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Short-term adverse effects include grinding of the teeth , blurred vision , sweating , and a rapid heartbeat , \[ 21 \] and extended use can also lead to addiction, memory problems , paranoia , and difficulty sleeping. Deaths have been reported due to increased body temperature and dehydration. Following use, people often feel depressed and tired, although this effect does not appear in clinical use, suggesting that it is not a direct result of MDMA administration. MDMA has limited approved medical uses in a small number of countries, \[ 31 \] but is illegal in most jurisdictions. In general, MDMA users report feeling the onset of subjective effects within 30 to 60 minutes of oral consumption and reaching peak effect at 75 to minutes, which then plateaus for about 3. The experience elicited by MDMA depends on the dose, setting, and user. For example, MDMA used at parties is associated with high motor activity, reduced sense of identity, and poor awareness of surroundings. Use of MDMA individually or in small groups in a quiet environment and when concentrating, is associated with increased lucidity, concentration, sensitivity to aesthetic aspects of the environment, enhanced awareness of emotions, and improved capability of communication. MDMA has been described as an 'empathogenic' drug because of its empathy-producing effects. MDMA is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used at clubs, festivals, and house parties. The psychedelic amphetamine quality of MDMA offers multiple appealing aspects to users in the rave setting. Some users enjoy the feeling of mass communion from the inhibition-reducing effects of the drug, while others use it as party fuel because of the drug's stimulatory effects. The combination with LSD is called 'candy-flipping'. As of , MDMA therapies have only been approved for research purposes, with no widely accepted medical indications , \[ 9 \] \[ 55 \] \[ 56 \] although this varies by jurisdiction. Before it was widely banned, it saw limited use in psychotherapy. Small doses of MDMA are used by some religious practitioners as an entheogen to enhance prayer or meditation. MDMA has become widely known as ecstasy shortened 'E', 'X', or 'XTC' , usually referring to its tablet form, although this term may also include the presence of possible adulterants or diluents. Partly due to the global supply shortage of sassafras oil —a problem largely assuaged by use of improved or alternative modern methods of synthesis—the purity of substances sold as molly have been found to vary widely. Some of these substances contain methylone , ethylone , MDPV , mephedrone , or any other of the group of compounds commonly known as bath salts , in addition to, or in place of, MDMA. MDMA is usually consumed by mouth. It is also sometimes snorted. Acute adverse effects are usually the result of high or multiple doses, although single dose toxicity can occur in susceptible individuals. Other adverse effects that may occur or persist for up to a week following cessation of moderate MDMA use include: \[ 14 \] \[ 17 \]. As of \[update\] , the long-term effects of MDMA on human brain structure and function have not been fully determined. Nonetheless, moderate MDMA use may still be neurotoxic and what constitutes moderate use is not clearly established. Furthermore, it is not clear yet whether 'typical' recreational users of MDMA 1 to 2 pills of 75 to mg MDMA or analogue every 1 to 4 weeks will develop neurotoxic brain lesions. The evidence for the presence of serotonergic neurotoxicity in casual users who take lower doses less frequently is not conclusive. However, adverse neuroplastic changes to brain microvasculature and white matter have been observed to occur in humans using low doses of MDMA. Impairments in multiple aspects of cognition, including attention, learning, memory, visual processing , and sleep, have been found in regular MDMA users. Serotonin depletion following MDMA use can cause depression in subsequent days. In some cases, depressive symptoms persist for longer periods. At high doses, MDMA induces a neuroimmune response that, through several mechanisms, increases the permeability of the blood—brain barrier , thereby making the brain more susceptible to environmental toxins and pathogens. MDMA may increase the risk of cardiac valvulopathy in heavy or long-term users due to activation of serotonin 5-HT 2B receptors. There are currently no medications to treat MDMA addiction. MDMA is a moderately teratogenic drug i. Motor delays may be temporary during infancy or long-term. The severity of these developmental delays increases with heavier MDMA use. MDMA overdose symptoms vary widely due to the involvement of multiple organ systems. Some of the more overt overdose symptoms are listed in the table below. The number of instances of fatal MDMA intoxication is low relative to its usage rates. In most fatalities, MDMA was not the only drug involved. Acute toxicity is mainly caused by serotonin syndrome and sympathomimetic effects. A number of drug interactions can occur between MDMA and other drugs, including serotonergic drugs. MDMA is a substituted amphetamine structurally, and a monoamine-releasing agent mechanistically. Like other monoamine-releasing agents, MDMA enters monoaminergic neurons through monoamine transporters. MDMA has high affinity for dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters, with some preference for the latter. The methylenedioxy- substitution provides the serotonergic activity, as most other substituted amphetamines show negligible affinity for the serotonin transporter. Neurotransmitter release induced by monoamine-releasing agents differs significantly from the regular, action potential -evoked neurotransmitter release. The result is that the neuron constantly 'leaks' neurotransmitters into the synapse, regardless of any signal received. S -MDMA causes the entactogenic effects of the racemate, because it releases serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine much more efficiently via monoamine transporters. It also has higher affinity towards 5-HT 2C R. The MDMA concentration in the blood stream starts to rise after about 30 minutes, \[ \] and reaches its maximal concentration in the blood stream between 1. The contributions of these metabolites to the psychoactive and toxic effects of MDMA are an area of active research. It is thought that this can result in sustained and higher concentrations of MDMA if the user takes consecutive doses of the drug. MDMA and metabolites are primarily excreted as conjugates, such as sulfates and glucuronides. However, the two enantiomers have been shown to exhibit different kinetics. The disposition of MDMA may also be stereoselective, with the S-enantiomer having a shorter elimination half-life and greater excretion than the R-enantiomer. Evidence suggests \[ \] that the area under the blood plasma concentration versus time curve AUC was two to four times higher for the R -enantiomer than the S -enantiomer after a 40 mg oral dose in human volunteers. MDMA is in the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine and substituted amphetamine classes of chemicals. As a free base , MDMA is a colorless oil insoluble in water. There are numerous methods available to synthesize MDMA via different intermediates. MDP2P in turn is generally synthesized from piperonal , safrole or isosafrole. Another method uses the Wacker process to oxidize safrole directly to the MDP2P intermediate with a palladium catalyst. MDMA and MDA may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or a sudden death. Some drug abuse screening programs rely on hair, saliva, or sweat as specimens. Most commercial amphetamine immunoassay screening tests cross-react significantly with MDMA or its major metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. At the time, Merck was interested in developing substances that stopped abnormal bleeding. Merck wanted to avoid an existing patent held by Bayer for one such compound: hydrastinine. MDMA called methylsafrylamin, safrylmethylamin or N-Methyl-a-Methylhomopiperonylamin in Merck laboratory reports was an intermediate compound in the synthesis of methylhydrastinine. Merck was not interested in MDMA itself at the time. Merck records indicate its researchers returned to the compound sporadically. Compared to ephedrine, Oberlin observed that it had similar effects on vascular smooth muscle tissue, stronger effects at the uterus, and no 'local effect at the eye'. MDMA was also found to have effects on blood sugar levels comparable to high doses of ephedrine. Oberlin concluded that the effects of MDMA were not limited to the sympathetic nervous system. Research was stopped 'particularly due to a strong price increase of safrylmethylamine', which was still used as an intermediate in methylhydrastinine synthesis. Albert van Schoor performed simple toxicological tests with the drug in , most likely while researching new stimulants or circulatory medications. After pharmacological studies, research on MDMA was not continued. In and , the United States Army commissioned a study of toxicity and behavioral effects in animals injected with mescaline and several analogues, including MDMA. Conducted at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor , these investigations were declassified in October and published in American chemist and psychopharmacologist Alexander Shulgin reported he synthesized MDMA in while researching methylenedioxy compounds at Dow Chemical Company , but did not test the psychoactivity of the compound at this time. This individual later provided these instructions to a client in the Midwest. Shulgin first heard of the psychoactive effects of N-methylated MDA around from a young student who reported 'amphetamine-like content'. Nichols published a report on the drug's psychoactive effect in humans. They described MDMA as inducing 'an easily controlled altered state of consciousness with emotional and sensual overtones' comparable 'to marijuana, to psilocybin devoid of the hallucinatory component, or to low levels of MDA'. While not finding his own experiences with MDMA particularly powerful, \[ \] \[ \] Shulgin was impressed with the drug's disinhibiting effects and thought it could be useful in therapy. When he tried the drug in , Zeff was impressed with the effects of MDMA and came out of his semi-retirement to promote its use in therapy. Over the following years, Zeff traveled around the United States and occasionally to Europe, eventually training an estimated four thousand psychotherapists in the therapeutic use of MDMA. Psychotherapists who used MDMA believed the drug eliminated the typical fear response and increased communication. Sessions were usually held in the home of the patient or the therapist. The role of the therapist was minimized in favor of patient self-discovery accompanied by MDMA induced feelings of empathy. Depression, substance use disorders, relationship problems, premenstrual syndrome, and autism were among several psychiatric disorders MDMA assisted therapy was reported to treat. Anecdotally, MDMA was said to greatly accelerate therapy. Only later was the term ecstasy used for it, coinciding with rising opposition to its use. In the late s and early s, 'Adam' spread through personal networks of psychotherapists, psychiatrists, users of psychedelics, and yuppies. A small recreational market for MDMA developed by the late s, \[ \] consuming perhaps 10, doses in Having commenced production in , this 'Boston Group' did not keep up with growing demand and shortages frequently occurred. Perceiving a business opportunity, Michael Clegg, the Southwest distributor for the Boston Group, started his own 'Texas Group' backed financially by Texas friends. Recreational use also increased after several cocaine dealers switched to distributing MDMA following experiences with the drug. In the next month, the World Health Organization identified MDMA as the only substance out of twenty phenethylamines to be seized a significant number of times. Young presiding. Sensational media attention was given to the proposed criminalization and the reaction of MDMA proponents, effectively advertising the drug. The agency cited increased distribution in Texas, escalating street use, and new evidence of MDA an analog of MDMA neurotoxicity as reasons for the emergency measure. Lawn overruled and classified the drug as Schedule I. However, this designation has been questioned and problematized. While engaged in scheduling debates in the United States, the DEA also pushed for international scheduling. The committee made this recommendation on the basis of the pharmacological similarity of MDMA to previously scheduled drugs, reports of illicit trafficking in Canada, drug seizures in the United States, and lack of well-defined therapeutic use. While intrigued by reports of psychotherapeutic uses for the drug, the committee viewed the studies as lacking appropriate methodological design and encouraged further research. Committee chairman Paul Grof dissented, believing international control was not warranted at the time and a recommendation should await further therapeutic data. The use of MDMA in Texas clubs declined rapidly after criminalization, although by the drug remained popular among young middle-class whites and in nightclubs. Since the mids, MDMA has become the most widely used amphetamine-type drug by college students and teenagers. After MDMA was criminalized, most medical use stopped, although some therapists continued to prescribe the drug illegally. Later, \[ when? This may be due to increased seizures during use and decreased production of the precursor chemicals used to manufacture MDMA. Unwitting substitution with other drugs, such as mephedrone and methamphetamine , \[ \] as well as legal alternatives to MDMA, such as BZP , MDPV , and methylone , are also thought to have contributed to its decrease in popularity. In it was found that some pills being sold as MDMA contained pentylone , which can cause very unpleasant agitation and paranoia. According to David Nutt , when safrole was restricted by the United Nations in order to reduce the supply of MDMA, producers in China began using anethole instead, but this gives para-methoxyamphetamine PMA, also known as 'Dr Death' , which is much more toxic than MDMA and can cause overheating, muscle spasms, seizures, unconsciousness, and death. MDMA is legally controlled in most of the world under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances and other international agreements, although exceptions exist for research and limited medical use. In general, the unlicensed use, sale or manufacture of MDMA are all criminal offences. In Australia, MDMA was rescheduled on 1 July as a schedule 8 substance available on prescription when used in the treatment of PTSD, while remaining a schedule 9 substance prohibited for all other uses. Permits for research uses on humans must be approved by a recognized ethics committee on human research. Although MDMA was not named explicitly in this legislation, the order extended the definition of Class A drugs to include various ring-substituted phenethylamines. Some researchers such as David Nutt have criticized the scheduling of MDMA, which he determined to be a relatively harmless drug. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee explained its ruling by noting that 'an individual federal district court judge simply cannot marshal resources akin to those available to the Commission for tackling the manifold issues involved with determining a proper drug equivalency. In , the federal government granted British Columbia a 3-year exemption, legalizing the possession of up to 2. In , 3. The majority of tablets contain 70—85 mg of MDMA. A number of ecstasy manufacturers brand their pills with a logo, often being the logo of an unrelated corporation. Animal models suggest that postnatal exposure may ameliorate social impairments in autism. Stimulants: Phenylethanolamine. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikinews. Psychoactive drug, often called ecstasy. For other uses, see MDMA disambiguation. IUPAC name. DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. A salt of MDMA typically white with impurities, resulting in a tan discoloration. Bruxism grinding and clenching of the teeth \[ 7 \] \[ 13 \] \[ 17 \] Dehydration \[ 13 \] \[ 38 \] \[ 70 \] Diarrhea \[ 38 \] Erectile dysfunction \[ 7 \] \[ 72 \] Hyperthermia \[ 7 \] \[ 13 \] \[ 70 \] Increased wakefulness or insomnia \[ 7 \] \[ 38 \] Increased perspiration and sweating \[ 38 \] \[ 70 \] Increased heart rate and blood pressure \[ 7 \] \[ 13 \] \[ 70 \] Increased psychomotor activity \[ 7 \] Loss of appetite \[ 7 \] \[ 14 \] Nausea and vomiting \[ 17 \] Visual and auditory hallucinations rarely \[ 7 \]. Insomnia \[ 14 \] Loss of appetite \[ 14 \] Tiredness or lethargy \[ 73 \] \[ 74 \] Trismus lockjaw \[ 17 \]. Anhedonia \[ 14 \] Anxiety or paranoia \[ 14 \] Depression \[ 14 \] \[ 17 \] Impulsiveness \[ 14 \] Irritability \[ 14 \] Memory impairment \[ 17 \] Restlessness \[ 14 \]. This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. April Learn how and when to remove this message. R -MDMA. S -MDMA. German patents for MDMA synthesis and the subsequent methylhydrastinine synthesis filed by Merck on 24 December and issued in Shulgin's research. Media attention and scheduling. See also: List of investigational anxiolytics and Psychedelic therapy. United States National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 31 August Retrieved 31 August Nature Reviews. ISSN PMID S2CID National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from the original on 3 December Retrieved 2 December The Conversation. Archived from the original on 15 January Medical toxicology of drug abuse : synthesized chemicals and psychoactive plants. Hoboken, N. ISBN Archived from the original on 13 January Retrieved 4 September The European Journal of Neuroscience. Current Drug Abuse Reviews. Archived from the original PDF on 3 August Animal and human studies demonstrate moderate abuse liability for MDMA, and this effect may be of most concern to those treating substance abuse disorders. Archived from the original on 1 January Retrieved 17 October Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from the original on 3 May Archived from the original on 27 August Retrieved 27 August Springer Netherlands. August Archives of Toxicology. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 4 April Retrieved 22 August Substance Abuse. PMC Archived from the original on 11 August Retrieved 20 June Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. July November Drugsite Trust. Archived from the original on 23 March Retrieved 30 March February Archived PDF from the original on 22 September Retrieved 23 May Although MDMA was, in fact, first synthesized at Merck in , it was not tested pharmacologically because it was only an unimportant precursor in a new synthesis for haemostatic substances. Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 28 April United Nations. June Archived PDF from the original on 27 July Retrieved 14 July Archived from the original on 15 July Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. March Journal of Psychopharmacology. Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication. Retrieved 12 May Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. You Probably Have Some Questions'. The New York Times. Mental and neurological public health a global perspective 1st ed. Archived from the original on 10 September Archived from the original on 5 June Retrieved 5 June Health Canada. Archived from the original on 11 February Retrieved 20 February Archived from the original on 20 February Archived from the original on 4 February Retrieved 4 February Emergency Medicine Australasia. Archived PDF from the original on 17 September Retrieved 29 June In Holland J ed. Ecstasy: The complete guide. A comprehensive look at the risks and benefits of MDMA. Rochester: Park Street Press. In Earleywine M ed. New York: Oxford University. Archived from the original on 9 October Retrieved 8 October Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. Archived from the original on 8 November Retrieved 13 October Addictions: a comprehensive guidebook Second ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 January Scientific Reports. DoubleBlind Mag. Retrieved 10 July Laks J ed. Bibcode : PLoSO European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. American Family Physician. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. MDMA is listed as a Schedule 1 drug by the United States Drug Enforcement Agency, meaning that currently there are no accepted medical uses for MDMA in the United States, there is a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and there is a high potential for abuse. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August Retrieved 3 April Science magazine. Archived from the original on 28 December Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 7 April Retrieved 7 April Frontiers in Psychiatry. Retrieved 17 September Archived from the original on 24 April Retrieved 11 June Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 28 April October Archived from the original PDF on 10 April Retrieved 10 April Drugs, Inc. TV documentary. National Geographic Channel. Nintendo Enthusiast. Archived from the original on 24 June Retrieved 17 June Emergency Nurse. Sexually Transmitted Infections. Archived from the original on 11 May Retrieved 14 May January Addiction Biology. September Bibcode : HETox.. Behavioural Pharmacology. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. Life Sciences. In contrast, MDMA produces damage to serotonergic, but not dopaminergic axon terminals in the striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex Battaglia et al. The damage associated with Meth and MDMA has been shown to persist for at least 2 years in rodents, non-human primates and humans Seiden et al. Given the dose-response relationship between MDMA exposure and SERT reductions and the statistically non-significant SERT binding differences for users with use levels similar to the majority of real-life users, it can be speculated that SERT levels may not be significantly affected for most recreational ecstasy users. Health Technology Assessment. Bibcode : PLoSO.. Human Psychopharmacology. Frontiers in Pharmacology. Human biology 10th ed. British Journal of Pharmacology. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. Toxicological Sciences. Lay summary: 'Scientists want new drug rankings'. BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 December Retrieved 4 April The Journal of Neuroscience. Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders. Guilford Publications. MDMA's addictive liability appears to be lower than that of other drugs of abuse It seems to present a smaller addiction potential than cocaine or methamphetamine. Principles of addiction medicine 4th ed. Biological Chemistry. Archived from the original on 19 January There are no known pharmacological treatments for MDMA addiction. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. Toxicology in Vitro. Bibcode : ToxVi.. In summary, MDMA is a moderate teratogen that could influence cardiac and neuronal differentiation in the ESC model and these results are in concordance with previous in vivo and in vitro models. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. Bibcode : NTxT British Journal of Anaesthesia. April Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. It is known that some recreational drugs e. Oxford American Handbook of Critical Care. Oxford University Press. OCLC British Journal of Nursing. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. May Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. Handbook of the Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin. Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience. Molecular Psychiatry. Neuropsychopharmacology : 1— A summary of mechanistic studies'. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Journal of Chromatography B. Clinical Chemistry. Analytica Chimica Acta. Bibcode : AcAC.. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 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Retrieved 10 August London: Profile Books. The Austin Chronicle. Weekly Wire. Archived from the original on 21 January Archived from the original on 27 July New York, NY: Routledge. Archived PDF from the original on 18 September Retrieved 7 August Federal Register. Retrieved 15 January Newsweek Magazine. Archived PDF from the original on 20 April Ecstasy: the complete guide; a comprehensive look at the risks and benefits of MDMA. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 24 May Retrieved 29 April Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 5 September Retrieved 28 August Archived from the original on 5 August Kokomo Tribune. Kokomo, Indiana. Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved 9 September — via newspaperarchive. Drug Enforcement Administration, Respondent, F. Justia Law. Retrieved 9 October Nature Medicine. Archived PDF from the original on 22 May Retrieved 9 May Geneva: World Health Organization. Archived from the original PDF on 19 October Retrieved 29 August Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Archived from the original on 4 December Retrieved 9 December Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies 9th ed. Santa Cruz, CA. Archived from the original on 24 February Retrieved 23 February Why is it called Molly? That's short for 'molecule. Retrieved 24 February Archived from the original on 5 November Retrieved 31 December Archived from the original on 7 September Retrieved 14 February Archived from the original on 1 September Retrieved 31 May World Drug Report United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 7 July Archived from the original on 13 June Retrieved 13 June Archived from the original on 4 January The Government of Western Australia. Department of the Premier and Cabinet. Archived from the original on 18 August Retrieved 22 July Australian Broadcasting Corporation. But what does that mean? Retrieved 7 June Drugs 2. London: Portobello. Archived from the original on 10 December Retrieved 4 December The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 January Retrieved 3 November American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on 14 March Belmont Law Review. SSRN Archived from the original on 6 March Archived from the original on 29 April Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Isomer Design. Archived from the original on 10 November Government Communications and Public Engagement. Archived from the original on 9 March Retrieved 8 March Archived from the original on 8 March Archived from the original on 31 December Retrieved 5 February Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in Europe PDF. Archived from the original PDF on 25 April Archived from the original PDF on 7 September Retrieved 4 June Archived from the original on 8 December Retrieved 2 January Archived from the original on 9 February Retrieved 3 March Western Daily Press. Archived from the original on 12 August CNS Drugs Systematic review. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. Current Neuropharmacology. MDMA at Wikipedia's sister projects. Recreational uses. Recreational drug use. Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis. Drug culture. Coffee break Coffeehouse Latte art Teahouse. Alcohol legality Anabolic steroid legality Cannabis legality Cocaine legality Methamphetamine legality Psilocybin decriminalization in the U. Psilocybin mushrooms legality Salvia legality. Arguments for and against drug prohibition Cannabis rights Capital punishment for drug trafficking Cognitive liberty Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Narc Politics of drug abuse War on drugs Mexican drug war Plan Colombia Philippine drug war Zero tolerance. Abuse Addiction Date rape drug Dependence Driving impaired Drug harmfulness Effects of cannabis Drug-related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Long-term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Passive smoking of tobacco or other substances. Drug checking Drug legalization Drug rehabilitation Needle and syringe programmes Opioid replacement therapy Pharmacovigilance Reagent testing Regulation of therapeutic goods Responsible drug use Substance abuse prevention Supervised injection site. Substituted amphetamine Sub. PEA Sub. Drugs which induce euphoria. See also: Recreational drug use. Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine. Diphenidine Ephenidine Fluorolintane Methoxphenidine. Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan. Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Galantamine. Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Prenoxdiazine Pukateine. Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Memantine Rimantadine. Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Phenylpiracetam hydrazide. ATC code : N06B. Monoaminergic neurotoxins. Monoamine releasing agents. Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fluminorex. Others: Indeloxazine Viqualine. Serotonin receptor modulators. Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics e. Antagonists: AR-A Beta blockers e. Agonists: BRL Ergolines e. Antagonists: Metitepine methiothepin. Antagonists: Metitepine methiothepin Mianserin. Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines e. Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics e. Agonists: 2Cs e. Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics e. Agonists: Alcohols e. Agonists: Ergolines e. Antagonists: ABT Atypical antipsychotics e. Sigma receptor modulators. Human trace amine-associated receptor ligands. N , N -Dimethylethylamine Trimethylamine. Physical : Not typical \[ 5 \] Psychological : Low—moderate. Low—moderate \[ 6 \] \[ 7 \] \[ 8 \]. Common: By mouth \[ 9 \] Uncommon: Insufflation , \[ 9 \] inhalation , \[ 9 \] injection , \[ 9 \] \[ 10 \] rectal. Empathogen—entactogen ; Stimulant. Oral : Unknown \[ 12 \]. R -MDMA: 5. Racemic mixture. Disseminated intravascular coagulation \[ 38 \] Intracranial hemorrhage \[ 38 \] Severe hypertension \[ 38 \] \[ \] or hypotension \[ 38 \] Hypotensive bleeding \[ 7 \]. Hyperreflexia \[ \] Agitation \[ 38 \] \[ \] Mental confusion \[ 38 \] Paranoia \[ 38 \] \[ \] Stimulant psychosis \[ 7 \] \[ 13 \]. Cognitive and memory impairment \[ 38 \] potentially to the point of retrograde or anterograde amnesia \[ \] Coma \[ 13 \] \[ \] Convulsions \[ 38 \] \[ \] Hallucinations \[ 38 \] \[ \] Loss of consciousness \[ 13 \] Serotonin syndrome \[ 13 \] \[ 38 \] \[ 71 \]. Muscle rigidity \[ 38 \] Rhabdomyolysis i. Acute respiratory distress syndrome \[ 38 \]. Acute kidney injury \[ 38 \] \[ \]. Cerebral edema \[ 13 \] Hepatitis \[ 38 \] \[ 71 \] Hyperpyrexia a life-threatening elevation of body temperature greater than or equal to Amphetamine- type stimulants.

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