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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. France is a destination country for human trafficking, with victims especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation, forced labour, forced begging and slavery. Victims primarily are women and girls from Eastern Europe, East and West Africa and some Asian countries trafficked into sexual exploitation, as well as men, women and children forced into domestic servitude and other forms of forced labour. Human trafficking in France is generally also associated with both physical and psychological violence, as well as unlawful confinement. As a result of the COVID pandemic, there have been cases of trafficked individuals taking on dangerous and degrading work to obtain cash during the lockdowns. France is a key transit and destination country for human smuggling. Smuggling activities have increased in northern France, particularly in the port city of Ouistreham in Normandy, since the closure of the migrant camps in Calais. Smuggling networks also provide individuals with fake medical certificates and forged documents. Furthermore, there is an overlap between human smuggling, drug trafficking, sex trafficking and weapons trafficking. Since the end of , attempts at irregular migration from Africa, the Middle East and Southern Asia across the English Channel have multiplied due to police restraint aimed at preventing migrant camps from emerging near Calais. There is a steady flow of illicit weapons into and within France, primarily originating from Eastern Europe and the US. Targeted weapon theft contributes to the bulk of illicit weapons in the market, which are mainly bought by actors involved in organized crime, especially drug trafficking. Firearms are also sometimes exchanged for drugs. In , France experienced the largest number of weapon thefts across the EU, in the form of both opportunistic and targeted theft. France continues to experience the worrying trend of weapons entering the country in increasing numbers, especially from the Balkans. Intelligence services highlight that weapons used during the two world wars, as well as weapons originating from the Balkan region, are often utilized to fuel criminal networks. Additionally, access to war weapons, such as AKs, enabled terrorist groups to attack civilians in France and also fuelled violence in suburbs where young people have easy access to arms. In mainland France, weapons are sold on both the dark web and the clearnet. There is little evidence to suggest that a criminal market for flora exists in mainland France. However, imports of illicit African timber by French firms constitute the risk of flora-related crimes given the prevalence of illicit activity in the supply chain. France has also been accused of not doing enough to enforce EU timber regulations. Additionally, French Guiana has seen an increase in logging in early as illegal miners have taken advantage of the COVID crisis to engage in illegal clearances. In regard to fauna crimes, hundreds of protected species are seized in France every year. The country, and specifically Charles de Gaulle Airport, is considered a major transit and destination hub for the bushmeat market, as there are many direct flights between France and Africa and Asia. In addition to bushmeat, live wild animals are also trafficked into France. Moreover, the country is a major importer of tigers and is among the five largest importers of reptile skins worldwide. Glass eel trafficking has been flagged as an issue involving Asian nationals. Groups involved in fauna trafficking use bribery and corruption to facilitate trans-shipment. In terms of non-renewable resource crimes, France is an important destination country for the criminal market, particularly illegal gold from French Guiana. Illegal gold mining in French Guiana is widespread and related to crime groups, violence and other serious crimes that significantly impact society. Gold trafficking from France to other European countries also takes place. There are numerous instances of metal theft in France. Crime groups target different sectors, and there have been cases of the looting of wind turbines, motorways, football stadiums, cemeteries and railways. Often, foreign groups are involved in such large-scale theft. Overall, non-renewable resource crimes may constitute a major source of financing for mafias and terrorist groups. The illegal drug trade in France is dominated by cannabis, as it is the number one drug consumed in France. The market has grown exponentially in recent years and is controlled by a few kingpins. It is difficult to uncover as it is fragmented and transnational. The consumption of marijuana over resin has also grown as older cannabis users seek organic and local products. This phenomenon led to an increase in self-production, which led to criminal networks reorganizing their structures by offering primarily marijuana instead of hash. However, the growing use and production of French and European marijuana did not cause a decline in the traditional Moroccan hash market. France is also a transit and destination country for marijuana. Cannabis from Morocco is transited through Spain to France and then transported to the rest of Europe by car, bus or truck. The cocaine market is the second-largest drug market in France, with it being a destination country for cocaine from South and Central America. There are two primary entry routes for cocaine: the port of Le Havre in the north of the country, and French Guiana, where cocaine is transported by road from Suriname and then flown to Paris by individuals or sent through the mail. Furthermore, France is a transit country for cocaine transported to the UK or the Netherlands. Given the proliferation of cocaine in France, tackling cocaine trafficking, along with cannabis trafficking, has become a main law enforcement priority for authorities. Heroin trafficking and consumption are on the rise in France. A decrease in heroin prices has led to an increase in consumption, along with a change from injecting to sniffing and smoking. French networks involved in the heroin trade do not work directly with large production and transit countries, as the majority of small networks buy the drug from neighbouring countries. Traffickers buy heroin in Belgium or the Netherlands before redistributing it across the country. Heroin is mostly produced in Afghanistan, and proceeds from the Afghan sources are reportedly occasionally used to finance terrorism. Lille is also a major hub for heroin trafficking in France. The drugs are predominantly produced in Belgium, Luxembourg or the Netherlands. In recent years, new psychoactive substances, mainly produced in Asia, are bought and sold online. Overall, France hosts one of the largest markets in Europe and the synthetic-drug trade is on the rise in the country, especially in festival environments, with the darknet and social media serving as major selling platforms. The organized crime landscape in France is dominated by criminal networks with little to no structure. These criminal networks are gangs from the suburbs that are involved in drug trafficking, primarily in the cannabis trade, as well as arms trafficking. Meanwhile, French intelligence notes that mafia-style groups in France operate discreetly and are often overlooked, while the scale of their activities is misunderstood. There is reportedly a high rate of mafia infiltration in legitimate bar, restaurant, tourism and hospitality businesses; construction, waste management, low-skilled public and commercial services; and agricultural sectors. These groups tend to be involved in poly-criminality and are often characterised by ethnicity or loyalty to a specific city, and often have links to drug trafficking groups. In France, there are signs that cooperation exists between both foreign and local criminal actors involved in money laundering. Foreign mafias are also present in France. Some believe that in addition to geographical proximity, legislative shortcomings in France have facilitated the Italian mafia taking root in France. Nigerian mafias, along with other Eastern European criminal groups that also dominate arms trafficking operations from the Balkan region, control the sexual exploitation market in France. Organized crime groups from Eastern Europe are also active in organized property crime, sexual exploitation, drug trafficking and cyber fraud. Meanwhile, state-embedded actors exist and mostly engage in money laundering, tax evasion and corruption, with many recorded cases occurring in the past 10 years. Furthermore, some politico-financial affairs linking state-embedded actors to criminal activities have transnational components. In general, French citizens lack faith in the government, as evidenced by multiple demonstrations and strikes against the government since Since , the French government has been required to implement national action plans every two years, which focus on transparency, integrity and accountability in public and economic life. France also has two independent authorities that oversee government action. Nevertheless, information access remains poor and France has been called on to reinforce its anti-corruption policies. On the international level, France is a state party to all relevant international treaties and conventions pertaining to organized crime. France also has a number of bilateral and multilateral security cooperation agreements and is one of only a few countries that have been and continue to be involved in subregional, regional and global initiatives. As far as international cooperation on mafia-related cases is concerned, however, it was reported in that exchanging information with France on such cases was difficult. A prime reason for this was the lack of political will, along with the fact that officials were reluctant to recognize the existence of mafia-style groups. On a domestic level, French legislation does not specifically define organized crime. France also has a law that reinforces the fight against organized crime, terrorism and terrorist financing, and enhances the guarantees of penal procedure. In France, there are eight specialized inter-regional jurisdictions with competences over drug trafficking, organized crime and financial crimes. In , a new national anti-terrorism prosecution office was also created, as a result of political will to adapt the judicial system to new trends in transnational organized crime. With regard to law enforcement, the French police and gendarmerie are in charge of combating organized crime, including drug trafficking, irregular immigration and cybercrime. The national police also has various bodies in charge of the fight against organized crime. In recent years, the relationship between the French police and the population has changed. Despite the fact that the police were deemed trusted heroes after the terror attacks in Paris, a few months after this there was a shift following numerous reports of police violence during anti-labour reform demonstrations. In , trust in security forces deteriorated even further, with the Ombudsman calling the loss in confidence a crisis. In terms of territorial integrity, with France being part of the Schengen zone, many traffickers have taken advantage of the lack of EU border controls to enter France. Moreover, French territories abroad render the border increasingly porous, as authorities have difficulties containing illicit flows into French Guiana and from there into mainland Europe. Within France, territorial integrity is often compromised in the suburbs of major cities. Overall, the French economy is more regulated than the economies of other EU countries. France has made numerous efforts to reduce regulatory burdens and in , the government launched a radical administrative streamlining and regulatory reform agenda. France is highly resilient to money laundering and terrorist financing. Its internal anti-money laundering legal and regulatory framework was substantially improved in Banks and credit institutions, as well as real estate agents, investment and insurance companies, are now subject to strict reporting and due diligence requirements. In , the country also adopted a law to enhance the detection of fraud and strengthen the measures used to tackle tax evasion. France has a department responsible for access to law, justice and victim support. There is also a federation of victim support associations called the French Victim Support and Mediation Institute. France has sustained its efforts to tackle human trafficking, shown by the increase in investigations, convictions and the identification of victims, and the approval of a new anti-human trafficking action plan in An interministerial mission was also set up for the protection of women against violence and the fight against human trafficking. Funds are allocated for the prevention of prostitution and for the provision of social and professional support to victims of sexual exploitation and human trafficking. At the same time, France is very active in combating and preventing organized crime at European and international levels. It has proposed enhanced security cooperation through the creation of common investigative teams and has engaged with South American nations to tackle the issue of deforestation. Anti-mafia activists in France have also argued that civil society suffers from a low awareness of the organized-crime phenomenon. With regard to the press in France, an increase in harassment and attacks targeting news media and journalists was reported in , mainly at the hands of protesters and riot police during the gilets jaunes yellow vests protests. Along with that, journalists were also increasingly exposed to online harassment by internet trolls, and a great number of lawsuits continue to be brought against investigative journalists. Despite this, however, overall the country maintains a high level of media freedom. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Paris. Income group High income. Population 67,, Geography type Coastal. Criminal markets 5. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 6. Human smuggling 6. Arms trafficking 6. Flora crimes 4. Fauna crimes 5. Non-renewable resource crimes 4. Heroin trade 6. Cocaine trade 6. Cannabis trade 6. Synthetic drug trade 5. Criminal actors 5. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 6. Criminal networks 6. State-embedded actors 3. Foreign actors 7. Political leadership and governance 6. Government transparency and accountability 7. International cooperation 8. National policies and laws 7. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 6. Law enforcement 7. Territorial integrity 5. Anti-money laundering 8. Economic regulatory capacity 8. Victim and witness support 5. Prevention 6. Non-state actors 7. Analysis Download full profile english french. People France is a destination country for human trafficking, with victims especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation, forced labour, forced begging and slavery. Trade There is a steady flow of illicit weapons into and within France, primarily originating from Eastern Europe and the US. Environment There is little evidence to suggest that a criminal market for flora exists in mainland France. Drugs The illegal drug trade in France is dominated by cannabis, as it is the number one drug consumed in France. Criminal Actors The organized crime landscape in France is dominated by criminal networks with little to no structure. Leadership and governance In general, French citizens lack faith in the government, as evidenced by multiple demonstrations and strikes against the government since Criminal justice and security In France, there are eight specialized inter-regional jurisdictions with competences over drug trafficking, organized crime and financial crimes. Economic and financial environment Overall, the French economy is more regulated than the economies of other EU countries. Civil society and social protection France has a department responsible for access to law, justice and victim support. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

Latin American Experts Help European Gangs Produce Cocaine at Home

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Shipping and law-enforcement officials say they believe about a third of cocaine cargoes from South America are moved around the world on commercial ships. Ship and terminal operators are under pressure to deliver vast amounts of cargo on time, and the rule of thumb around the world is that only one in 10 containers gets checked. This is the first half of a series about narcotics, container terminal safety and countermeasures through automation. On its way into Delaware Bay, US. Customs and Border Protection intercepted the vessel on June 16, Armed agents climbed the container ship and checked the locks on the containers were intact. Some didn't look as usual, and the giant vessel was escorted to the quay. The first thing the following day, the boxes that had been tampered with were X-rayed and then opened. According to US officials, the amount of discovered cocaine just didn't stop. Research our extensive resources about port automation here It took an entire week to detect and register cocaine-made bricks within the ship's load. The size of the drug discovery shocked the shipping industry, which was less of a surprise than stunning due to the sheer amount of drugs on board of a world-leading shipping company. It was the result of what is a growing trend in drug trafficking. Traffickers have used speed boats, trucks and small planes in the past to cross borders and evade detections. But today, camouflaging large amounts of narcotics in commercial cargo is the primary approach. Smugglers trust that illicit cargo won't raise alarms and get undetected in the global supply chain's immense stream of goods. Container-ship operators acknowledge that many ships come and go unchecked. There are many reasons for this, but one is the enormous amount of containers to be handled by terminals every day, thanks to improved container terminal operations. Every year, million containers are shipped around the globe, but less than two percent of these are inspected. Another global rule of thumb is that only one in 10 containers get checked as boxes move quickly through ports and into the sprawling, complicated logistics networks. Customs say one way to mitigate drug smuggling would be to change the risk calculation for smugglers by checking at least three of every ten containers before they are loaded on ships. However, as ship operators are under pressure to deliver vast amounts of cargo on time, this would also mean slowing down commercial shipping operations. This is a tricky question to answer in times of low schedule reliability and container terminal bottlenecks read more about container terminal automation and increasing productivity. On the other side, shipping and law enforcement officials believe about a third of cocaine cargoes from South America are moved worldwide on commercial ships. In February , customs seized 1. Both vessels were on the route from South America to Europe. The methods smugglers use follow a pattern: Once a new way of smuggling is successful, it will be exploited to the maximum. According to US customs, container vessels like the MSC Gayane are approached by boats while sailing at night along the coast of South America, using the ship's crane to bring drugs onboard and stuffing the bales of cocaine into containers holding other cargo. Replacement seals are used to close the opened containers and camouflage any tempering learn more about stolen cargo in container terminals. These ports are transhipment hubs for narcotics to be distributed across the continent. Cocaine lords increasingly use sea transport to bring their products to Western markets in huge quantities. As a result, the risk of getting detected got more significant as the chance to make a fortune. There are now more drug seizures on ships than in the past because of the larger amount and because authorities are alarmed. Vessels coming in from South America raise almost automatically a red flag. That's why smugglers adapt their routes and ship to Africa and North America first, change vessels and then continue their voyage. Other methods are to use established companies with spotless records to deceive customs on whether to check or not to check containers. A massive operational loss to the reputation of this company. Even worse, the US authorities have temporarily removed the carrier from a list of trusted operators, causing further delays in moving goods through security checks. Read: How does automation help to improve safety in ports? Security is in the spotlight again, not only on vessels but also in container terminals. For example, security guards were part of the crew on ships sailing from the western coast of South America. MSC also added closed-circuit cameras on its vessels and implemented cabin checks onboard to ensure workers don't have contraband container seals or other evidence of drug smuggling. In addition, container terminals tighten their security protocols as much as possible, closing security gaps to avoid being held accountable. Read more about unreported container damage in ports. This arms race between drug smugglers and container terminal operators continues. Drug smugglers can find opportunities to penetrate the security concepts successfully and conduct smuggling to the profitable markets of Europe and North America in high quantities. Law enforcement is unable to stop this and acknowledges that there is only one way to control the number of narcotics flooding the markets effectively: to make it complicated and costly for the cartels to operate their supply chain. Container terminals are part of this supply chain and play a crucial role in the game for superiority. In our second part of this series, we will discuss different approaches to container terminal safety and how technology can effectively block out unauthorised container access. Since drug smuggling is an extraordinarily complex and globalised problem, a holistic and cross-sectoral approach is required. This is pursued through continuous monitoring and supervision, a variety of specific training courses, and the strengthening of cooperation between government agencies and private companies. The programme's mission is to support its member states in developing risk management, supply chain security, and trade facilitation to prevent the cross-border movement of illegal goods, in this case, drugs. They are equipped with a secure communications application called ContainerComm, which allows them to communicate with units from other countries. For example, to forward the identification numbers of high-risk containers. See also: our comprehensive container damage checklist. Choose from our wide selection of articles about port automation! Mark spent most of his professional career developing and creating business ideas - from a marketing, organisational and process point of view. He is fascinated by the digital transformation of industries, especially manufacturing and logistics. Mark writes mainly about Industry 4. Find here a selection of his articles. Drug Trafficking and Container Terminal Safety. No video selected Select a video type in the sidebar. Related Articles 22 July, Four ways to improve container terminal productivity 22 August, Container Terminal: What is operations planning?

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