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This broad-ranging study examines the complex factors leading to the US imposition of the Turkish arms embargo — , which marked a major turning point in relations between the two NATO allies. Focusing on domestic politics, the work draws on newly available archival materials at presidential libraries and from a broad array of rarely used personal papers of key senators and congressmen to provide new details and insights into the struggle between the executive and Congress. It reveals the constant interaction and complex maneuvering required to fashion successful strategies away from the public view, giving considerable attention to the neglected yet critical role of the Republican minority in Congress. It analyzes the pervasive influence of both the drug crisis and Turkophobia in initiating and prolonging the embargo and reveals how local ethnic lobbyists across the country organized to encourage grassroots support for Cyprus and opprobrium toward Turkey. The book elaborates on the contemporary context in the eastern Mediterranean and how the governments of Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus worked to influence American policy, often with remarkable success. And it reflects on the conflicted response of Israel and its American supporters to the extended crisis. Many issues analyzed in this study still concern us today, and its insights can provide guidance for future bilateral policy. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Enter your library card number to sign in. 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Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign in through your institution. Subject All Subject Expand Expand. Arts and Humanities. History of Architecture. Cold War. Diplomatic History. Environmental History. Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing. Historical Geography. History by Period. History of Agriculture. History of Education. History of Gender and Sexuality. Industrial History. Intellectual History. International History. Legal and Constitutional History. Local and Family History. Maritime History. Military History. Oral History. Political History. Regional and National History. Slavery and Abolition of Slavery. Social and Cultural History. Theory, Methods, and Historiography. Urban History. World History. 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Abstract This broad-ranging study examines the complex factors leading to the US imposition of the Turkish arms embargo — , which marked a major turning point in relations between the two NATO allies. View chapter. Sign in Get help with access. Institutional access Sign in through your institution Sign in through your institution. Get help with access Institutional access Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: IP based access Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Sign in through your institution Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Click Sign in through your institution. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. 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The Turkish Arms Embargo: Drugs, Ethnic Lobbies, and US Domestic Politics

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Although there were Sexually transmitted infection was the most common, and 4 drug use and blood transfusions showed a proportional increase. A total of 77 infections passed from mother to baby; seven cases have been reported in the last two years. Turkey is obliged to create an effective surveillance system for the prevention of HIV. On the eve of the year , The rate is likely to increase significantly compared with previous years because every year more people receive life-saving anti-viral therapy AVT. Looking at , across the globe it was seen that new cases of HIV, which amounted to 3. When death due to AIDS is considered, the rate has decreased from 2. The main cause of these results is that although incidence and mortality have decreased in Africa, they continue to increase in Western Europe, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean. Rates in other regions have remained the same 2 , 3. People aged between years are those who are most affected by the infection. Sexual relations is the most common type of transmission in Turkey. HIV treatment is covered by social security in Turkey. Mother-to-child transmission: HIV can be transmitted to a child during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a very important field that is constantly evolving 5. Two years have passed since we published an article on the status of HIV in Turkey. The cases in this report are based on total data in the feedback system. In this study, data in these reports were analysed and grouped in five time periods. The figures from December have been subtracted from those of December 31 st in order to calculate data. The same method was also for the other groups. Data after were grouped into 5-year periods. For the last group, data were used for two-year time frames between December 31 st , , and December 1 st , The results for December had not yet been reported when this study was conducted. Age distribution, sex distribution, number of cases, and distribution of possible transmission routes have been calculated separately for all time periods. When cases were examined without taking into account the December cases, which had not yet been reported by the Ministry of Health, the highest number of new cases per year was reported as for The most common route of transmission was found to be heterosexual intercourse Table 1. Between , the number of cases with an unknown route of transmission found to be ; over time, especially after , there has been an increase in inaccurately reported data. Considering the age groups, the rate of infection in patients aged 40 years and more had increased over time Table 2. However, the disease was most prevelant in those aged years, followed by patients aged years. Mother-to-child transmission was found to have increased proportionally over time. Referring to the data of the last 2-year period, the ratio was 0. The are no data available on how many children who were infected via the mother-to-baby route received AVT. According to the decisions of the UN General Assembly in , beginning from , all member states should evaluate and improve their HIV surveillance systems, an advanced system and national data will be provided after being collected by these systems 6. Accordingly, it is possible to criticize current reports published by the Ministry of Health in many ways. The most noticeable element is the large number of unknowns for each type of data. This constitutes a large bias when analyzing the data. Therefore, the reliability of the data is reduced. Another example for this is study time period; when transmission through intravenous drug addiction was analyzed in the study, it was found that it tended to decrease over time until as 3. However, it increased again to 8. Therefore, we believe that a discussion of these and other data in our study would bring some benefit, but we also believe that it is important to highlight the situation in order to show the extent of the shortcoming of reliable data collection. Thus, it is important for the results discussed in our study to be considered in light of this fact. The Turkey Development Goals declared targets of slowing the HIV epidemic between and reducing the number of new annual cases to below 9. Although the goal has not been fully achieved, the decrease in the number of new cases, which was in , was significant. Transmission by blood transfusion significantly decreased over time The highest was 7. After the Law on blood products was published in , unreliable practice continued until the s Regulations covering checks of risky conduct of blood donors, and regular training of employees in blood transfusion centres began in The first ever safe practices and standards were published much later in The regulations explain the significant decrease in transmission by blood transfusion. However, much more effort is foreseen to be necessary if the target for pregnant women and their children with HIV to access care and treatment is to be achieved 1 Table 3. This increase was greater in heterosexual relationships. The rate was Therefore, measures taken for safe sex will be the most important steps in reducing the transmission of HIV infection. Unfortunately, there are as yet no clear and effective steps in this regard in Turkey. There is no sex education for young people in schools. On the contrary, access to publications and web sites with sexual content has recently been prohibited. No source and internet access have been provided for science-based sex education and learning either. As we have noted in this study, sexually-transmitted diseases will continue to increase quickly unless social awareness regarding safe sex and sexually transmitted diseases is created, and campaigns and all other community-based information activities are developed. This study has revealed that there was no effective activity for the purpose of controlling transmission from HIV-infected mothers to their children Table 1. WHO stated in their progress report that there was no systemic activity in this regard in Turkey 2 , 5. HIV may be transmitted from the mother to child in the intrauterine period, during delivery, and after birth during breastfeeding 13 , 14 , 15 , Breast milk was considered to have played an important part in one-third or half of perinatal infections, especially in poorer regions such as Africa Infection is more likely with the milk given in colostrum and in the first 14 days because it has more viruses This review has revealed that data in Turkey in this respect are not reliable. The lack of a good data collection system makes the effective measures impossible to be taken. When we conducted the review, we could find no other studies on this issue in Turkey. If couples still want a child in view of this information, in cases where father is HIV - , intravaginal or intrauterine insemination conception in the preovulatory phase is the most suitable HIV has been reported to cause infection with insemination of donor semen Moreover, these are costly processes that can only be carried out for research purposes in a special laboratory It is mentioned in the literature that chorionic villus sampling during the intrapartum period, and invasive procedures such as amniocentesis, cordocentesis and obstetric factors such as premature birth, placenta previa, and presence of chorioamnionitis may increase the risk of perinatal HIV transmission As most perinatal transmission occurs during birth, birth-related factors significantly affect risk of HIV transmission from mother to child. Before the start of labor and rupture of membranes, birth by elective cesarean section reduces the transmission of HIV from mother to infant However, treatment may be interrupted in the first 14 weeks to minimize the potential teratogenic effects 23 , It is essential that all medication be discontinued altogether and started again altogether in order to avoid the development of resistance to drugs. Zidovudine is used as one of the drugs in the triple combination because it is the only antiretroviral agent that has been shown to reduce perinatal infection independent of reducing viral load Pneumococcal, hepatitis B, and inactivated influenza vaccines used for prophylaxis of these infections may also be adminstered to pregnant women if necessary, but rubella, measles, mumps, and varicella vaccines need to be avoided during pregnancy. In summary, the guide recommended to start AVT in all pregnant women with HIV and breastfeeding mothers in periods where there was transmission risk from mother to child and to continue for life. This should be conducted through an IT network in order for coordinated surveillance in Europe to be undertaken and its members need to develop their systems Thus, as declared in the Millennium Development Goals, Turkey is obliged to create an effective surveillance system for the prevention of HIV 9. Transmission through sexual intercourse played a dominant role in the HIV epidemic in Turkey. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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