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Including how the drug can be potentially used for therapy. This article is purely informational and not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. MDMA, also known as ecstasy or 'molly,' is a synthetic drug known primarily for its hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. MDMA is short for its chemical name 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. It is a derivative of amphetamine and has a similar structure to methamphetamine 'meth'. While MDMA or ecstasy was initially used primarily in nightclubs and raves, its use has now spread to a wider range of populations. According to a survey by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 0. If you or someone you love uses MDMA, it's important to understand its potential impacts and side effects. We also share signs of usage, how to identify the drug, and what research says about its potential as a therapeutic. The effects of MDMA typically last for three to six hours. However, in some cases, you may continue to feel the side effects of ecstasy or 'molly' the day after you take it. The symptoms may even persist for up to a week or more, especially if MDMA is mixed with other drugs such as marijuana. If you experience lasting effects after taking ecstasy, seek help from a medical professional as soon as possible. MDMA or ecstasy is usually found in tablet or capsule form, but it can also be swallowed as a liquid or snorted as a powder. Unlike other recreational drugs such as cocaine and nicotine, which are derived from plants, MDMA or ecstasy is synthesized by altering the structure of the amphetamine molecule. Because of the way it's made, its purity can vary substantially, and other compounds can be easily combined into the same tablet. Ecstasy additives and contaminants often include methamphetamine, caffeine, ephedrine, and ketamine. MDMA was explored as a therapeutic drug in the s as some psychotherapists believed it opened people up and enhanced their potential for empathy and understanding of one another. This use was interrupted by ecstasy being classified as a Schedule I drug in This classification means that the substance has a high potential for abuse and is not approved by law to treat medical conditions. However, there has been renewed interest in the medical use of MDMA alongside psychotherapy to treat conditions such as anxiety disorders—specifically social anxiety disorder SAD and post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD. For example, a study found that the use of medical MDMA in autistic adults with social anxiety disorder helped reduce social anxiety symptoms such as perceived social threat, self-criticism, and shame. Ongoing clinical trials also suggest that ecstasy may help treat chronic post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD. It is important to note that this research is still in the early stages. More research is needed to fully understand the effectiveness of medical MDMA. The medical use of MDMA is highly regulated and only administered by healthcare professionals in regulated settings. This status helps expedite the development and review of substances for the treatment of serious conditions. This does not mean that ecstasy is available as a treatment. However, it may increase the speed at which the drug gains approval and becomes available to treat certain conditions. MDMA works by influencing the activity of three chemicals in the brain: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. These chemicals play a role in several different functions in the body, impacting a person's energy levels, mood, emotions, and sleep. The immediate impact of ecstasy begins within about 45 minutes of taking a dose. People typically experience an increased sense of well-being and emotional warmth. Other effects include feeling greater empathy toward others and enhanced sensory perception. As a stimulant, MDMA produces feelings of higher energy. As a hallucinogenic drug , it distorts a person's sense of time and perception. Ecstasy can also cause body temperature to rise to a potentially fatal level, and its long-term use has been associated with issues related to learning and memory. MDMA is associated with a number of adverse impacts, including:. Another significant danger is the fact that people taking ecstasy don't know what they are actually ingesting. Although ecstasy affects many neurotransmitters in the brain impacted by other addictive drugs, the National Institute on Drug Abuse notes that research has not determined whether MDMA is addictive. The American Society of Addiction Medicine shares that the definition of addiction is continued use despite harmful consequences. That said, one study found that ecstasy use is associated with changes in the dopamine and serotonin systems linked to increased impulsivity and substance use disorders. Reports also suggest that people who use ecstasy exhibit symptoms and other markers of addiction including tolerance, drug cravings, and withdrawal. Overdose is rare but can be life-threatening. Ecstasy overdose symptoms can include faintness, panic attacks or extreme anxiety, high blood pressure, and seizures. When ecstasy use is followed by vigorous physical activity, it can lead to a potentially dangerous rise in body temperature known as hyperthermia. While there are no specific treatments for ecstasy addiction, the National Institute on Drug Abuse suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy CBT is the most effective option. This type of intervention helps change how people think and behave to support addiction recovery. CBT also teaches people coping skills so they can better manage the stress that contributes to substance use. There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat ecstasy addiction. Twelve-step recovery programs and support groups may be helpful, particularly when used in conjunction with cognitive behavioral interventions. MDMA was initially developed in as a pharmaceutical compound that could be used in the preparation of other pharmaceuticals, and it was patented in But once the drug's hallucinogenic properties were discovered, further development was stopped for several decades. Ecstasy was one of several drugs tested in a military context decades after. It was then re-synthesized, first by Gordon Alles and then by Alexander Shulgin, who tested it on himself, his wife, and his friends. Shulgin went on to develop a range of new compounds, including MDMA and PMMA paramethoxymethamphetamine , many of which ended up as versions of street ecstasy. It was many years after this that MDMA eventually appeared on the streets as a recreational drug. It became popular during the s and s. In the s, MDMA showed up in the nightclub and rave scene and its use grew among college students, 'yuppies,' and in the gay community. Due to concerns about the health risks associated with ecstasy, it was made illegal in the United Kingdom in , way ahead of its popularity in that country. For a few years, in an attempt to circumvent the law, different versions of ecstasy were synthesized. This production was eventually outlawed but re-emerged as a problem around the year with the popularity of homemade crystal meth. National Institute on Drug Abuse. What are the effects of MDMA? Drug Enforcement Agency. Ecstasy or MDMA also known as molly. What is MDMA? What is the history of MDMA? Luoma J, Lear MK. MDMA-assisted therapy as a means to alter affective, cognitive, behavioral, and neurological systems underlying social dysfunction in social anxiety disorder. Front Psychiatry. Nat Med. Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Breakthrough for trauma treatment: Safety and efficacy of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy compared to paroxetine and sertraline. Food and Drug Administration. Frequently asked questions: Breakthrough therapies. Who is 'Molly'? MDMA adulterants by product name and the impact of harm-reduction services at raves. J Psychopharmacol. Is MDMA addictive? American Society of Addiction Medicine. Definition of addiction. Schenk S, Aronsen D. Contribution of impulsivity and serotonin receptor neuroadaptations to the development of an MDMA 'ecstasy' substance use disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. How are MDMA use disorders treated? Use limited data to select advertising. Create profiles for personalised advertising. Use profiles to select personalised advertising. Create profiles to personalise content. Use profiles to select personalised content. Measure advertising performance. Measure content performance. Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources. Develop and improve services. Use limited data to select content. List of Partners vendors. Drug Addiction. Learn about our editorial process. Learn more. Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. David Susman, PhD. Reviewed by David Susman, PhD. David Susman, PhD is a licensed clinical psychologist with experience providing treatment to individuals with mental illness and substance use concerns. Learn about our Review Board. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. Therapeutic Uses. Getting Help. While some research has found potential therapeutic effects with MDMA, this research is still in the early stages. MDMA can lead to a variety of adverse effects, including increased anxiety and feelings of detachment. It is possible to overdose on MDMA, requiring immediate medical attention. Addiction to Methamphetamines. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. See Our Editorial Process. Meet Our Review Board. Share Feedback. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Related Articles. You may accept or manage your choices by clicking below, including your right to object where legitimate interest is used, or at any time in the privacy policy page. These choices will be signaled to our partners and will not affect browsing data.

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