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I believed this to be of little consequence and was punished for my insolence. It was listed in the fine print on my e-ticket, but, as I had never experienced such a phenomenon, I failed to notice. Now, this is the norm across the globe. My second nut punch came at the Baku airport. Price of a one-month visa? Muchas gracias. I found it an amazing coincidence this was the exact cost of my Bangladesh visa. Also, terrorists and shit. Azerbaijan was in the midst of a tourist marketing campaign. Commercials beckoning travelers on CNN International testified to this. Then again, who the fuck am I, really? Couchsurfing to the rescue! I rendezvoused with a former Peace Corps volunteer named Kyle offering sanctuary. As a fluent Azeri speaker, he connected with locals in ways few visitors could ever dream of. The cell phone shop was my first adventure. Cell phone purchases in many countries require all kinds of paperwork, especially in places with less democratic ideals. His broken English was impeccable and included a barrage of nouns. Russia, yes. France, yes. Iran, no bomb. And if they do have nuclear bomb, so what? You have one. France has one. This was all delivered in a cordial tone, and there was zero chance of offense. I feared offending him , as my ability to stifle laughter was deteriorating exponentially by the moment. The young woman filling out the paperwork began laughing, so I could indulge a chuckle here and there. It continued. Not bad people. Why America kill good Muslims? America no like Islam. No kill good Muslims. Osama bin Laden not Muslim. We bid each other a fond farewell. I laughed for hours. While passing a Turkish restaurant selling shaved meat off a skewer, the gentleman working the street window requested a photo of him in action. I obliged. His coworker wanted in, so he grabbed a large knife and Vogued a murderous pose. And not to be outdone, a random guy on the street got down and stood on his shoulders, kicking his feet in the air to get my attention. I thought he might request money. He rose and moved along. Randomness is the lifeblood of foreign travel. The next morning, Kyle accompanied me inside a cafe and inquired on my behalf before heading to work. We were told the place was closed, but a second gentleman emerged from the interior to assure us it was open. Kyle left. I sat down for a cup of tea. I was the only patron and all was silent… un less you count the sound of porn emanating from a television in the back. While surfing the internet, I was treated to a soundtrack of ecstasy. It went well with the tea. It was just after 9 a. At , I was told they were closing. Closing at am? Okey dokey. It is safe to say Baku was under construction. They were tearing down all the old Soviet-style buildings, replacing them with more classical styles. I spent days wandering the streets with no particular aim or destination. It all fascinated me, nothing more so than the fact almost every male citizen looked like a mafia don or hitman. I snapped dozens of photos, added absurd biographic details. It entertained me to no end. In the recent past, journalists took compromising shots of government officials sleeping on the job. Their response was to pass an absurd regulation forbidding such scandalous behavior. Photos, not sleeping. So, any photo with people has the potential to send you to jail? Can you say overbroad? The area has a European-esque feel without chaotic traffic, intense pollution, or exceedingly narrow streets and sidewalks. An ideal venue to meander, and meander I did. Courtesy of 2TRL Media. Ever heard of the Hash House Harriers? In Baku, they often met on Sundays for a non-competitive run, followed by an alcoholic reward. From what I've read, it began as a way for British ex-pat businessmen living in Kuala Lumpur to purify themselves after a weekend of debauchery, though the original runs were on Friday and later switched to Monday evenings. Periodically, they get together for an extended weekend outside the city. On that occasion, it was in the northern town of Nabran. They had an extra spot open, so I was invited to tag along with Baku Hashers. Drinking began on the bus and didn't cease until our return. Just me and a bunch of assholes running ramshod through the woods. To say this was baffling to locals would be a vast understatement. Our first run was on the grounds of a bizarre vacation resort with a kitschy medieval theme. I think we had permission to be there, but the police did show up to see why drunk yahoos were skipping through the forest adjacent to a nearby village. Someone surely called them to investigate. They spoke with our bus driver and then engaged the group. They looked the part with wool hats known as a papakhi and grave expressions. One officer called the station for further instructions. Ten minutes later, he received the green light to leave. They shook everyone's hand and departed. All that and no bribe request, a common occurrence. This was one of those rare occasions where I had little fear of offending anyone. After the second run, I was fortunate enough to be inducted into their ranks. This was quite an honor, as it usually required ten runs. View fullsize. View fullsize Maiden Tower. View fullsize Nizami Park. View fullsize Nizami Museum. View fullsize Independence Museum. View fullsize Business Center. View fullsize House of Government. Azerbaijan , Batch 23 by Mr. Nos T. Azerbaijan, Batch 23 by Mr. O'maniac January 10, Azerbaijan.

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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Abstract: This paper attempts a definition of consonant clusters, consonant cluster complexity, and cluster complexity reduction in a phonological perspective. In particular, since at the present stage of our knowledge a metrical and thus: general definition of consonant cluster complexity is not possible, a relative and structure-dependent concept is proposed: Only clusters within the scope of one and the same preference law can be compared, namely evaluated as the more complex the less preferred they are in terms of that preference law. This concept, as well as ways in which cluster complexity is reduced, are illustrated with examples from various languages. The opposite kind of development, namely the formation and complexification of clusters, is argued for the most part not to be motivated by syllable structure preferences but a by a variety of syntactic and morphological processes and b in phonology itself by rhythmically induced copations e. Consonant cluster reduction, illustrated with an English example in 1 , is one of several types of process by which the number of output segments deviates from the number of input segments. Linguistic Typology, 25 2 , Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Book review: Shelece Easterday. Highly complex syllable structure: A typological and diachronic study Studies in Laboratory Phonology 9 , p. Berlin: Language Science Press. Compound phonological segments Robert St Clair. Syllable structure assignment in Polish Geert Booij. Shanti Ulfsbjorninn U. Lyon 1 and 2. On the status of final consonant clusters in English syllables Rebecca Treiman. Box A s th e m ain tlm ist o f the p aper is an aly tic al rather than theoretical, i. B lev in s M ost cu rrent research does not accept th e assum ption th at all m em b ers o f all consonant clusters at th e edges o f dom ains necessarily belong to a single co m p lex syllable constituent cf. The differen ces in b eh av io u r o f different consonant clusters at th e edges o f m orphological dom ains th at are attrib u ted to differences in th eir syllabic co n stitu en cy are usually referred to as 'edge effects' a n d are analysed in various w ays. U sually, the argum en t fo llow s th is pattern: there is a phonological p h en o m en o n PP w hich is assum ed to be related to syllable structure. N aturally, all rem aining errors and flaw s are our ow n. P erh aps it is useful to review so m e solutions that h a v e been pro po sed. For the sake o f sim plicity all th e illustrations sh ow the left edge of d o m ain s the onset sid e a s it were — natu rally , th e m irror im age o f a given a n a ly sis is always p o s s ib le at the righ t ed g e the co d a side , too. T o sim p lify m atters furth er, w e concentrate on a n a ly se s that m a k e use o f h ierarch ical syllable stru ctu re and X po sitio n s; h o w ev er, it is not d iffic u lt to ex tend m ost o f th e an aly se s to flat sy llab le structure cf. H ym an an d H ayes As is usual, tria n g le s ab b rev iate a structure o f any co m plex ity. In b oth cases the 'no rm al' c lu ste r would h a v e th e sam e represe n tatio n as in la. T he 'special' clusters, h o w e v er, are analysed d ifferen tly , hi 2a th e first consonant o f th e cluster is ou tside the o n se t, but it is not directly a tta c h e d to the sy llab le node as in 1 b , but has its ow n node A u su ally called appendix in su c h analyses. For som e o th er exam ples cf. S pecifically, w e th in k it is po ssib le for a la n g u a g e to have a o n ly 'norm al' clu sters, b 'norm al' clusters a n d 'special' clu sters, or c o n ly 'special' clu sters. Cl C2 Px Cl C2 F igure 3 show s an analysis in w hich there is no difference in con stitu ency betw ee n norm al clusters and special clusters at the end o f the derivation. They b oth look like 3b. Initially, how ever, there is a difference: th e first consonant o f special clusters is not affiliated to the syllable or any o th er node 3a. It is only attached to the syllable node at som e later point in the derivation by som e rule 3c , w hich m akes the constituency o f a special clu ster indistinguishable from a norm al one. C rucially, in order for the analysis to w ork, rule 3c m ust apply only after th e rule that acc o u nts for PP has alread y applied. F igure 4 show s possible representatio ns o f edge clusters in a th eory GP w hich d o e s not allow for special no d es like an appen dix or the possibility o f a conson ant being directly associated to a node h ig h er than onset and rhym e. Inform ally, an onset - rhym e sequence is equivalent to a syllable. If th e cluster C 1 C 2 is w ord initial, th e nucleu s o f th e first rhym e is em pty i. In 4c the tw o co n so n an ts m ak in g up the special clu ster a re separated by an em p ty vo w el, i. C l and C2 are su rface-ad jacen t, but are not strictly a d ja c e n t u n d erlying ly. C l an d C2 fo n n a com p lex o n se t, b u t in a special cluster, th e first consonant is n ot attached to any node, i. T his a n a ly sis is different fro m th e one in 3 in that in this analy sis the p ro so d ic licensing o f a segm ent is n ot required in o rd e r for it to b e pronounced or, eq u iv alen tly , to escap e stray erasure , w h e re a s in the a n a ly sis show n in 3 it is assu m ed th at all seg m en ts m ust be p ro so d ically licensed at the end o f the derivation. T here are m inor variations7 on, or tran sla tio n s8 o f th ese analyses, but th ese are the basic ideas. In this section o u r m ain intention was to point out and illustrate that at th e edges o f dom ain s there is m ore than one w ay o f analysing clusters in term s o f con stitu en cy , and not to choose betw een th e analyses that have been proposed. Indeed, the m ain tlirust o f th is paper is to show th at at least certain H ungarian consonant clusters at word ed g es are not onsets and codas, but can be analysed as edge phenom ena. N evertheless, at th is point so m e b rief com m ents on the d ifferen t analyses are in order. First o f all, som e o f th e rep rese n tatio n s ab ove are in conflict w ith som e w idely held general principles constrainin g p h o no lo g ical structure. It also has th e additional disadvantage that, if we allow so m e se g m en ts to be directly licensed by prosod ic constituents higher than the syllable w hile som e se g m en ts are licensed by th e syllable node or one o f its subconstituents , there is an u n co m fo rtab ly high nu m ber o f an alyses available. It is in principle possible that in the sam e lan g u ag e th ere is a 'norm al' dom ain -in itial consonant cluster all of w hose consonants belong to th e o n se t, say, and there is m ore than o ne type o f 'special' cluster: in one type the conson ant at th e ed g e o f th e dom ain is licensed by the foot, in another it is licensed by the phon olog ical w o rd , in yet ano th er the licenser is th e phonological plirase, and so on — we could h av e as m an y ty p es o f special clusters w ithin th e sam e language as m any prosodic constituents w e have. T h ere does not seem to be ev id en ce for this w ide variety o f special clusters either w ith in th e sam e langu ag e or across languages. The theory m ust be m ore restrictive, allo w in g ju s t o n e typ e o f special cluster. T his extrem e position , w hich is incom patible with m ost current research, is not u su ally held, but in a recent an alysis o f B ella C oola a som ew hat m ore restricted version o f th is ty pe o f 7For instance, an analysis referring to the extraprosodicity o f edge co n so n an ts can be seen as a variant o f 3. Flat syllable stru c tu re and m oraic syllable stru ctu re w ould ex clude analy sis lb , but 3 a n d th e different v e rsio n s o f 2b w ould all be availa b le in th ese theories as w ell. A theory such a s G P in which s y lla b le structure is 'uniform ' in th e sense th at all clusters are analysed into a com bination of th e sam e very lim ited set o f sy llab ic co n stitu en ts fares m uch better as far a s restrictiveness is co ncern ed. The reason is th a t if derivation is allow ed and o nly tw o ty p es o f clu ste rs norm al vs. A ll this favours a fram ew o rk like G P, w hich is non-d erivation al and h as un iform sy llab le structure. N ev erth eless, w e w ill sketch if n o t propose p o ssib le analyses, but th ro u g h o u t, our m ain in tentio n is to id entify the problem s. C yran and G u ssm ann is a p o ssib le exception. Figure 6 show s typical exam ples The list is fairly ex h au stiv e as far as th e clusters are concerned: it gives an ex am p le for each cluster attested in a sufficiently large database about 80, w ords. Initial clusters lik e th e ones in 6a are usually analysed as onsets in languages that perm it branching on sets, and clusters lik e those in groups 6bc are often analysed as edge clusters. A s can be seen in 6 H ungarian has exam ples in all tliree groups. T he question is w hether these w o rd-in itial clusters are 13For the sake o f sim plicity w e co ncentrate on tw o-m em ber co n so nant clusters and onsets that are m axim ally binary. The inclusion o f these clusters w ould not ch an g e our argum en t in any way. The spelling o f H ungarian consonants is fairly transparent. In the text, w e use a hyph en to indicate m orphem e bou ndaries relevant to the discussion, hi the A ppendix, th e exam ples app ear in norm al spelling, w ithout special m arkings. O r m ore generally, is there evidence th a t any co nso nan t clu ster in th e lan g uage b eh av es as a branching onset? N ote that the fact th a t w ord-initial c lu ste rs are no lo n g er repaired b u t are tolerated does not in itself argue fo r a branching o n se t interp retation — th e extra co n so n an ts could easily be licen sed by som e e d g e m echanism , hi p rin cip le , th ree p o sitio n s can b e tak e n in this m atter: one can claim i that a ll relevant clu sters a re branch ing onsets and th e re are no edg e clusters at th e left edge o f do m ain s in the la n g u a g e ; ii th at som e o f the rele v an t clu ste rs are true branc h in g onsets, w h ile others are e d g e clusters; an d iii there are n o branc h in g o n sets in th e lan g u ag e, and all th e relevant c lu ste rs are edge clu sters. V ag o th e vow el w hich alternates w ith zero h en cefo rw ard the 'unstab le vow el' is a lw a y s in the last sy llab le and is never preceded or fo llow ed b y a consonant clu ster. The v o w el appears w h e n th e stem is in isolation or is fo llow ed b y a co nso nan t-in itial suffix. T h ere is no vow el if th e suffix is v o w el-initial. If an ep enthetic stem is follow ed by a vow el-initial suffix, the stem -final consonant sy llab ifies as th e onset o f the initial syllable o f the suffix and is thu s rescued. I8For tw o dissim ilar alternative view s cf. T his distinction is tra d itio n a l and has m a n y incarn ation s in different th eo ries cf. H arris , but we are going to bo rrow the term s G P uses and refer to the 'h ard' dom ain as a n aly tical and th e 'soft' one a s sy n th etic. For in stan ce, there seem to be no p h o n o ta c tic restrictions b etw ee n stem -fin al co n so n an ts and the initial con so n an ts o f -CjV In order to rescu e it, we w o u ld need to find the sam e situ atio n occurring w ith suffixes th a t are not a n aly tic al. T he su ffix es which are interestin g in th is resp ec t are the ones that b e g in w ith tw o c o n so n an ts there are no su ffix es begin ning w ith m ore than tw o c o n so n a n ts in H ungarian. It is an interesting ch arac teristic o f -CiCjV This su g g e sts that all th e su ffix-in itial clusters in 10a are syllabified in such a w ay that they stra d d le a sy llab le boundary sin ce they cann o t form onsets. T he q u e stio n is w hether the in itial cluster o f th e associative suffix is sy llab ified in the sam e w ay. K ay e K aye These suffixes m ust be preceded by a v o w el24 w hen a tta c h e d to a consonant-final stem. T hey only begin w ith their respective consonant clusters w h en th ey fo llo w vow el-final stems: a. K aye — is disallow ed as an on set, or because c o m p le x o n sets are unperm itted in H ungarian , hi the discussion o f -CjV su ffix es above w e saw th at an identical argum ent could be translated into an argum ent based on dom ains, hi o th er w o rd s, c an we account for the beh av io ur o f -Q C jV In the discussion o f -CjV suffixes above the assum ption th at com plex o n se ts are ill-form ed and the assum ption that -CjV belong to an analytical dom ain different fro m that 24T he quality of this vow el is th e sam e as that o f the unstable vow el o f e p en th etic stem s. The vow el is subject to low ering after 'Low ering Stem s' com pare hot-ostul w ith fal-astul cf. V ago Let us ex am ine if the sam e state o f affairs o b ta in s here as w ell. JtUl \] \[ bot. E vidently, th is is a case in w hich th e argu m en t against a c o m p le x onset in terpretation in H ungarian c an n o t be tran slated into an arg um en t based on 25C apital v o w el letters in transcriptions a re only used to indicate info rm ally th at som e o f th e features o f th e vow el are th e result o f sp read in g and need not be specified w ith the v o w e l in question in the u n d erly in g represen tation. It is our in te n tio n to fo rm ulate such statem en ts as generally as po ssib le , but n o tic e that the d e g re e o f g en erality is im m aterial from the point o f view o f th e argum ent itself. T here are no o th er -CjCjV Before m oving on to o th er pieces o f possible evidence bearing on the p ro b le m o f com plex onsets in H ungarian, let us note in passing that the analysis outlined ab ove h a s tw o serious defects. This is extrem ely problem atic for a v iew o f epenthesis such as the one d escrib ed above. The second related problem co ncerns -CjCjV W hen these suffixes are attached to consonant-final stem s, epenthesis o c cu rs even if in principle Q could syllabify as th e last consonant o f the com plex coda o f the ste m -fin al syllable. Rem em ber that it does syllabify w ith th e final syllable o f a vow el-final stem ; and we have seen that the suffix in q u estio n is not analytic. W e hav e no ready an sw er to these problem s, but w e w ant to point out th a t they seem to stem from this particular view o f epenthesis — we will sketch a possible rem e d y and an alternative analysis below in Section 2. Medial -CCC- clusters W e have dem onstrated in th e p rev io us section that, m inim ally, one o f the clusters th a t o ccu r in w ord-initial position is not a branching onset. The data we have review ed an d all H ungarian syllable-structure se n sitiv e alternations for that m atter are com patible w ith a claim that in fact none o f the w o rd-initial clusters are com plex onsets i. So let us take a bold step and assum e that th is claim is indeed true and see if th ere is any evidence for branching onsets in H ungarian phonotactics. G iven that the w o rd -in itial and w ord-final positions are suspect since the clusters occurring in these position s m a y be due to som e edg e m echanism , th e m ost prom ising place to look for such evidence is m ed ial. Furtherm ore, it is m edial -C C C -clu sters28 that we m ust focus on, since a m edial tw o -m e m b e r cluster can in principle be syllabified in such a way that the syllabification does not p ro d u ce 27Cf. At th e first sight, H u ng arian seem s to h a v e plenty o f w ord-m edial -C C C - clusters. H o w ev er, th e m a in source o f such clusters is analytic su ffix ation e. F u rtherm ore, th e re are 94 ty p es altogether th at th e approxim ately tok en s ex em p lify, but, ty p ic ally , the n u m b e r o f to kens in a given ty p e is extrem ely low. It co uld b e a basis fo r a possible co u n terarg u m en t that m o n om orp hem ic m edial -C C C - clusters d o display certain regularities. F o r a discussio n, see the sectio n on com plex co d as. O therw ise, all apparent m edial -C C C -specific con strain ts are accid en tal, ju st 'debris' o f the co n strain ts that exist in the languages the particular w ords containing them w ere borrow ed from. C 2C A nd vice versa, in gen eral, for every -C 1 C 2 C 3 - cluster we sh o u ld fin d a m atching -C 1C 2- clu ste r if th e latter is a p erm itted interco n stitu en t cluster. O f c o u rse, accidental g ap s m a y exist, but th is should be th e general tendency. It is interesting to c o m p a re English and H un ga rian since, in th e literature, it is gen erally acc ep ted that English has b ra n c h in g onsets. A s c a n be seen in 1 5 , English is w ell-behav ed w ith respect to th e g en eralisatio n above. W e opt fo r th e latter interpretation. This can raise th e q u estio n w hether com plex co d as are w ell-form ed in H un garian. There are w ords ending in m ore than o n e consonant, but this does not in itself ascertain the status o f these final clusters as c o m p lex syllabic constituents. W e will return to th is problem in S ection 2. The ph o n otactics o f -CC C - clusters suggests that branching onsets are not p erm itted in H ungarian. This m ean s that in all o f th e exam ples cited in 6 the initial clusters are d u e to or licensed by som e edge m echanism. However, w hile som e edge m echanism can be invoked to account for dom ain-initial and dom ain-final no n-constituent clusters, a sim ilar solution does not seem to be available for the analysis o f th e few -C C C - m edial clusters th at do occur in m on om orphem ic w ords. W hat licenses them? A possible answ er is to say that th ese words exh ibit an extrem e m ism atch b e tw ee n m o rphological stru cture and phonological structure w hich is the reverse o f the co m m o n p lace situation w hen the ed g e o f a m orphological dom ain is invisible to phonology sy nthe tic affixation , hi particular, w e w ould like to tentatively suggest that, although th e w o rd s discussed are m o no m orphem ic, they are treated in H ungarian as if they w ere com pounds, i. The problem , of course, is that o f 'excessive' or u n restricted use o f such a m ove: in principle an analyst can resort to it w henever s he is in trouble i. What is needed is a th eory that restricts th e possibility o f pho nologically reanalising, or 'splitting', a unitary m orphological dom ain i. The fo rm er task is definitely beyond the scope o f this paper. As for th e la tte r task, the reanalysis o f unitary m orphological dom ains in w ords containing m edial -C C C clusters is certainly co m patible w ith all H ungarian facts to the best o f our know ledge , so V ergnaud , H arris H ayes There are few less restrictive analyses e. W e know o f one p iece o f evidence th a t se em s to su g ge st that the reanalysis is indeed c o rrect — though it has to b e m ad e clear th at th e evidence is n o t conclusive. T h is p a tte m is 'm uddled' som ew hat b y the neutral vow els. T h is fact can be used to b u ttress o u r an aly sis o f these words. A s there are argu m en ts fo r b o th points o f view ,42 w e leav e this m a tte r open here. B e c a u se of the fact th a t it allow s e m p ty nuclei to ap p ear in the rep rese n tatio n , and th at they m ay n o t only be lic e n se d to be p h o n e tica lly unexpressed by a dom ain e d g e 43, GP affords another w a y to license th e few occurring m ed ial -C C C -: th e licen sed em p ty nu cleus m ay break up th e cluster: 40S tre ss, for in stan ce, is com p atible w ith a com pound as w ell as a non -co m p oun d analysis: b o th com pound a n d no n-co m p o u nd w ords have initial stress. For a detailed a n d reliable d isc u ssio n of the fac ts cf. B y im p lication, th e second syllable o f w ords in 19b the w ords in w hich shortening m ay not apply , presu m ab ly begins w ith a branching onset. O ther -C 1C 2C 3- clusters w ould have a different structure — also involving em pty nuclear positions. The G P analysis o f the structure o f these clusters is outside the scope o f the present paper. For a discussion o f som e aspects o f th is problem cf. R itter Such a deletio n, h o w ev er, is not alw ays possible. O th erw ise, if C 2C 3 is not a possible b ran c h in g onset, C 2 can be deleted 20a. T his can be seen as an arg u m en t for th e existence o f c o m p le x onsets in H ungarian. T he data in 20f and 20g show th at Fast -C C C - S im plification ap p lies in co m p o un ds and across a w ord -b o u nd ary , too. All w ord initial consonant clusters are edge clusters i. The follow ing is an exhaustive list exem plifying w ord-final -CC clu sters. O nly one exam ple is pro vid ed if only one o f th ese possibilities is found. The exam ples in 21a all end in gem inates. For som e problem s concerning m ore com plex final clusters, cf. W e c o n sid er th is an accidental gap. It is also clear that th ere are ph on o tactic restrictio n s betw een th e m em bers o f som e of th ese clu sters. T h e first tw o o f these positio ns are th o se that are usually taken in stu d ies o f H ungarian p h o n o lo g y. A s in the p rev io us section, w e are p rim arily interested in th e in terpretatio n of evidence ra th e r than the actu al m ech anism licen sin g these clusters. T hen, w e w ill ask th e question w h e th e r the d istin ctio n betw een com plex and sim p le codas is n ecessary to acco un t for all th e different ty p e s o f beh av io u r w e hav e found. F urtherm ore, th ese d istin c tio n s are also n e e d e d independ ently o f the p h en o m en o n analysed. A suffix is sy llab ic if it can b e a syllable o r a sequence o f sy llables in itself e. N ote th at th ese term s are m erely c o n v en ien t labels an d a re not m eant to refer to th e represe n tatio n o f th e suffixes i. T he term unstable vowel is used as above: it d en o tes a v o w e l that altern ates w ith zero. T his c o v e rs all th e m ajor relevant factors determ ining w hether an unstable vow el betw een a ste m an d a suffix is realised or not. For a detailed treatm ent o f stem s and suffixes, cf. R ebnis V ago 19 80 , A s we have po in ted out abo v e, there is no ph on otactic in teraction b e tw e e n the stem -fin al segm ent an d the initial seg m en t o f these suffixes cf. C lass B suffixes are different because — although th ey are syllabic — a realised u n stab le vowel p re c e d e s them if th e stem ends in a con son ant cluster. O therw ise, th e ir initial u n sta b le vowel re m a in s unrealised 23B. Class C su ffix es begin w ith a realised u n stab le vow el o nly if the ste m to w hich they are attached is conso nan t-final. O th erw ise, th eir in itial unstable vow el is u n realised 23C. C lass D suffixes differ from those in class C in that th e ir initial u n stab le vowel is o n ly realised if th e stem ends in certain kinds o f consonants: in gen eral, th e unstab le vow el is unrealised a fte r vow el-final stem s and after stem s ending in a single coro na l nasal or c o ro n a l continuant 23D. S uffixes in class E are sub sy lla b ic, and th e ir initial u n stab le vowel is o n ly unrealised a fte r vow el-final stem s 23E. F inally, class F su ffix es are sub sy lla b ic, but th e y are never p reced ed by a realised unstab le vow el: they sim ply a tta c h to any stem without a n y ph onotactic restrictio n s applying betw een them and th e stem 2 3F. T here se em to be six c la sses, but n o tice th at there is no difference b e tw ee n the behaviour of c la s s e s C and E. T his d ifferen ce, h o w ev er, is irrelevant since they b e h av e in the sam e w ay w ith respect to unstable v o w els. A further redu ction is p o ssib le since the behaviour o f cla sses A and F is identical as w ell. O nly th eir shapes are different, but o b v io u sly , it d o e s not m atter if a p articu lar suffix o f th is kind is su b sy lla b ic like 54 54T liere is a suffix, P res 2 n d Sg. The qu estio n is how ; or m ore specifically: is it necessary to refer to the com plexity o f codas to m ake th e necessary distinctions? Let us consider the follow ing analysis. The suffixes in class CE begin w ith an underlying vow el w hich deletes in hiatus: e. T hese suffixes differ from tho se in classes B and D in that the suffixes in th e latter classes are und erlyingly consonant-initial and the vow el that appears before them in th e relevant co n tex ts is epenthetic: e. N otice th at th e analytic vs. So far we have m ade no reference to branching codas notice that th e com plex clu ste rs w e hav e seen so far are all at dom ain edges and hence an edge clu ster analysis is n o t th eo retically excluded. H ow ever, a possible argum ent for branching co d as m ay be p u t forw ard based on the distinctio n betw een class D and class F. N otice, how ever, that we can use the syn thetic - an alytic distinction an d 55 hi section 1 w e hav e already seen that s tU l is synthetic and -bAn is analytic. O f course, the m ec h an ism w hereby e p e n th e sis happens w ith the Ac c u s a t iv e is still to be explained, but, sig n ific an tly , the two c la sse s o f suffixes c an be distinguished w ithout referen ce to branching codas. F in ally , note th at th e suffixes in c la sse s B and D behave very sim ilarly : they are both sy n th etic and ph onotactic restriction s a p p ly betw een them and the preced in g stem. The only d ifferen ce betw een th em is that the restrictio n s are different — th e difference in their b e h av io u r can be ex p lain ed w ith respect to th e particular ph on otactic restrictio n s that apply. They c a n be distin g u ish ed w ithout refe ren c e to branching codas, hi fact, the phonotactic restrictio n that seem s to g ov ern the b e h av io u r o f the suffixes in class B fo llo w s if com plex codas a re not allowed. W e hav e seen in se ctio n 1 that com p lex onsets are also not possible in H u n g a ria n. T aken to g eth er, these tw o assum ption s m ak e m ed ial -C C C - clusters u nsyllabifiab le. This w o u ld explain w h y epen th esis h ap p en s before In f in it iv e -ni, for in stan ce, w hen it is a ttach ed to a stem e n d in g in tw o consonants. W e skirt th e se issues now and leave th em fo r fu rth er research for fu rth e r details cf. U nfortunately, th is is not true. S om etim es there is no epenthesis w hen th e Ac c u s a t iv e is attached to a -V C 1C 2 final stem. T his can only happen w ith certain stem final consonant clusters, hi all th ese cases th e C2 o f such a cluster is a consonant after w hich th ere is no ep enthesis if it is th e last consonant o f a -VC2 final stem. T he question is h o w. O ne po ssib le w ay is to reso rt to arbitrary lexical diacritics. T h u s, em pty nu clei seem to be the answ er to th e first qu estion w e asked in th e d iscussio n o f final clusters ab o ve i. O nce we allow em pty nuclei in th e rep resen ta tio n , it seem s a logical step to use th em to account for edge effects. Let us briefly sketch a p o ssib le analysis. Suppose that em pty nuclei are licensed to rem ain em pty at th e edges o f an aly tic al dom ain s and a coda consonant a rhym e-final consonant is only licensed if a filled o nset fo llo w s. C vH\]. M The em pty final nucleus an aly sis m ak es it possible for us to disting uish three kinds o f 'final' conson ant clusters all ed ge clusters : i an analytic ty pe -V. Cv0 \]. T h e difference betw een i and iib is that there are no phonotactic restrictio ns betw een th e tw o consonants in i w hile p ho no tactic restrictions are predicted to app ly betw een th e tw o consonants in iib. These stru ctures, then, are available for the an aly sis o f the su ffix es discussed. Conclusion In the discussion above w e have show n that branching constituents other th an the n u cleu s and th e rhym e are not necessary if w e w ant to account for phon otactics and other sy llab le structure related pheno m en a in H ungarian. Burzio C lem ents, G eorge N. Fudge, Erik 'Syllables,' Journal o f Linguistics 5, pp. G iegerich, H einz, J. Published by G arland Press, New York, Published by G arland Press, New Y ork, Published by G arland Press, N ew Y ork, K aye, Jonathan ''C oda' L icensing', Phonology 7, K aye, Jonathan 'Dp you b elieve in m agic? L und: Lund U niversity Press. Ewan S Coopey. Optimal linear estimation models predict years of overlap between Homo sapiens and Neandertals prior to their disappearance from France and northern Spain Marie Soressi. Quimica de Alimentos Ana Paula. Trastorno de Panico katherine gonzalez. Sam Cleymans , Peter Talloen. Lectures at the College de France, —82 ratheesh kumar. The importance of somatosensory feedback for phantom limb mobility revealed by differences in phantom movement kinematics between above- and below-elbow amputees Caroline Nicol. Correlations between cultured pearl size parameters and PIF biomarker expression in Pinctada margaritifera families reared in two contrasting environments Chin-Long KY. Cardiovascular risk factors and development of nomograms in an Italian cohort of patients with suspected coronary artery disease undergoing SPECT or PET stress myocardial perfusion imaging mario petretta.

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