled through Musaid; which, is secured by two of the strongest brigades in Eastern Libya Tobruk Armor and Ali Hassan al-Jaber and by the Egyptian border guards in Sallum in Egypt. He refuses to name it, but locals say it is Shehibi, which resides in the region and has its own extension into Egypt, in Siwa Oasis in particular. It started its activity under Gaddafi, by smuggling cigarettes. We had previously clashed with gunmen while we were pursuing a car carrying immigrants to Watar area. He defends himself as well as his friends, saying the weapons they use to resist those organized gangs are personal and that they buy their loads at their own expense since there are no sufficient allocations by the government or the Local Council in Tobruk. Since establishment, according to Swedek, these committees have been able to arrest more than 15, illegal immigrants, mostly Egyptians, in addition to Sudanese and Palestinians and people of other African nationalities. Illegal immigrants are smuggled not only by Libyan smugglers but also by Egyptian smugglers driving Egyptian cars, where they have been repeatedly caught by the committees, according to the lieutenant. The Ministry of Interior has previously declared the SSC dissolving and affiliating all its members with its police service, a procedure Swedek says will take at least six months. Observers underline that contraband has witnessed a persistent decrease since last December when Ali Zeidan Government green lighted Libyan Air Force to make air raids against cars smuggling heavy weapons and drugs when they enter the Libyan territories. Pending the restoration of security and re-controlling the borders through the current government decisions, the SSC members in tension and confrontation areas are exposed to all risks implied by defending the country boundaries and sovereignty against smuggler gangs, traders and those aiding them from within the government bodies themselves. Abdulaziz Al-Wasly. Imbalance of power Zawi, as well as other SSC members, complains about weak capacities since there are only 52 untrained soldiers, less than 10 weapons, and three cars. Society: Khatt Images of a Historic School. Society: A Historic Islamic School.

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Commentary by Natalie Tecimer. Back to Issue This piece was originally published in The Diplomat. The opioid crisis continues to claim thousands of lives every month across the United States, driven in part by use of fentanyl, a powerful opioid primarily manufactured in China. But it is another opioid, tramadol, that threatens to wreak global havoc, and another Asian giant that is pouring it into the world. In the most recent year with full data , Some expect these numbers to have tripled for , and six U. In October, President Trump declared the opioid crisis a public health emergency. Fentanyl is at the center of the opioid crisis in the United States. It is used as a direct substitute for heroin, but it is 50 times more powerful than heroin. Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid, meaning it requires precursor chemicals to manufacture, and it is prescribed as a pain medication. In the past two years, however, illicit manufacturing and importing of fentanyl has skyrocketed. The death rate from synthetic drug use reflects this trend. China is the number one supplier of fentanyl to the United States. China is also the main supplier to Canada and Mexico. Cartels in the latter usually then smuggle it into the United States. After years of persistent efforts, the U. In mid- October, two Chinese nationals were indicted for running a large illicit fentanyl distribution network and their three American accomplices were arrested. Fentanyl exported from China to the United States comes in several different forms: fentanyl, its precursor chemicals, fentanyl variants, and fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription opioids. India exports many controlled and prescription drugs to the United States, including fentanyl. Indian fentanyl exports to the United States are a fraction of those from China, but India does export tramadol, which is a growing issue for the United States. However, unlike China, which has now designated over fentanyl variants and precursors on its list of controlled substances, India has not placed fentanyl, or most other opioids, on its controlled substances list, easing production and export. India only regulates 17 of the 24 basic precursor chemicals for fentanyl as listed by the UN Convention against Drugs. In the Middle East and Africa, the less potent opioid tramadol, not fentanyl, is responsible for the opioid crisis. India is the biggest supplier. Tramadol is a less powerful opioid, though more potent if taken orally than injected due to its chemical makeup, and it is not regulated by international conventions nor in many countries. This combination is dangerous: cities with high tramadol abuse have reported increasingly high rates of traffic accidents. In Garoua, Cameroon, hospitals can trace 80 percent of all traffic accidents resulting in hospital visits to tramadol, suggesting that at least half of adults in the city use tramadol. To make it even more apparent how dire tramadol addiction has become, hospital staff reported that people waiting for patients outside of the hospital gates would start convulsing, the sign of a tramadol overdose. In the past year, U. Southeast Asian countries, which also do not regulate tramadol, are frequently used as transit countries, with tramadol repackaged in creative ways. Often, the tramadol is not seized until it reaches the Middle East. There have been several instances of seizures of tramadol from India destined for Islamic State territory. The group has been involved in both the trafficking and consumption of tramadol, and the quantity of drugs being purchased by ISIS is so great that it can be assumed the group is selling a significant portion for profit. Neither India nor many Southeast Asian countries regulate tramadol, and since tramadol is not on the international drug schedule, it is only regulated if individual countries decide to classify it. But, if only one country classifies the drug and places it under regulation, it will not necessarily affect the supply. This was a problem for Egypt, which scheduled tramadol in hope of curbing abuse. Despite this, Indian tramadol exports to Egypt continued to rise and tramadol is the most abused drug in Egypt today. For example, Egypt first scheduled tramadol in because of growing tramadol use, but since tramadol was not on the international drug schedule, India was not obligated to notify Egypt of an upcoming tramadol export. Thus, Indian exports to Egypt continued to rise and tramadol is the most abused drug in Egypt today. One potential reason India does not regulate tramadol, or other opioids, is the lack of domestic concern about addiction. Yet, the government acknowledgement has not been sufficient; government corruption plays a role with the pharmaceutical corporations, wholesale exporters, and internet companies responsible for the illicit flow of opioids out of India. In their report on corruption, Transparency International found that India had the highest bribery rates across the Asia Pacific region. The lack of international regulations also contributes to the problem. The WHO used the case of Egypt scheduling tramadol in and up-scheduling labeling it as a greater threat in , presented by a German pharmaceutical company, as evidence that when tramadol is scheduled, consumption for legitimate medical use declines. Although the WHO acknowledges that tramadol is widely abused and that there have been huge seizures of the drug, it decided against critical review and international controls. The United States finally added tramadol to its drug schedule in , as a Schedule IV drug, out of five classes, meaning it is regulated less than other drugs like heroin, fentanyl, methadone, or oxycodone. Not only does the United States need to work closely with India to ensure tramadol misuse does not escalate at home, but more critically the U. The National Security Strategy advocated a stronger U. Tramadol is cheap, widely available, and extensively abused. As the world pays closer attention to fentanyl from China, there is room for another major supplier to the United States. India has been slow to regulate precursor chemicals and does not regulate fentanyl or tramadol. Indian traffickers have developed the worldwide networks. The drug threat from India requires a greater level of U. Natalie Tecimer is a program manager and research associate with the Wadhwani Chair in U. Commentary by Natalie Tecimer Published March 23, Full citations available in PDF.

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