Buy MDMA pills Kaohsiung

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Buy MDMA pills Kaohsiung

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the characteristics associated with the use of each of these drugs and of multiple drugs. Females were more likely than males to report using multiple club drugs. Recent users of methamphetamine were most likely to be females and adolescents aged 16 or Recent users of MDMA tended to be young adults aged 18 to 21 and residents of metropolitan areas. Most recent users of LSD were adolescents aged 16 to 19 and those in low-income families. Ketamine users were primarily employed youths. Staying in school and getting married were associated with decreased odds of club drug use. Club drug use was highly associated with the presence of criminal behaviors and recent alcohol abuse or dependence. Adolescents are more likely than young adults to use multiple drugs. The clustering of multidrug use and alcohol use disorder is a cause of concern. These drugs are typically used by teenagers and young adults at bars, clubs, concerts, and parties, and the use of these drugs is reported to help maintain energy levels for dancing or to enhance an altered state of consciousness Koesters et al. As stressed by the Director of the NIDA, several national monitoring mechanisms have suggested an emerging use of these club drugs Volkow, Similarly, many investigators in other countries have suggested that the use of such drugs has increased Gross et al. To better gauge the extent of this drug use, we examine the prevalence rates, patterns, and correlates of club drug use among youths aged 16 to 23 in the United States. MDMA, an hallucinogenic stimulant, is a synthetic, psychoactive drug with a chemical structure similar to methamphetamine and mescaline Freese et al. LSD is the most potent mood- and perception-altering drug known, and it is the most widely used hallucinogen among adolescents Golub et al. Ketamine and GHB are anesthetic agents. Ketamine produces effects similar to those of phencyclidine but with a much shorter duration of effect Jansen, GHB liquid X, liquid ecstasy has been used as a sleep aid, an intoxicant producing a pleasurable intoxication or enhancing social activity , and a growth promoter Nicholson and Balster, ; Zacny and Galinkin, Of these drugs, illicit use of methamphetamine and MDMA has been suggested to become a new epidemic worldwide Koesters et al. Globally, methamphetamine is the most widely available and used club drug United Nations, In the United States, Patel et al. To date, most studies of club drug use in the United States and elsewhere have focused on adults and specific population subgroups e. For instance, LSD is the hallucinogen most commonly used by adolescents Golub et al. However, LSD has received relatively little recent research attention Nichols, , and therefore scarce data are available on the correlates of LSD use. Research data on the use of GHB, ketamine, and flunitrazepam among the general population are especially scant Maxwell, ; Nicholson and Balster, The recent rise in the prevalence of the use of these drugs is of particular concern. Regardless of the sample characteristics, studies have consistently suggested that some club drug users typically use multiple drugs, engage in risky sexual behaviors, and are at high risk for substance addiction and HIV transmission Boyd et al. In light of the emerging use of these drugs and associated adverse consequences, we examine the extent, patterns, and correlates of each specific drug use and of multidrug use among American youths aged 16 to We focus on a crucial developmental period from mid-adolescence to early adulthood during which time a the onset of use of many drugs occurs Kandel et al. This transitional period typically involves major role changes in many domains of life e. Hence, it provides an illustration of variations in drug use through different developmental stages. We first determine the prevalence of lifetime ever and past year recent or active use of each different type of drug use and examine the extent of multidrug use among each subgroup of drug users. Using advanced statistical procedures to adjust for demographic variations, we then examine potential correlates of use of each of the specific drugs and of multidrug use. Findings from theses analyses could help to identify demographic subgroups for targeting prevention programs to reduce the frequency and adverse consequences of this emerging club drug use among adolescents and young adults. Statistical analyses were based on data from the public use file of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health NSDUH , an annual survey of the use of licit and illicit substances by noninstitutionalized, household Americans aged 12 or older OAS, We used the public use file because it was the most recent NSDUH available for public use at the time we conducted the analyses. This study was declared exempt from the RTI International institutional review board because it used an existing public use data file. No information or identifiers on the data file can be associated with any survey respondent. This survey uses multistage area probability sampling methods Bowman et al. Respondents were interviewed at their place of residence for about an hour. ACASI was used for sensitive survey items, for which respondents either read the questions silently on a computer screen, or listened to the questions read aloud by the computer through headphones, and then entered their responses directly into the computer. A total of 68, individuals aged 12 or older participated in the survey. There was about an equal proportion of youths in each age and gender group. NSDUH assessments of alcohol and illicit drug use were conducted via ACASI and included a detailed description of each drug group and lists of qualifying drugs, including a colored pill card with pictures of different pharmaceutical products. Data on the context or specific situations or locations where the drug or drugs were used are not collected in NSDUH. Lifetime use is a measure of the cumulative probability of club drug use, whereas past year use is more reflective of current or active drug use. We summed the number of club drugs used and created a categorical variable reflecting multidrug use of club drugs 0, 1, and 2 or more club drugs used. We defined both lifetime yes vs. Past year alcohol use was categorized into four mutually exclusive groups: no use, use without meeting DSM-IV criteria for an alcohol diagnosis, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence Wu et al. Among the respondents who gave a positive response to this question, the survey then asked the number of times during the past 12 months that they had been arrested and booked 0, 1, and 2 or more times. All percentages reported in this paper are weighted estimates, while the sample sizes are unweighted. We first examined the prevalence of lifetime and past year use of each type of drug among youths aged 16 to Because the literature suggests a high prevalence of multidrug use among these drug users, we then explored the pattern of alcohol and other drug use among each group of drug user. To hold constant the variations in demographics, we conducted multiple logistic regression procedures Hosmer and Lemeshow, to identify correlates of each club drug use. Multinominal logistic regression procedures were then conducted to examine the characteristics associated with multidrug use 1 club drug used vs. We report odds ratios ORs to estimate the strength of an association between the correlates and the drug use. The prevalence of lifetime and past year drug use is summarized in Table 1. The prevalence of past year use generally increased at about age 18, then remained relatively constant up through age Meth: Methamphetamine. MDMA: Ecstasy. LSD: lysergic acid diethylamide. GHB: gamma hydroxybutyrate. Flunitrazepam: Rohypnol. NA: data not available. We conducted logistic regression analyses to identify the characteristics associated with the use of each club drug among all respondents aged 16 to 23, while holding constant variations in demographic characteristics. Here, we focused on past year use because it reflected recent or active drug use by youths. For ketamine and flunitrazepam, logistic regression models of lifetime use were generated; data on their past year use were unavailable. The number of GHB users was too small to conduct the logistic regression analysis. Because other drug use was highly correlated with club drug use, it was not included in the logistic regression model. ORs denoting the strength of an association between an explanatory variable and drug use are summarized in Table 3. NA: Estimates are not available due to a very small cell size in that specific category. Females were more likely than males to use at least one club drug in the past year. All three young age groups 16 or 17, 18 or 19, 20 or 21 were slightly more likely than those aged 22 or 23 to use a club drug in the past year. Youths reporting more than one race, whites, and Asians were about 3 times as likely as blacks to use a club drug recently. Native Americans and Hispanics were twice as likely to do so. Staying in school, being married, and residing in nonmetropolitan areas were associated with decreased odds of club drug use. Increased odds of past year club drug use were positively associated with an increased level of criminal activity and of alcohol use. Alcohol dependents, abusers, and users without a diagnosis were 35 times, 27 times, and 11 times, respectively, as likely as nonusers of alcohol to use a club drug in the past year. Females and nonstudents were more likely than males and students to use methamphetamine in the past year. Past year methamphetamine users were most likely to be among in the youngest age group 16 or 17 years. Youths reporting more than one race, Native Americans, whites, and Hispanics were 31 times, 17 times, 13 times, and 11 times, respectively, as likely as blacks to use methamphetamines recently. When compared with Hispanics data not shown , whites were equally likely to use methamphetamines, yet youths reporting more than one race were 3 times as likely to do so. Methamphetamine users also were more likely than nonusers to be arrested and booked for engaging in criminal activities, as well as to have co-occurring alcohol abuse and dependence in the past year. Unlike methamphetamine use, there were no gender differences in MDMA use. Past year MDMA users mostly likely youths aged 18 to 21 were slightly older than past year methamphetamine users mostly likely youths aged 16 or Relative to blacks, youths who reported being white, Asian, or more than one race were about twice as likely to use MDMA in the past year. Staying in school, being married, and residing in nonmetropolitan areas appeared to protect youths from using MDMA. Like methamphetamine use, MDMA use was highly associated with engaging in multiple criminal activities and with alcohol abuse or dependence in the past year. Past year LSD use was predominantly among young youths aged 16 to Native Americans were 20 times as likely as blacks to use LSD in the past year. Past year LSD use also was highly associated with the presence of multiple criminal activities and with alcohol abuse or dependence in the past year. Contrary to other drug use data, employment status was the only demographic variable associated with lifetime ketamine use. Full-time employed youths were about 5 times and part-time employed youths were 4 times as likely as youths not in the labor force to have ever used ketamine. Whites and Hispanics were 8 times and 10 times, respectively, as likely as blacks to have ever used flunitrazepam. Flunitrazepam users were predominantly youths who resided in a metropolitan area. Both ketamine use and flunitrazepam use were associated with criminal activity and each level of alcohol use. We then conducted multinominal logistic regression analyses to examine the correlates of lifetime and past year multidrug use of club drugs one drug used vs. Past year multidrug use refers to those who reported the use of two or more drugs from methamphetamine, MDMA, and LSD due to the lack of past year data on the other club drugs. Females were more likely than males to have ever used at least two club drugs. In particular, whites, American Indians or Alaska Natives, and youths reporting more than one race were 17 to 20 times as likely as blacks to do so. Increased odds of lifetime multidrug use were found among nonstudents, unemployed youths, those who were not married, and residents of metropolitan areas. When compared with Hispanics data not shown , whites, American Indians or Alaska Natives, and youths reporting more than one race also had increased odds of past year multidrug use. Both lifetime and past year multidrug use were highly associated with an increased level of criminal activity and of alcohol use, and the strength of this association suggested a dose-related pattern. For example, alcohol dependents were 45 times and alcohol abusers were 29 times as likely as nonusers of alcohol to use multiple club drugs recently. This study provides population-based prevalence estimates and correlates of the use of methamphetamine, MDMA, LSD, ketamine, GHB, and flunitrazepam in a nationally representative sample of American youths residing in the community. The most salient finding was the relatively high prevalence of lifetime use of these drugs and the excess multidrug use of club drugs among females. Given the young age of this sample, these findings raise concerns regarding the potential adverse consequences of risk-taking behaviors and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases e. Recent studies have suggested that even intermittent use of club drugs and other drugs may lead to risky sexual behaviors Colfax et al. Marijuana, an important gateway drug, has been found to be the first illicit drug used by youths Kandel et al. The very high prevalence of pain reliever use among club drug users also is consistent with the recent literature that indicates a dramatic increase in nonmedical pain reliever use in the United States among adolescents and young adults OAS, ; Zacny et al. A recent study even found an important proportion of adolescent drug users who used pain relievers nonmedically without having ever used marijuana and inhalants Wu et al. We also found some variations in the pattern of multidrug use across different club drugs used. Inhalants, following marijuana, are the second drug most likely to be used by American adolescents Johnston et al. Inhalant use has been found to be associated with the use of heroin, stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens Dinwiddie, a , b ; Johnson et al. Our findings also suggest that methamphetamine users appear to be in a more advanced stage of drug use than MDMA users. Our findings that females were more likely than males to use multiple club drugs in their lifetime and to use methamphetamine in the past year were noteworthy. The literature has suggested a changing pattern of drug use behaviors among young females. Investigators have found that the prevalence of drug use disorders among females is increasing to match the rate of males and that young females appear to initiate drug use and to develop abuse or dependence at a younger age than older females Grant, ; Warner et al. Wu and Schlenger found that female users of stimulants e. Among a sample of juvenile offenders, females were found to be more likely than males to use MDMA Yacoubian et al. Previous U. Hence, our findings indicate that the use of a club drug among females aged 16 to 23 appear to have increased at least moderately to exceed the rate of same-aged young males. We also found some variations in the correlates of club drug use. Recent methamphetamine users were most likely to be females, nonstudents, and aged 16 or Interestingly, we found that lifetime ketamine users were primarily employed youths, while none of the other demographics examined were associated with its use. As our findings indicate, there is a very low prevalence of ketamine use among young people in the general population. Dillon et al. Ketamine users seem to be older than other club drug users Dillon et al. Additionally, our analyses show that Hispanics are more likely than blacks to use methamphetamine and LSD in the past year. Asians generally have the lowest prevalence of any drug use OAS, These findings appear to be consistent with studies on hallucinogen exposure opportunities Van Etten and Anthony, , On the other hand, staying in school, being married, and residing in nonmetropolitan areas appear to protect youths from using club drugs. We suspect that the greater odds of club drug use among youths residing in the metropolitan areas may be related to a greater exposure opportunity of club drugs in the metropolitan areas than in the nonmetropolitan areas. These findings are limited by the cross-sectional nature of the NSDUH design and the reliance on self-reported drug use, which preclude the interpretation of causality of observed associations. Self-reports of drug use are generally considered valid and reliable, yet underreporting of drug use can occur in a household setting Gfroerer et al. It is noteworthy that NSDUH uses the most sophisticated survey methodology available to recruit a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized U. Additionally, we may have underestimated the prevalence of club drug use among youths aged 16 to For instance, because the use of GHB and flunitrazepam has received considerable negative publicity in the media e. Our findings cannot apply to these subgroups. For this and other reasons, we reported findings for individual drugs in the class and for the class as a whole. Despite these limitations, our findings have important implications for researchers and clinicians. Especially, recent club drug users in this study were most likely to be youths under the age of Given that adolescent multidrug use is a significant predictor of risky behaviors Baker et al. Some subgroups may deserve more research attention from investigators, such as females, nonstudents e. Primary prevention programs, such as the use of media campaigns or school-based prevention programs, should start early e. The increased trend of MDMA and methamphetamine use worldwide United Nations, also implies a need for universal efforts to educate the general public about the adverse health consequences of misusing these drugs. For instance, we found that past year club drug users, regardless of the type of club drugs used, tended to have used multiple drugs, to have had encounters with the criminal justice system, and to have had an alcohol use disorder in the past year. These findings suggest that at least some recent club drug users are in need of treatment or counseling for both drug use and other psychosocial problems, which may include sexual or physical abuse, delinquency or criminality, school problems, psychological distress, and family dysfunction e. Further, the clustering of drug use and alcohol abuse or dependence is a cause for concern because of its heightened risk for HIV-related risky behaviors and consequences Baldwin et al. When asked, the majority of adolescents report that they want to discuss with their health care providers issues of drug use, but often fail to do so Klein and Wilson, Even among adolescents who used a drug in the past month, only about one third reported discussing drug use with their health care providers Klein and Wilson, Finally, the family can play a central role in preventing the onset of drug use, escalation to a more serious level of drug use, and delinquency Chilcoat and Anthony, ; Paschall et al. Parents or guardians are in the best position to observe behavioral changes in their children and, hence, should be involved in drug use prevention or treatment interventions. They should be made aware that good family relationships can protect their sons or daughters from using drugs and engaging in delinquent activities. These protective family factors include, but are not limited to, a close parent-child relationship, parental disapproval of substance use, parental monitoring and supervision, and frequent family dinners Bogenschneider et al. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. Find articles by Li-Tzy Wu. William E Schlenger , Ph. Find articles by William E Schlenger. Deborah M Galvin , Ph. Find articles by Deborah M Galvin. Issue date Sep 1. PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's version of this article is available at Drug Alcohol Depend. This article has been corrected. See the correction in volume 86 on page Open in a new tab. Note: All prevalence rates are weighted estimates. Female 0. Black 3. Black 1. Black 2. Yes 1. Not employed 0. Not employed 1. Ever married 2. Nonmetro 1. None 2. None 4. No use Lifetime multidrug use of club drugs Past year multidrug use of club drugs One club drug vs. Ever married 1. No use 5. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.