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Southern Spain: The European drugs gateway

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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Analysis of the supply-related indicators for commonly used illicit drugs in the European Union suggests that availability remains high across all substance types. On this page, you can find an overview of drug supply in Europe based on the latest data, supported by the latest time trends in drug seizures and drug law offences, together with data on drug production and precursor seizures. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. Other drugs. New psychoactive substances. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. Analysis of supply-related indicators for illicit drugs in the European Union suggests that availability remains high across all substance types. In addition, the market is characterised by the widespread availability of a broader range of drugs, often available at high potency or purity, potentially increasing risks to health. These include novel substances, where both consumer and scientific knowledge about the health risks may be limited. There is also a growing diversity in the forms in which substances may be available on the market and, in some cases, such as cannabis, the routes of administration e. Together, these developments increase concerns that there is a potential for the greater use of illicit substances overall, and that the risks associated with some substances may be growing, especially among vulnerable users such as people experiencing social and economic marginalisation and deprivation. In particular, there are worries that people who use drugs may be at greater risk of adverse health outcomes, including poisonings and deaths, through consuming, possibly unknowingly, high-purity and potency drugs, especially more-novel substances. Globalisation in the operational methods used by organised crime groups appears to be an important facilitator of high drug availability in Europe. There is closer involvement of European drug producers and traffickers with international criminal networks, resulting in more resilience in the flows of illicit drugs into and out of the European Union. Various countries in South America, West and South Asia and North Africa remain important source areas for illicit drugs entering Europe, while China and India remain important source countries for new psychoactive substances, with India now more important for some substances, such as synthetic cathinones. Drug precursors and related chemicals are also often reported to be sourced from China. Large seizures of drugs, particularly cocaine, in intermodal shipping containers have continued to be detected in the last few years. For example, in Spain reported its largest seizure to date of 9. The drug trafficking operations of organised crime groups increasingly target legitimate commercial infrastructure involved in global trade. Documented instances show infiltration of supply chains and exploitation of key staff through intimidation and corruption. Moreover, there are increasing concerns regarding the recruitment and exploitation of juveniles by criminal networks in the illicit drug trade. This is reflected in the priority given to countering these threats by law enforcement agencies. More generally, and particularly in countries where large volumes of drugs are known to enter or be produced in Europe, there is growing recognition of the need to do more to counter the violence, corruption and criminal exploitation practices associated with drug market operations. The dynamics of the production and trafficking of illicit drugs internationally adapt in response to geopolitical developments, regional conflicts and changes in trade routes. Developments in recent years in Colombia, Brazil and Ecuador have, for example, contributed to the increased availability of cocaine for trafficking to the European Union by organised crime groups, simultaneously using multiple modi operandi Figure 1. While it is too early to determine the full impact of this situation on European drug markets, it is likely to affect the availability of heroin in Europe in the coming years, with concerns being raised around its replacement with other drugs, such as highly potent synthetic opioids or stimulants. At the same time, conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East appear to be having an impact on the trafficking routes used by criminals to move illicit drugs to Europe. Show a text version of the above graphic. This includes enhancing the interoperability of customs information systems among EU Member States and supporting the deployment of advanced container-scanning equipment. It will aim to support the implementation of best practices and recommendations from the Schengen Thematic Evaluation on drug trafficking in ports. This will include not only tackling drug trafficking into Europe, but downstream disruption of trafficking by law enforcement on rail and road networks. Organised crime groups attempt to evade legislative and customs controls restricting the use of chemicals widely used in legitimate industries by creating alternative chemicals. In response, the EU Roadmap supports making EU legislative scheduling to control precursors more rapid to match the pace of criminal innovation by extending it to cover known derivatives and related chemicals that can be converted into or substituted for established drug precursors. The EU Roadmap also seeks to tackle the issue of alternative chemicals by supporting the equipment needs of customs laboratories. Information exchange with countries where precursors are sourced will be enhanced, including, for example, through the EU-China Joint Follow-up Group on Precursors. The European Commission is also a member of the United States-led Global Coalition to Address Synthetic Drug Threats, which targets precursors, including those required to manufacture new synthetic opioids, through collaboration on priority actions. These policy developments are taking place at a time when Europe remains an important production region for various illicit drugs. Cannabis produced in the European Union is generally for EU consumption, and many thousands of cannabis cultivation sites are reported as dismantled each year in EU Member States. Reports indicate that the hundreds of illicit drug production facilities dismantled in the European Union produced a variety of substances ranging from amphetamine, methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones and MDMA to cocaine and heroin. Although it can be difficult to determine, in some cases, a single laboratory may have been producing multiple substances, such as various synthetic stimulants that have similar chemical and equipment manufacturing requirements. It is difficult to estimate the production capacity of individual dismantled laboratories. Overall, this means that while it is possible to determine that the production of various illicit drugs takes place in Europe, commenting on the total number of facilities, trends or changes in capacity remains problematic. While large-scale methamphetamine and amphetamine laboratories are reported, many are small-scale, hence larger numbers are reported and these fluctuate annually. While the majority of dismantled MDMA production sites were reported by the Netherlands and Spain, some Member States that usually dismantle large numbers of facilities did not report information for The detection of separate facilities for cocaine production, extraction, cutting and packaging in recent years suggests that cocaine production is now well-established in Europe and that innovative methods are being used to facilitate the entry of this drug into Europe. Innovation in production processes is also evident from some recent seizures of chemicals that can be used to manufacture the precursor chemicals needed to produce amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA, thereby circumventing the controls in place to reduce the availability of these drugs. Large seizures of precursors in suggest that the production of synthetic cathinones remains significant, particularly in Poland. In smaller sites, production appears to be destined mostly for local markets and, occasionally, for sale on the darknet. Although information is very limited, larger production sites also appear to supply local markets and occasionally the finished product is exported outside Europe. The use of a wider set of chemicals to create both new substances and different synthesis processes for more established drugs presents a complex challenge for customs, law enforcement and legal regulation. Illicit synthetic drug production within the European Union for export and local markets remains a source of risks to public health, both to people consuming the potentially hazardous substances and from the environmental damage their production can have locally. Indexed trends, overall, show that the quantities of all drugs seized in the European Union increased between and , particularly in the past 5 years, although there has been some fluctuation in the quantities of amphetamine and methamphetamine seized in the last 3 years Figure 1. Sizeable consumer markets for these drugs exist in Europe. However, it is likely that increases in quantities seized reflect, at least partially, the larger role played by Europe as a place of production, export and transit for these drugs. The indexed trends presented reflect relative changes in drug seizures over a year period but give no indication of the actual amounts. MDMA tablets were converted to mass-equivalents by assuming a mass of 0. Interpreting trends in drug seizures is complicated by the fact that they are influenced by policing and law enforcement strategies and priorities, the success or otherwise of trafficking groups to avoid detection, and any underlying change in availability and use. This may reflect changes in policing practices, consumption patterns or drug availability. In , an estimated 1. Of the estimated 1. Definitions of what constitutes a supply-related offence may vary between countries. The predominance of cannabis in both supply and possession offences reflects the level of demand for the drug; it also attests to the policy importance of this drug. Both drug possession and drug supply offences remain at higher levels than in for all drugs apart from heroin Figure 1. Cannabis: EU Member States reported 98 seizures of cannabis plants, amounting to 3. In , almost 5 illicit cannabis cultivation were dismantled in 14 EU Member States, according to data obtained from open sources and national partners. Heroin: Two heroin production sites were dismantled in the Netherlands in 3 in Only three seizures of the heroin precursor chemical acetic anhydride, amounting to litres 5 litres in , were reported by Germany, Spain and Poland. Worldwide, seizures of acetic anhydride have been declining substantially since This may indicate a decline in attempts at diverting and trafficking the substance, or a shift to alternative trafficking routes. Cocaine: In , at least 39 sites related to cocaine production were dismantled in the European Union 34 in In spite of a decrease in the quantity of potassium permanganate seized in kilograms compared with 1 kilograms , it is likely that the large-scale processing of cocaine hydrochloride from imported intermediary products continues to take place in the European Union. For example, a cocaine processing laboratory dismantled in Spain in was reported to have a daily output capacity of kilograms of the drug. In addition, some large seizures have been reported of unusual substances containing cocaine that must be extracted by chemical means, indicating that processing continues to be a significant problem in Europe. For example, in , chemically concealed cocaine was detected in a shipment in 22 tonnes of sugar in France and in kilograms of coal, part of a larger load of coal shipped to Croatia. In , 1 litres of BMK close to 5 litres in and These seizures included This suggests that large-scale production of d -methamphetamine continues to take place in Europe. The increased quantities of methamphetamine precursors and related chemicals seized in Europe reflects the globally significant capacity of synthetic drug producing groups in the European Union. Seizures of MDMA precursors increased to These reports of increased seizures of MDMA precursors, combined with information about MDMA exports, may reflect an increase in the production of the drug for global markets and a general rebound following a decline related to the COVID pandemic. Cathinones: In , 29 synthetic cathinone production sites, some of which were large-scale, were dismantled in the European Union 15 in : 23 in Poland 12 in and 6 in the Netherlands 2 in Seizures of synthetic cathinone precursors amounted to kilograms in kilograms in , mainly in Poland kilograms. A shipment of 1 tonne of the 4-CMC precursor 1- 4-chlorophenyl propanone was stopped in France, originating from China and en route to Poland. S ynthetic opioids : In , Latvian police reported dismantling a site equipped to produce fentanyl and seizing nearly 2 kilograms of the drug, as well as 2. Also in , Latvian police reported dismantling an illicit methadone laboratory. Dumping sites: In , Belgium 41 and the Netherlands accounted for the dumping sites for drug production waste and equipment reported in the European Union in Show source tables. The complete set of source data for the European Drug Report including metadata and methodological notes is available in our data catalogue. A subset of this data, used to generate infographics, charts and similar elements on this page, may be found below. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Trafficking methods Infiltration of logistical supply chains Intermodal shipping containers Container switching, code fraud, extraction teams Corruption, intimidation of officials and vessel operators More use of smaller ports Floating GPS-tagged drops Collection from mother ships by small vessels Speedboats, pleasure craft Semi-submersibles narco subs, torpedoes Chemical concealment or masking of shipments More use of general aviation, small airfields. Figure 1. Drug seizures in the European Union — number of seizures in Drug seizures in the European Union — quantity seized in tonnes. Data for offences for which the drug involved has been reported. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page.

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