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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. An analysis of wastewater from Krakow Poland for the presence of controlled and uncontrolled stimulant drugs of abuse was performed. Samples were collected from the Plaszow wastewater treatment plant, Krakow, Poland, and prepared by solid phase extraction. Environmental loads of illicit drugs were calculated; the WWTP discharged loads ranging from 3. The results confirmed the growing popularity of new psychoactive substances in Poland. In recent years, a large number of new psychoactive substances NPS have been marketed Adamowicz et al. After the ban for BZP, the market moved to a new direction; the first derivatives of cathinone were marketed Zuba and Byrska Mephedrone 4-methylmethcathinone, MPD became the substance of preference by users and its popularity has been growing month by month Zuba The popularity of mephedrone was reflected in the increase in the number of drug addicts. Due to the growing popularity of NPS, monitoring of drugs of abuse in wastewater had to be expanded in order to cover a broader range of substances. A number of papers on quantification of opioids, cannabis derivatives, codeine, methadone, BZP and mCPP in wastewater were published Zuccato et al. It was shown that due to the poor degree of purification in treatment plants, illicit drugs are still present in effluents being discharged to surface water Kasprzyk-Hordern et al. Due to their properties, they can be toxic to aquatic organisms Pomati et al. Psychoactive substances have been also identified in drinking water, even after the treatment process Castiglioni et al. Therefore, monitoring of their presence in different kinds of water is an important issue. The aims of this pilot study were to investigate the profile of stimulant drugs taken by users in Krakow, and to estimate the environmental loads and consumption. This is the first study based on the prevalence of stimulant drugs in the Krakow area. The molecular formulas, physical and chemical properties of the compounds are summarized in Table 1. HPLC-grade acetonitrile was purchased from J. Deionized water was obtained by reverse diffusion in a Millipore system Warsaw, Poland. Effluent water was collected after the secondary treatment, which involves primary settling, biological treatment and secondary sedimentation. Effluent samples were collected in May Four wastewater samples 5 L each were collected once a week, on Sunday. Then, samples were transported to the laboratory and processed within 12 h. Afterwards, samples were acidified to pH 4. SPE was performed using a port vacuum extraction manifold J. Baker, Philipsburg, USA. The respective cartridges were then washed by 10 mL deionised water pH 4. In the experiments, all calibration solutions as well as extracts were dissolved in starting mobile phase 0. The mobile phase was composed of a mixture of 0. The flow rate was 0. The instrument operated with an electrospray ion source ESI in positive ionization mode. Capillary voltage was set at V and skimmer voltage at 65 V. Fragmentor voltage was set at V. The concentrations of target compounds were determined by using the main product ion quantifier presented in Table 2. Concentrations in the samples were calculated by comparing the peak area ratios of the analytes and surrogate standard to the corresponding ratios in the standard solutions. Product 1 main product ions quantifier , Product 2 secondary product ions qualifier. Extraction efficiency was tested by placing mL deionized water adjusted to pH 4. After manual shaking, the samples were extracted by SPE. For each sample three extractions were prepared and each extract was analysed in triplicates. All the samples were spiked with labelled internal standard as well as hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH to 4. The applied conditions of the liquid chromatograph allowed for the successful separation of all analytes within 11 min. Before analysis of target compounds, blank measurements were applied for detection of possible impurities. For all analytes, molecular ions were selected as precursor ions. Specific and intense product ions of each target analyte were used for quantification and a secondary product ion was used as qualifier ion for confirmatory purposes. Details of the specific parameters for detection of the analytes are given in Table 2. Relative peak areas ratios of the analytes to the surrogate standard were used for calculations. Correlation coefficients, R, were in the range of 0. All parameters are shown in Table 4. Linear ranges, correlation coefficients R of the calibration curves, sample based limits of detection LOD and limits of quantification LOQ. The analytical results corrected for the average recovery shown in Table 3 are shown in Table 5. The highest concentration found in wastewater samples corresponds to mephedrone The hazard quotient HQ method was used to screen the toxicological risk level Mendoza et al. The lack of aquatic ecotoxicological data for psychoactive compounds makes it difficult to conduct proper environmental risk assessment. Mendoza et al. The values of HQs estimated in this work for an environmental risk assessment are in agreement with data reported by Mendoza et al. Bijlsma et al. These data were calculated in the effluent of the WWTP, so this is the worst case scenario because effluents are diluted further in a surface water. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, Poland. Find articles by Katarzyna Styszko. Find articles by Agnieszka Dudarska. Find articles by Dariusz Zuba. Received Feb 2; Accepted Jun 23; Issue date Open in a new tab. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric characterization of target compounds. Product 1 main product ions quantifier , Product 2 secondary product ions qualifier RT retention time in min, precursor and product mass fragments. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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