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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Association between substance use and excessive play of online games exists both in theory and research. However, no study to date examined playing online games under the influence of licit and illicit drugs. We questioned a convenient online sample of 3, Czech online gamers on their experiences and motives of using caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, psychoactive pharmaceuticals, and illicit drugs while playing massive multiplayer online games MMOGs. The results showed low prevalence of illicit drug use while playing online games. Substance use was positively associated with intensity of gaming and both addiction and engagement; psychoactive substances with stimulating effect were linked to higher engagement and gaming intensity, whereas use of sedatives was associated with higher addiction score. Substance use varied slightly with the preference of game genre. Drug use while playing appears as behavior, which is mostly not related to gaming — it concerns mostly caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, or cannabis. For some users, however, drug use was fueled by motivations toward improving their cognitive enhancement and gaming performance. In general, the concepts of behavioral addiction, particularly online gaming addiction, and substance use are closely related on many levels. Substance use is also associated with increased duration of Internet use Secades-Villa et al. These studies typically measure any use of the substance within certain period of time or during the lifetime; no data exist on actual gaming under the influence of psychoactive substances. Gaming under the influence of psychoactive substances is, however, described for pathological gambling, where acute intoxication leads to worsened gambling outcomes. Our study aims to explore levels and patterns of online gaming under the influence and to describe what substances are used by the gamers while playing, what are the subjective reasons for use, whether there is any relationship between intoxicated play, time spent gaming, and gaming addiction severity. The data come from the second wave of the three-wave longitudinal online survey among the Czech and Slovak players of massive multiplayer online games and were collected in winter The questionnaire was published online in the Czech language using the Lime Survey platform. Gamers were recruited through advertisement at online forums, Facebook pages, and guild sites and in specialized magazines that targeted the core of the Czech and Slovak gaming community, with heavy players expected to be of the highest proportion in the sample. Respondents were asked to provide an e-mail address to participate in follow-up data collection. The questionnaire contained a set of sociodemographic questions, several items on gaming intensity, patterns, and preferences, the Addiction—Engagement Questionnaire AEQ , and a voluntary module on drug use. At least one prevalence question in the drug module was answered by 4, respondents aged 11—59 years Compared with non-respondents, those who responded to drug module were by 0. Online gaming addiction was measured by AEQ, a item tool with response options on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 — strongly agree to 4 — strongly disagree. Addiction scale covers the components, such as tolerance, conflict, and withdrawal, whereas engagement refers more to salience and mood changes. Since it was not validated for discriminatory purposes, we do not use cutoff points to distinguish addicted and non-addicted gamers, but rather work with the scale as a continuum. The frequency of online gaming, expressed in weekly playing hours, was constructed as a combined measure using two open-ended questions asking the number of hours spent playing during average weekday and on a day off. Respondents who did not play in the last 3 months i. Drug use while gaming was measured using two items. Mephedrone use was reported by only two individuals and was not, therefore, regarded in further analyses. A dummy drug Relevin was also included to identify false-positive answers — three respondents were excluded from the analysis on the basis of this item. Motivations to use the substance were measured using multiple response set asking why the respondents used the substance: to concentrate better, to stay up, for courage, to enjoy more, to calm down, to suppress hunger, to fall asleep, not related to gaming, and no reason. Given the exploratory nature of the study, we report statistics and effect sizes for all relationships Cohen, The study did not require approval of the ethics committee. In line with the university ethical guidelines CTT, , details about the study aims, procedures, and the data collected were provided on the first page of the questionnaire. Participation was voluntary and all information provided was confidential. The participation was solicited by online advertisement and parents of underage children could not be addressed directly; therefore, minors were requested to confirm that they would participate in the survey with parental approval. Caffeine was, with Tobacco products were used by Caffeine users played on average 3. Addiction scores were higher mainly for users of legal highs, sedatives and tranquilizers, ecstasy, and caffeine; engagement grew for users of caffeine and ecstasy; cocaine users were less engaged than non-users. The effect sizes ranged from very small to medium Table 1. In terms of game genres, rather small differences in substance use while gaming were observed with overall trivial effects sizes. Gaming addiction, engagement, and frequency of play among gamers using the substances while gaming and among non-users. Most often, the use of the substance was not related to gaming More than half of the sample The differences by game genre were negligible. Drug use while playing appears to be a very specific behavior, likely less prevalent than any drug use in the same population. Every third gamer who plays intoxicated has used the substance for reasons related to playing. This hypothesis would also be supported by the fact that players of the more competitive genres such as FPS and MOBA games showed higher tendency to use substances with stimulating effects, and that cocaine and caffeine users scored higher on the engagement subscale of the AEQ. On the other hand, majority of the sample stated reasons unrelated to the game itself, suggesting that they would use the substance anyway or they just got to play already intoxicated. Due to the exploratory nature of this study and limited contextual data, we cannot test this hypothesis. Our results may also be viewed as an indication of association between intoxicated gaming and gaming frequency and severity of online gaming addiction symptoms. Such association has already been described for any use of psychoactive substances and addiction to online applications Fisoun et al. Nevertheless, it should be stressed that our data do not provide insight in severity of substance use; we only refer to any intoxication while gaming within the last 12 months. Any conclusions beyond our sample should be, however, made with caution due to a number of limitations. The self-nominated sample of online gamers is not representative and the results should not be generalized. Also, the available information on interfering variables and covariates is limited, as we only aimed for exploratory screening within broader online gaming addiction project. This is also why we do not report p values, as we did not aim to test any hypotheses within the exploratory design. Drug use while playing, a specific behavior often not related to gaming, concerns mostly caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, or cannabis. Nevertheless, intoxicated gaming may increase the risks of development of gaming problem for some players and excessive use of legal stimulants, such as caffeine products, and medicines in the parenting context may serve as an indicator of growing engagement into the gaming. To examine these hypotheses would, though, require more focused research. LB contributed to study concept and design. All authors had full access to all data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Behav Addict. Find articles by Lukas Blinka. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Gaming under the influence: An exploratory study

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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. MDMA is a synthetic drug chemically related to the amphetamines, but with somewhat different effects. In Europe, MDMA use has generally been associated with episodic patterns of consumption in the context of nightlife and entertainment settings. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for MDMA in Europe, including prevalence of use, seizures, price and purity and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. Other drugs. New psychoactive substances. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. Survey data indicate that MDMA is the second most commonly used illicit stimulant in Europe, after cocaine. The use of the drug appeared to decline temporarily during the early phases of the COVID pandemic but bounced back when social distancing measures were lifted. The most recently available data would suggest that the current situation is relatively stable in terms of annual consumption, although the national situation is relatively heterogeneous and there are some possible signs of a slight increase in use in some countries. Almost two thirds of the European cities reporting wastewater analysis found an increase in MDMA residues between and Europe is recognised as an important global supply source for this substance, with most MDMA production thought to be concentrated in or around the Netherlands. Monitoring trends in illicit drug production is always challenging but there are now some possible indications to suggest increasing levels of MDMA production within Europe, following a recent period in which production volumes are thought to have declined. The number of MDMA laboratories dismantled in the European Union rose to 48 in 25 in , while seizures of the internationally controlled precursor chemical PMK piperonyl methyl ketone and its glycidic derivatives for manufacturing MDMA increased markedly in , to Alternative chemicals were also seized in notable quantities in These reports of increased seizures of MDMA precursors and alternative chemicals, combined with information about MDMA exports, may reflect an increase in the production of the drug for global markets and a general rebound following a decline related to the COVID pandemic. However, not all recent data suggest this. The MDMA content of tablets and the purity of powders continued to decline in from a pre-pandemic peak in , with declines in the MDMA content of ecstasy tablets observed in recent years in some important source countries, most notably the Netherlands. Despite indications that the MDMA content of ecstasy tablets is decreasing, with a typical MDMA content of to milligrams, the overall strength of tablets available on the retail market remains high by historical standards. The availability of higher-strength products potentially increases the risk of adverse health outcomes associated with the consumption of this substance. MDMA tablets are typically available in many designs, often colourful replications of brand logos. Alongside powders and tablets, more-novel MDMA products, such as edibles candies, gelatines and lollipops , have been reported to have become available in recent years in some countries, for example, Belgium and Czechia. As with cannabis edibles, these products pose difficulties in regulating intended dosage and increase the risk of inadvertent consumption, especially a concern if they are consumed by minors. The use of MDMA is rarely cited as a reason for entering drug treatment in Europe, but acute poisonings and deaths are sometimes associated with the consumption of this substance. The reasons for this are not clear. The use of MDMA therefore continues to represent an important issue for prevention and harm reduction messaging and interventions. Measures typically undertaken in this area include risk communications about high-strength products and safer use guidelines, as well as providing drop-in services and, in some countries, pill testing services, where consumers can have the composition of their substances analysed. While it is difficult to generalise due to limitations in national and European coverage, the available information from drug checking services suggests that MDMA products are generally less subject to adulteration than other illicit drugs they screened in This does occur, however, as illustrated by the occasional detection of synthetic cathinones in MDMA tablets. Such drug mixtures, which have been reported to the EU Early Warning System as being mis-sold as MDMA to consumers, may also increase the risk to consumers of experiencing unexpected adverse effects and potential harm. This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of MDMA use by recall period and age range. You can access data by country by clicking on the map or selecting a country from the dropdown menu. Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. For the latest data and detailed methodological information please see the Statistical Bulletin Prevalence of drug use. Graphics showing the most recent data for a country are based on studies carried out between and Prevalence estimates for the general population: age ranges are and for Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Hungary; and for Denmark, Estonia and Norway; for Malta; for Sweden. Mean daily amounts of MDMA in milligrams per population. Sampling was carried out over a week in March and May Price and purity: mean national values — minimum, maximum and interquartile range. Countries vary by indicator. Data from drug checking services in 18 cities 10 EU countries , collected between January and June of and Only cities that submitted 10 or more samples were included. Show source tables. The complete set of source data for the European Drug Report including metadata and methodological notes is available in our data catalogue. A subset of this data, used to generate infographics, charts and other elements on this page, may be found below. Prevalence of drug use data tables including general population surveys and wastewater analysis all substances. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page.

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