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Background: Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq on 2 August Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault on 23 February that completely liberated Kuwait in four days. Elevation extremes: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: unnamed location m. Natural hazards: sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April; they bring inordinate amounts of rain which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and August. Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of the water; air and water pollution; desertification. Age structure: years: Population growth rate: 3. Sex ratio: at birth: 1. Life expectancy at birth: total population: Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: Country name: conventional long form: State of Kuwait conventional short form: Kuwait local long form: Dawlat al Kuwayt local short form: Al Kuwayt. Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction. Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma 50 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms elections: last held 3 July next to be held NA election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 50; note - all cabinet ministers are also ex officio members of the National Assembly. Political pressure groups and leaders: several political groups act as de facto parties: Bedouins, merchants, Sunni and Shi'a activists, and secular leftists and nationalists. Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green top , white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side. Kuwait lacks water and has practically no arable land, thus preventing development of agriculture. With the exception of fish, it depends almost wholly on food imports. The government is proceeding slowly with reforms. It inaugurated Kuwait's first free-trade zone in and will continue discussions with foreign oil companies to develop fields in the northern part of the country. Labor force: 1. Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, construction materials, salt, construction. Telephone system: the civil network suffered some damage as a result of the Gulf war, but most of the telephone exchanges were left intact and, by the end of , domestic and international telecommunications had been restored to normal operation; the quality of service is excellent domestic: new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, open wire and fiber-optic cable; a cellular telephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is well supplied with pay telephones; approximately 15, Internet subscribers in international: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via the Fiber-Optic Gulf FOG cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat 1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean , 1 Inmarsat Atlantic Ocean , and 2 Arabsat. Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3, m: 2 2, to 3, m: 2 est. Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 3 1, to 2, m: 1 to 1, m: 1 under m: 1 est. Disputes - international: in November , Iraq formally accepted the UN-demarcated border with Kuwait which had been spelled out in Security Council Resolutions , , and ; this formally ends earlier claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan and Warbah islands; ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim islands disputed by Saudi Arabia. Background: A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, Kyrgyzstan was annexed by Russia in ; it achieved independence from the Soviet Union in Current concerns include: privatization of state-owned enterprises, expansion of democracy and political freedoms, inter-ethnic relations, and terrorism. Land boundaries: total: 3, km border countries: China km, Kazakhstan 1, km, Tajikistan km, Uzbekistan 1, km. Climate: dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest Fergana Valley ; temperate in northern foothill zone. Terrain: peaks of Tien Shan and associated valleys and basins encompass entire nation. Natural resources: abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc. Environment - current issues: water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices. Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements. Ethnic groups: Kirghiz Languages: Kirghiz Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language note: in March , the Kyrgyzstani legislature amended the constitution to make Russian an official language, along with Kirghiz, in territories and work places where Russian-speaking citizens predominate. Country name: conventional long form: Kyrgyz Republic conventional short form: Kyrgyzstan local long form: Kyrgyz Respublikasy local short form: none former: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic. Constitution: adopted 5 May note: amendment proposed by President AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 10 February significantly expands the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature. Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed for year terms by the Supreme Council on recommendation of the president; Constitutional Court; Higher Court of Arbitration. Flag description: red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kirghiz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of the roof of the traditional Kirghiz yurt. Economy - overview: Kyrgyzstan is a small, poor, mountainous country with a predominantly agricultural economy. Cotton, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products and exports. Industrial exports include gold, mercury, uranium, and electricity. Kyrgyzstan has been one of the most progressive countries of the former Soviet Union in carrying out market reforms. Much of the government's stock in enterprises has been sold. Drops in production had been severe since the breakup of the Soviet Union in December , but by mid production began to recover and exports began to increase. Pensioners, unemployed workers, and government workers with salary arrears continue to suffer. Foreign assistance played a substantial role in the country's economic turnaround in The government has adopted a series of measures to combat such severe problems as excessive external debt, inflation, inadequate revenue collection, and the spillover from Russia's economic disorders. Kyrgyzstan had moderate growth in of 3. Industries: small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, sawn logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metals. Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: Agriculture - products: tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits and berries; sheep, goats, cattle, wool. Exports - commodities: cotton, wool, meat, tobacco; gold, mercury, uranium, hydropower; machinery; shoes. Telephone system: poorly developed; about , unsatisfied applications for household telephones domestic: principally microwave radio relay; one cellular provider, probably limited to Bishkek region international: connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 Intelsat; connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe TAE fiber-optic line. Radio broadcast stations: AM 12 plus 10 repeater stations , FM 14, shortwave 2 Television broadcast stations: NA repeater stations throughout the country relay programs from Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkey Railways: total: km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines broad gauge: km 1. Highways: total: 18, km paved: 16, km including km of expressways unpaved: 1, km est. Airports - with paved runways: total: 14 over 3, m: 1 2, to 3, m: 3 1, to 2, m: 9 under m: 1 est. Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 40 1, to 2, m: 4 to 1, m: 4 under m: 32 est. Disputes - international: territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southwestern boundary in Isfara Valley area; periodic target of Islamic terrorists from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Illicit drugs: limited illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; increasingly used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Russia and Western Europe from Southwest Asia. Background: In the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy. Initial closer ties to Vietnam and socialization were replaced with a gradual return to private enterprise, an easing of foreign investment laws, and the admission into ASEAN in Land boundaries: total: 5, km border countries: Burma km, Cambodia km, China km, Thailand 1, km, Vietnam 2, km. Climate: tropical monsoon; rainy season May to November ; dry season December to April. Irrigated land: 1, sq km est. Environment - current issues: unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water. Country name: conventional long form: Lao People's Democratic Republic conventional short form: Laos local long form: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao local short form: none. Legal system: based on traditional customs, French legal norms and procedures, and Socialist practice. Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly 99 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - by presidential decree, on 27 October , the number of seats increased from 85 to 99 elections: last held 21 December next to be held NA election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LPRP or LPRP-approved independent, non-party members Political pressure groups and leaders: noncommunist political groups proscribed; most opposition leaders fled the country in Flag description: three horizontal bands of red top , blue double width , and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band. Economy - overview: The government of Laos - one of the few remaining official communist states - began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in Since mid, however, reform efforts have slowed, and the economy has suffered as a result. Because Laos depends heavily on its trade with Thailand, it was further damaged by the regional financial crisis beginning in A landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure, Laos has no railroads, a rudimentary road system, and limited external and internal telecommunications. Electricity is available in only a few urban areas. As in many developing countries, deforestation and soil erosion will hamper efforts to attain a high rate of GDP growth. Industries: tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing, construction, garments. Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 2. Agriculture - products: sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton; tea, peanuts, rice; water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry. Telephone system: service to general public is poor but improving, with over 20, telephones currently in service and an additional 48, expected by ; the government relies on a radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas domestic: radiotelephone communications international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik Indian Ocean region. Waterways: about 4, km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2, additional km are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0. Airports - with paved runways: total: 9 2, to 3, m: 1 1, to 2, m: 4 to 1, m: 4 est. Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 43 1, to 2, m: 1 to 1, m: 17 under m: 25 est. It reestablished its independence in following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Latvia continues to revamp its economy for eventual integration into various Western European political and economic institutions. Land boundaries: total: 1, km border countries: Belarus km, Estonia km, Lithuania km, Russia km. Maritime claims: continental shelf: m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: nm territorial sea: 12 nm. Natural resources: minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite, hydropower, arable land. Environment - current issues: air and water pollution because of a lack of waste conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga and Daugava River heavily polluted; contamination of soil and groundwater with chemicals and petroleum products at military bases. Ethnic groups: Latvian Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Latvia conventional short form: Latvia local long form: Latvijas Republika local short form: Latvija former: Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. Constitution: the Constitutional Law which supplements the constitution, provides for basic rights and freedoms. Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges' appointments are confirmed by Parliament. Flag description: three horizontal bands of maroon top , white half-width , and maroon. Economy - overview: In Latvia, a transitional economy, experienced zero GDP growth as it continued to feel the impact of the August Russian financial crisis. Unemployment reached 9. Privatization of large state-owned utilities, especially the energy sector, faced more delays in , but is expected to accelerate in the next two years. Latvia projects 3. Preparing for EU membership by remains a top foreign policy priority. Industries: buses, vans, street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery, fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals, processed foods, textiles; dependent on imports for energy, raw materials, and intermediate products. Agriculture - products: grain, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables; beef, milk, eggs; fish. Exports - commodities: wood and wood products, machinery and equipment, metals, textiles, foodstuffs. Telephone system: inadequate but is being modernized to provide an international capability independent of the Moscow international switch; more facilities are being installed for individual use domestic: expansion underway in intercity trunk line connections, rural exchanges, and mobile systems; still many unsatisfied subscriber applications international: international connections are now available via cable and a satellite earth station at Riga, enabling direct connections for most calls Railways: total: 2, km broad gauge: 2, km 1. Airports - with paved runways: total: 36 2, to 3, m: 6 1, to 2, m: 2 to 1, m: 1 under m: 27 est. Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 14 2, to 3, m: 2 to 1, m: 2 under m: 10 est. Disputes - international: draft treaty delimiting the boundary with Russia has not been signed; ongoing talks over maritime boundary dispute with Lithuania primary concern is oil exploration rights. Illicit drugs: transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Central and Southwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and Latin American cocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS; limited production of illicit amphetamines, ephedrine, and ecstasy for export.

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