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The Western Balkans is often labelled as a transit region for the trafficking of drugs like cannabis, cocaine and heroin. But there are signs that the region is also a producer of synthetic drugs, as well as a growing consumer market. The main synthetic drugs being smuggled into the Western Balkans are amphetamines, methamphetamine and ecstasy MDMA , as well as new synthetic versions of cannabis and opioids like heroin. In addition, local production appears to be increasing, particularly in North Macedonia and Serbia. Between and , police in Serbia uncovered over illicit drug laboratories, mostly on residential premises. Nevertheless, only people were convicted — an average of less than two people per illegal laboratory uncovered. In , most seizures of synthetic drugs in Serbia were made either in Belgrade and Novi Sad or close to the border with Hungary, for example at the Horgos border crossing point. Seizures were also made in Kragujevac and Bor. The problem is not limited to Serbia. In December , police discovered illegal drug labs in the village of Batinci and in a home near Tetovo in North Macedonia. The main suspect, Milan Zarubica, had previously been convicted in relation to a lab in Stara Pazova, Serbia. A few months later, Macedonian police found yet another laboratory used to illegally manufacture synthetic drugs. In addition to trafficking and production, there seems to be a growing local market for synthetic drugs. In Serbia and North Macedonia, prices for synthetic drugs are relatively low, which is a major factor in their increasing market share compared to plant-based drugs. The drug is usually sold on the black market in the form of pills or capsules, but can also be mixed with ecstasy. Synthetic drugs are easily accessible, particularly in large cities. Methamphetamine is less present in Serbia. It is unclear how COVID has affected the synthetic drug market in the Western Balkans, but there is a sense that the market is relatively resilient, with some synthetic drugs being used as a substitute for heroin. Although heroin remains the main cause of the approximately 50 drug-related deaths in Serbia every year, 19 increased access to and use of synthetic drugs have heightened health concerns in the country and led to the tragic drug-related deaths of young people. After a year-old girl died in November in the small town of Arandjelovac after taking ecstasy for the first time at a party, locals organized a series of protests calling for better prevention measures. In , four young people aged 17 to 21 died after taking ecstasy, while between and more than fifty people died in the country from different synthetic drugs. While the focus on drugs in the Western Balkans has usually been on the transit of plant-based substances like cocaine, heroin and cannabis, it is also important to keep an eye on the production and use of synthetic drugs. Interview with a former police officer from the Belgrade anti-drug unit, Belgrade, November Interview with a police officer, Belgrade, December Interview with a professor of criminology, Belgrade, December Interview with a civil society activist, Belgrade, November Interview with a former police officer, Belgrade, December Based on an analysis of various interior ministry press statements, mup. See also: Siracusa Institute, op. Interviews with civil society activists in Belgrade, November , and Podgorica, December Synthetic drugs in the Western Balkans The Western Balkans is often labelled as a transit region for the trafficking of drugs like cannabis, cocaine and heroin. Troubled waters: smuggling migrants across the Adriatic. Risk Bulletins. Tap or select text, and then tap the bookmark icon to save a bookmark. Bookmarks are saved in your browser cache. Clearing your cache will remove them. Your last visit. The last time you visited, you stopped reading here. Acknowledgements About Risk Bulletins.
Misuse of Psychologically Active Substances of Convicts being in Prisons and their Treatment
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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence: Safuadan Plojovic. E-mail: safuadanplojovic gmail. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Keywords: misuse, psychologically active substances, convicts, prisons, treatment, addiction disease. Dissemination of addict disease in the world, and us, has reached such rations that we can call it an epidemic, reasonably. Statistical data of different organisations emphasise epidemiological features of drug addition, being alarming ones. The World Health Organisation conducted a research on exposure of psychologically active substances and alcohol between and NIDA, \[ 1 \]. The exposure means that a person has tried, used or still uses psychologically active substances. The research included 54, examinees in 17 countries, from all continents. This research had shown that a degree of usage of some substances is different. The rates of drug usage is higher in the USA cannabis There is reduction of tobacco usage in some countries. The report from stated that in the American prisons were placed convicts, having drug addicts, for possession of drug amounts, and for possession and selling of drugs Karberg, James, \[ 4 \]. The data from other countries also reveal a significant number of drug addicts among criminal persons. By increasing of criminal acts related to psychologically active substances, it has been increased the number of addicts in prisons. The number of registered drug addicts being arrested in was from the entire number of 11 , and this means In the criminal structure of convicted ones in , from the entire number of persons who are being served their sentence, the most frequent ones were larceny, theft, concealing and similar 1 convicts , drug misuse 1 , robbery , body injuries , gun possession , family violence , raping , murder and murder attempts and other criminal acts of convicts Ministry of Justice, Republic of Serbia, \[ 8 \]. The situation is similar in the region. Pursuant to the Ministry of Justice of Republic of Croatia, Prison Administration Office, among 7 convicts who served their prison sentence in , there was From the entire number of convicts who were drug addicts in , During , there were new persons who were received to serve their prison sentence, also drug addicts. Two years behind, in Croatia, there was an extremely high increase of criminal acts among recidivists of convicts. In , even The aim of this study was to investigate the misuse of psychologically active substances of convicts being in prisons and their treatment in the District Prison in Novi Pazar, Serbia during October and November in In the stated facility, male adults are being served their prison sentences, age 20 to The duration of the sentences is up to12 months in prison, but usually several minor offences are joined, and thus the convicts are kept for a longer inhere. The District Prison in Novi Pazar can accept up to 80 convicts, and usually 50 of the ones serve their sentences. Training Service and Health Service do not exist here, but a doctor comes on certain weekdays. A sample makes 55 male convicts being in the prison of the District Prison in Novi Pazar at the time, speak Serbian and have agreed to participate in the research. The majority of the examinees live in the city Pursuant to their nationality, the examinees can be divided into three groups: Bosniacs The total of 7. Before their arrival to the prison, The sample structure pursuant to their marriage status is: In Table 1 , the sample structure has been presented. These results are pursuant to the official statistical data for Serbia. Pursuant of the data of the Sanction Performance Administration Office, the number of addicts of psychologically active substances among persons being in prisons since was drug addicts, alcoholics or The data on prevalence of misuse of psychologically active substances among the examinees from the sample has been presented in Table 2. We can notice that a number of convicts being serving their sentences Serbian in prisons misuse psychologically active substances. In , the number of drug addicts was or As we have already mentioned, the similar situation of increase of prevalence of misuse in prison population is similar in the region, either. In Croatia, the number of addicts of psychologically active substances being in their prisons was in , while in it was Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Croatia, , and this means it has increased nine times \[ 9 \]. Each psychologically substance affects in a specific way, and it means it causes a specific type of addiction Henslin, \[ 10 \]. Table 3 contains data on prevalence of misuse of certain kinds of psychologically active substances. The examinees have been classified depending of whether they just use narcotics, only alcohol or a combination of narcotics and alcohol or they do not misuse psychologically active substances. The drug addicts using any of drugs in great amounts high-frequency users probably use several types of drugs in combination with alcohol Elliot et al. Since a majority of the examinees combine different psychologically active substances, the use of certain psychologically active substances has been identified by a survey in the time period prior their arrival to serve sentences 30 days and 6 months. The data is presented in the Table 4. In the last 30 days prior their arrival to this facility, the examinees mostly used alcohol In the same period, the examinees have used other psychologically active substances: methadone 5. In the period of six months prior their arrival to serve their sentences, the examinees have mostly used alcohol A lower frequency of usage of the following psychologically active substances has been discovered: methadone The majority of the examinees mostly used alcohol, heroin, cannabis and hypnotics in both observed periods. Numerous researches have shown that within a number of recidivists we can find over drinking or alcohol addiction Maruna, Immarigeon, LeBel, \[ 12 \]. The Sanction Performance Administration Office has warned onto a high number of alcoholics among the prison convicts. The number of registered alcoholics among persons being in prisons for serving their sentences was persons in , while in this number was , and in the number was Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Serbia, \[ 8 \]. Our data is also the same as the official statistics of indicators of the Ministry of Justice Republic of Serbia, on what are the most frequently used substances. For the year active substances were A high frequency of heroin usage among convicts matches with the researches that heroin stimulates aggression, and in this way, criminal behaviour of addicts of psychologically active substances. With heroine users, there is a high rate of criminal, and with other drug adducts, the intensity of crminal behaviour varies with the intensity of drug usage Anglin, Speckart, \[ 13 \]. Adult criminals, multiple offenders that have used heroin before being 16 years old, also participated in different robberies and thefts Chaiken, Chaiken, \[ 14 \]. A previous beginning of heroin and cocaine usage gives a higher possibility for these addicts to become serious offenders as adults Colins, Bailey, \[ 15 \]. Regular heroin users can sustain of criminal actions and continue to use it as a part of everyday life activates, though it stimulates criminal behavior and brings energy within its users Hanson et al. Cocaine has stimulation effects and causes skin, hearing and visual hallucinations, delirium ideas, a condition of hyper sensitivity of psycho-motor sphere and increased physical and psychological powers Williams, \[ 17 \]. Methadone heptanon is misused by addicts not only as a substitution for heroin, but as a primary substance or a combination with the heroin. Methadone is also a psychologically active substance, used by the examinee addicts being in prisons for serving their sentences mostly as a treatment and quitting of heroin. Methadone substitution is being applied within addicts where there is estimation that the possibility of abstinence is very low. Some researches have shown that addicts who receive optimal doses of methadone can be more able to work, as people who do not take any medication Munjiza, \[ 18 \]. In our research, only one of the examinees has been to a methadone treatment, while the others quitted under an excuse that the one has the same addiction effects as the others. In Croatia, methadone has been used in surgeries as a substitute for heroin addiction treatment, and a medicine subutex has been introduced, being used more in the prison system. The main critique to methadone therapy is that the one drug is replaced by another. During , of convicts in prisons used this medicine Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Croatia, \[ 9 \]. A general characteristic of all drugs is to cause psychological addiction and have a special effect onto perception, feelings and moods Regan, \[ 20 \]. The accomplished data on misuse of other psychologically active substances is pursuant to the official data of Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Serbia, except for cocaine. During , except all stated active substances use of For determination of treatment needs with convicts who do not misuse and who misuse psychologically active substances, an instrument has been used under a title Addiction Severity Index-ASI. It is the instrument being applied for decades in evaluation of existence and nature of this issue within criminal offenders. ASI is a relatively short, semi-structured questionnaire, designed to offer significant information on different life aspects of persons being in prisons for serving their sentences. All the gained data shall be confidential and it has been presented to all examinees in the beginning, and the data shall be only used for the scientific purposes. In the beginning of each ASI survey, there is a detailed instruction chapter for each examinee on the way of answering and to be as honest as possible, since in that way, the survey shall justify its primary purpose. The ASI test gives information on the basic aspects of life that can be connected to misuse of psychologically active substances. Life areas covered by the survey are: health status, educational and employment statues, legal status, family background, family relations and psychological status. The results of the survey shall be presented pursuant to life areas. Based on gained answers on existence, duration and intensity of the issue, it is being given a mark for each issue status: 1 — no problem, a treatment has not been indicated; 2 — smaller problems, a treatment probably has not been indicated; 3 — mild problems, a type of treatment is needed; 4 — significant problems, a treatment needed; 5 — very significant problems, a necessary treatment. We have not included health issues being directly connected with misuse of psychologically active substances in evaluation in expression of certain degree of health issue status. If an examinee has a chronically disease, receives a certain therapy, and the ones does not need additional treatment, then marking is lower, since there is no need for additional treatment. A higher mark has been given if there are more frequent of long-lasting health issues, serious health problems in the last 30 days, and if the examinee wants to have a treatment. In Table 5 , the number and percentage of the examinees within a group who misuse and do not misuse PAS have been presented, the ones who express a certain degree of problems in the health life area. Generally considered, it has been determined the existence of smaller problems within the majority of the examinees This means that within half of the examinees, there is no need to apply treatment being directed towards the improvement of the health status, and within the other half, there is the need. There are a higher number of the examinees who do not have problems and those with smaller ones Mild problems have been discovered within Significant problems have existed within Very significant health problems have had one examinee who misuses psychologically active substances and two who do not use the ones. Pursuant to the data of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Serbia from , the number of those being sick in prisons is the following: of the musculoskeletal diseases, of respiratory ones, of digestive disease, of cardiovascular diseases, and of a nervous system, 18 of mental disease, and the entire number is 45 The type and number of infection diseases among the persons being in prisons for serving their sentences in was: 20 of HIV, 2 of hepatitis A, of hepatitis B and hepatitis C, and 52 of TBC. The number of those being sick of hepatitis C within the persons being in prisons in Serbia grows rapidly. From until , the number of the sick ones was in , while in , it increased to almost three times , and in , the number of them was , while it has been constant for five years period, and in it was Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Serbia, \[ 8 \]. By evaluating schooling of the examinees, whether the one has a profession, trade or a special skill, a permanent job in the last year, whether someone helps them socially, the source of their incomes and supporting of other ones, we have gained the following results on their educational and employment status. Juvenile criminals continue to perform criminal acts as adults, if they had problems at school as very young irregular school attendance or leaving it , Blumstein, Farrington, Moitra, \[ 21 \]. The highest is the number of the examinees with mild problems It emphases a low level of educational and business status of the examinees and their need for education treatment and business education, but also a classification of the ones. The number of Mild problems have Significant problems have had Significant problems have not had the ones who do not misuse psychologically active substances, while 6. The evaluation of the legal status has been performed based on the current and previous verdicts of the examinees, and we have also determined the type of criminal acts and their recidivism. Per a legal model, violation of law can be considered deeds related to drug, such as usage, possession and production Goldstein, \[ 22 \]. There are criminals who committed numerous criminal acts and they do not use drug Innes, \[ 23 \]. The data describing legal status of the examinees has been shown in Table 7. It has been determined that smaller problems with the law have It tells us that within the majority of the examinees, there is need for treatment, directed to the legal remedies and different programmes being applied with the aim not to do the same criminal acts and other ones, i. Mild problems with the law have Significant problems with the law has A smaller and very significant problem has 6. In Table 8 , there has been presented data on family background of the examinees, i. If we reconsider a family background of the examinees, we can determine that a high percentage of them do not have problems In the categories with smaller and mild problems, there are a higher number of the ones who misuse psychologically active substances Significant problems have Very significant problems do not have any of the examinee categories. Identification with social, deviant and criminal features of family members makes a base for a future behaviour of the person. A family member has a chance to learn on such behaviour from the early years of the childhood, and thus, the one has the impression of a hereditary feature. Family pathology and difficulties in its functioning show onto the background of such behaviour of an individual. The gained data in the research of the family background of the examinees are pursuant to the data in nearby countries. In a survey conducted in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the criminal facilities in Banjaluka, Tuzla, Foca and Zenica, from a hundred of the examinees who misuse psychologically active substances, three parents of the ones also use them, while twenty-seven parents do not misuse psychologically active substances. Within 68 examinees addicted to psychologically active substances, there have been 38 parents being alcohol addicts, and 30 who has not been Korac, \[ 25 \]. During the evaluation of interpersonal relations, we have tried to evaluate whether family issues would exist if there were no misuse of psychologically active substances within the families of the examinees. Based on the data presented in Table 9 , the issues on the area of family relations of the examinees can be reconsidered. Within the highest number of the examinees, there have been mild problems This data speak on the need for treatment application in the aim of improvement of interpersonal relations and overcoming of the problems existing due to it. There have been a higher percentage of significant problems within the examinees who misuse psychologically active substances There has been almost the same presence with mild problems within both groups of the examinees The absence of problems in interpersonal relations has been recorded only with one examinee who misuses psychologically active substances. The gained data has been similar to the data in the surveys made in our nearby countries, and they shall be reconsidered in the parts on differences of the examinees regarding their socio-demographic and criminal-penology features. In the evaluation of psychiatrically status and need for treatment, we have reconsidered only the symptoms that have not been directly connected with misuse of psychologically active substances. In Table 10 , the data on mental psychiatrically status has been presented. Mild problems have had Smaller problems have been discovered within Very significant problems have had None of the examinees who do not misuse psychologically active substances had any significant problems of this type. Within the group of the examinees who misuse psychologically active substances, mild problems have had Within the examinees who do not misuse psychologically active substances, The gained results of the research tells that within a high number of the examinees, there have been needs for application of treatment directed towards improvement of psychological and emotional condition. The official data of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Serbia in all prisons for serving sentences show on the presence of similar problems. According to this source, a total number of sick ones from mental disorders in the facilities for serving prison sentences was in , and of special psychiatrically check ups were performed, while in , there were , and in Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Serbia, \[ 8 \] , and this is the highest number of check ups being performed with convicts. Misuse of psychologically active substances in the population of adult convicts in Serbian prisons has reached alarming size. It is a similar situation in the entire region. The relation of a high frequency misuse and high frequency of criminal actions is intensive and a long-term Nurko, \[ 26 \]. Most people who use drugs change during time and have a higher participation in criminal activities Newcomb, Bentler, \[ 27 \]. The research results emphasise onto a necessity of introduction of wide programmes of prevalence and treatment of addiction disease, primary since a high number of addicts serving their prison sentences, but also for the other convicts who are surrounded by misuse and trade of psychologically active substances. Having the Strategy for Struggle against Drugs in Prisons, the country of Serbia and its management structures in prison system have chosen clearly for taking measures and programmes for prevention of trade and misuse of psychologically active substances in prison-treatment facilities. Unfortunately, numerous progressive ideas being in this document have not been realised until present days. It is obvious that Serbian punishment system has stayed closed to many innovations and positive experiences from the countries that marked the last decades of 20th century. The sense of being jeopardised is one of the most often feelings within prisoners Johnson, \[ 29 \]. The improvement of practice in Serbian penalty institutions must start urgently to be applied, in the domain prison facilities allow it, with consultations with relevant scientific institutions dealing with this issue. The priority should be given to prevention of misuse of psychologically active substances in prisons and treatment of addicts. In the contemporary expert and scientific circles, there is an opinion that prison sentence offers ideal conditions for intervention, so as to reduce availability of psychologically active substances, and convince a convict to have an appropriate treatment. Some treatment models can look as mechanisms of social pressure onto prisoners and mechanisms of social control in a broadest sense Garland, \[ 31 \]. Having addicts at a treatment who have had their sentence verdict, they could be either voluntarily or forcedly, depending on circumstances. In the line with the practice of other countries, it can be recommended to introduce varied treatment programmes: an oral treatment programme methadone therapy , a religious treatment programmes with a different religious influence, individual and group psycho-therapy programme, and also a family treatment programme. Based on the conducted research, two general conclusions can be derived:. The convicts who misuse psychologically active substances represent a special group of offenders, regarding their characteristics and needs for treatment, and they all differ due to their frequency and pattern of misuse of psychologically active substances compared to a normal population. From this, the necessity is of the following and it is that. There is a need for application of special programmes or ways when this group is considered, and there are differences in treatment needs among the examinees that misuse and do not misuse psychologically active substances. A special significance is the work on prevention of drug addiction disease in prisons. Since the connection of criminal and drug addition disease, all convicts regardless of their history on misuse of psychologically active substances, should be treated as a high risk population. The last researches emphasise that adult criminals often continue to use psychologically active substances and do criminal acts since there is a lack of efficient treatment and supervision Anglin, Piper, Speckart, \[ 32 \]. Prevention programmes being applied in the world are mostly of informative character, with the aim to introduce convict population with the causes, development flow and consequences of drug addition disease. Such programmes are not demanding, since the experts employed at prisons can realise them. The efficiency of treatment is mostly reflected in improving of psychological interventions Rohsenow, \[ 34 \]. A combined treatment is possible in prisons and some authors evaluate that a treatment of addiction disease in combination with methadone therapy, counseling and treatment reduces the use of psychologically active substances within convicts that can go under such treatment, different from those who did not have any treatment Shewan, Dalgarno, \[35\]. The measures of reduction of illegal drugs in prisons must be stricter. All prisons represent the most profitable market for psychologically active substance transfer, and it increases violence risk and other misuse being visible in the illegal distribution. Since all of these, a special attention must be devoted to have certain measures to reduce illegal transfer of these substances in prisons. The evaluation on the percentage of hard drugs being used by convicts emphasise onto an urgent and efficient intervention, since if there is no intervention, the usage of psychologically active substances in Serbian prisons can be to an epidemic level. In the end, it should be emphasised that introduction of contemporary treatment programmes of misuse of psychologically active substances demands high human and material resources, and unfortunately, some of the punishment institutions in Serbia, do not have them. Further on, a lot of programmes demand separation of the convicts being in them to have special premises, special equipment and materials necessary for the realisation of programme activities, and it is impossible to provide since Serbian prisons have too many convicts. If adequate conditions are not secured for the implementation of these programmes, it is difficult to expect to live, even those programmes being evaluated by the state as strategically significant for the struggle against drug usage in prisons. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Safuadan Plojovic. Find articles by Slavica Dimitrijevic. Find articles by Andrijana Maksimovic. Find articles by Sabina Zejnelagic. Find articles by Adem Hurem. Find articles by Muamer Muraspahic. Open in a new tab. Misuse of PAS No. Type of PAS No. Percentages Narcotics 4 7. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.
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Misuse of Psychologically Active Substances of Convicts being in Prisons and their Treatment
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Misuse of Psychologically Active Substances of Convicts being in Prisons and their Treatment
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