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Tito, 21, started using methamphetamine, called sabu-sabu in Indonesia, to be able to stay awake for many hours. He started using the drug regularly two years ago, because it helped him stay upbeat and not feel tired. Last year, he was arrested at a hotel in central Jakarta, the capital. Tito was beaten by police for hours until he admitted he had 0. His lawyer asked for him to be taken to a rehabilitation center. But prosecutors sought an eight year prison sentence, claiming he was a drug dealer, and the judge sentenced him to two years. Tito is in the Cipinang prison in Jakarta. In September, there were 3, prisoners there — although the capacity is 1, Up to 30 prisoners are held in cells designed for 10 people. Indonesia has one of the strictest anti-drug laws in the world. A person caught with drugs such as marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine or methamphetamine for personal use can be sentenced to up to four years in prison or forced rehabilitation. Parents of underage drug users are obliged to report their children — if they do not, they could face up to six months in prison. Group 1 drugs include marijuana, cocaine, MDMA ecstasy , methamphetamine, heroin and others. If the person has more than 1 kg of marijuana or 5 g of cocaine, for example, they can face life imprisonment. If you are dealing in these volumes, you can be put to death. This happened to two Brazilians in Marco Archer, 53, was executed by firing squad in January of that year. He had been sentenced to death in , after being arrested with 11 kg of cocaine inside hang glider tubes. Rodrigo Muxfeldt Gularte, 42, was executed in April of the same year, after being arrested in for trying to enter the country with 6 kg of cocaine hidden in surfboards. The Indonesian government ignored the fact that Gularte had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, in two separate reports. Lawyer Gunawan assisted in the defence of Gularte. In and , Indonesia executed 18 people for drug-related crimes. LBHM estimates that there are people on death row, of whom were convicted of drug-related crimes. According to lawyer George Havenhand, of Reprieve, those who are users should not be included in articles and of the narcotics law, which provide for between 4 and 12 years in prison. They should be tried under Article , which provides for a maximum sentence of 4 years or rehabilitation. But in practice, the police target users. Rich people are rarely detained, says Octavian. The result of this draconian policy is prison overcrowding. Indonesian prisons have the capacity to house around , prisoners, but currently hold more than twice as many people. In , there were about 53, detainees in Indonesian prisons. Although the legislation provides for the possibility for the user to go to a rehabilitation centre, this rarely happens. Professor Asmin Fransiska, from the Indonesian university Atma Jaya, points out that there are perverse incentives for incarceration. The spread of HIV is another side effect of criminalisation. Indonesia has one of the highest HIV rates in the region, concentrated among injecting drug users. The war on drugs stigmatises them and creates obstacles to access to treatment and harm reduction, such as the distribution of syringes or methadone, for example. Users fear being arrested for seeking these services. Only a small minority receive treatment. Most of the centres provide for compulsory hospitalisation of three to six months and require complete abstinence, often without palliative care for the effects of the absence of the drug. The figures were from a study by the state anti-drug agency, BNN, and were criticised by experts. Among the errors was the classification of everyone who claimed to have tried drugs as users, for example. Experts are not optimistic about the possibility of reforming drug policy in the short or medium term. The narcotics law is on the agenda for legislation to be discussed by , alongside 40 others. There will be an urgent need for reform only when overcrowding in the prison system leads to massive drug trafficking in prisons or riots. After assuming his first term in , Widodo faced a turbulent first hundred days, with criticism of ministers and popular discontent with the price of fuel. The drug war was a way of showing himself to be a strong, nationalist leader and regaining power. Hatred of traffickers and drugs finds widespread support in society, although there is no research quantifying approval. The Indonesian leader warned that he would be relentless with drug dealers and would not pardon death row inmates. In his first term, he authorised the execution of 18 by firing squad. Since that time, and even more since , the most conservative wing of Islamists has started to pressure Widodo and question his religiousness. The emergence of the alleged drug epidemic is one of the few issues that can galvanise conservative and moderate Islamists. President Jokowi uses these devices without any shame. Widodo admitted to having been inspired by the Filipino leader Rodrigo Duterte , whose war on drugs has resulted in more than 25, deaths, international condemnation and popularity among sections of the population. In , 16 people were killed in police anti-trafficking operations in Indonesia. Nor is the possibility of further executions ruled out. They have not occurred since , but the moratorium is not official. In , at least 80 received the penalty. End The Death Penalty Press release. October 9, by Andrew Purcell Head of Communications. He started using the drug regularly two years ago, because it helped him stay upbeat and not feel tired Last year, he was arrested at a hotel in central Jakarta, the capital. Facebook Tweet. Stay informed. Are you sure? The more people who support our campaigns, the more power we have to work with decision makers to end the death penalty and resentence people already sentenced to death. Choose 'Yes' to get emails - you can safely unsubscribe at any time. To see how we keep your data safe, read our privacy policy. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Get the latest. Quick links About us Our governance Our team Vacancies. Donate now Become a Member Leave a legacy Shop in our gallery. Get in touch Contact info.

Long Read: Trouble in Paradise – Maldives’ Continuing Battle with its Drug-Abuse Problem

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Trout enjoy water that contains methamphetamine — could this lead to them loitering around sewage pipes? Around million people worldwide use drugs each year. Often forgotten in this story is a problem of basic biology. What goes in must come out. Sewers are inundated with drugs that are excreted from the body, along with the broken down chemical components that have similar effects to the drugs themselves. A lot of sewage also finds its way into rivers and coastal waters untreated. Once in the environment, drugs and their byproducts can affect wildlife. In a recent study published in the Journal of Experimental Biology, researchers in the Czech Republic investigated how methamphetamine — a stimulant with a growing number of users worldwide — might be affecting wild brown trout. They examined whether concentrations of methamphetamine and one of its byproducts, amphetamine, which were estimated from other studies that have measured illicit drug concentrations in waterways, could be detected in the brains of brown trout. They also looked at whether these concentrations were enough to cause the animals to become addicted. The trout were exposed to the drug in large tanks over eight weeks and then put into withdrawal, going 'cold turkey' in drug-free tanks for 10 days. During that time, the researchers tested the fish's preference for fresh water or water containing methamphetamine and compared this with the responses of fish that had never been exposed to the drug. Their findings were intriguing. The methamphetamine-exposed fish preferred the water containing the drug, while no such preference was shown for the untreated fish. The researchers also found that during their withdrawal period, the methamphetamine-exposed trout moved less. The researchers interpreted this as a sign of anxiety or stress — typical signs of drug withdrawal in humans. The brain chemistry of the exposed fish differed from the unexposed, too, with several changes in brain chemicals detected that correspond to what is seen in cases of human addiction. Even after the behavioural effects had waned after 10 days of withdrawal, these markers in the brain were still present. This suggests that methamphetamine exposure could have long-lasting effects, similar to what is seen in people. You might also like:. Why should we care if trout are becoming addicted to drugs? There are several reasons. If the trout are 'enjoying' the drugs, as they appear to be in the recent study, they may be inclined to hang around pipes where effluent is discharged. Fish can behave similarly to what is seen in humans suffering from addiction , not only from this trial, but from several studies on different fish species. One of the hallmarks of drug addiction is a loss of interest in other activities — even those that are usually highly motivated, such as eating or reproducing. It's possible that the fish might start to change their natural behaviour, causing problems with their feeding, breeding and, ultimately, their survival. They may, for instance, be less likely to evade predators. Exposure to drugs not only affects the fish themselves, but their offspring. In fish, addiction can be inherited over several generations. This could have long-lasting implications for ecosystems, even if the problem was fixed now. This is not the first study to find illicit drugs in wildlife. In , scientists in the UK reported cocaine in freshwater shrimp in all 15 rivers they sampled. Interestingly, they detected illicit drugs more often than some common pharmaceuticals. But the wider effects of those drugs remain largely unknown. There have, however, been comprehensive studies into the effects of pharmaceuticals in rivers. Medicines do not fully break down in our bodies either and arrive at wastewater treatment plants in faeces and urine. Most are discharged with wastewater effluent, but some enter rivers by seeping from landfills or farm fields where human sewage is used as fertiliser. Wildlife living in rivers and coastal waters where effluent is discharged are exposed to cocktails of medicines, from painkillers to antidepressants. Caged fish downstream of some water treatment plants changed sex from male to female within a few weeks due to exposure to hormone-disrupting chemicals found in contraceptive pills. Recent studies have shown that antidepressants can cause a wide range of behavioural changes in aquatic organisms from aggression , attraction to light and increasing boldness. Drug addiction is a global health concern that can devastate communities, and tackling its environmental consequences will be expensive. It might seem obvious that prescribed and illegal drugs designed to change behaviour in humans also change the behaviour of wildlife. But this problem is potentially far more widespread and complex. We don't even know if synthetic chemicals in everyday household products, such as cosmetics, clothes and cleaning agents, can affect the behaviour of people and other species. An international group of scientists has urged companies and regulating bodies to check their toxic effect on behaviour as part of risk assessments of new chemicals. This article originally appeared on The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence. Join one million Future fans by liking us on Facebook , or follow us on Twitter or Instagram. If you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc. Skip to content. US Election. Why fish are becoming addicted to illegal drugs. The invasive weed that travelled the world The long shot that saved Belize's coral How mangrove forests helped stall environmental crime. The brown trout is native to rivers, lakes and streams accross Europe Credit: Alamy.

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