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This book examines the major trends in drug trafficking and organized crime in the Americas in the twenty-first century. We have compiled a list of leading experts in the field. The book explores U. The book also analyzes regional and international drug control policies. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. 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Jump to main content. Jump to navigation. Prescription drug abuse and heroin use have taken a heartbreaking toll on too many Americans and their families, while straining law enforcement and treatment programs. Today, the President will travel to West Virginia to hear directly from individuals and families affected by this epidemic and the health care professionals, law enforcement officers, and community leaders working to prevent addiction and respond to its aftermath. These include commitments by more than 40 provider groups — representing doctors, dentists, advanced practice registered nurses, physician assistants, physical therapists and educators -- that more than , health care providers will complete opioid prescriber training in the next two years. Today, the President issued a Memorandum to Federal Departments and Agencies directing two important steps to combat the prescription drug abuse and heroin epidemic:. More Americans now die every year from drug overdoses than they do in motor vehicle crashes and the majority of those overdoses involve prescription medications. Health care providers wrote million prescriptions for opioid pain medications in — enough for every American adult to have a bottle of pills. Opioids are a class of prescription pain medications that includes hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine, and methadone. Heroin belongs to the same class of drugs, and four in five heroin users started out by misusing prescription opioid pain medications. In , the President released his first National Drug Control Strategy, which emphasized the need for action to address opioid use disorders and overdose, while ensuring that individuals with pain receive safe, effective treatment. The most recent data show that the rate of overdoses involving prescription pain medication is leveling off, although it remains at an unacceptably high level. But the dramatic rise in heroin-related overdoses — which nearly doubled between and — shows the opioid crisis is far from over. In , the President released his first National Drug Control Strategy, emphasizing the need for action to address opioid use disorders and overdose, while ensuring that individuals with pain receive safe, effective treatment. The next year, the White House released its national Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention Plan to outline our goals for addressing prescription drug abuse and overdose. The White House. For Immediate Release. Today, the President issued a Memorandum to Federal Departments and Agencies directing two important steps to combat the prescription drug abuse and heroin epidemic: Prescriber Training : First, to help ensure that health care professionals who prescribe opioids are properly trained in opioid prescribing and to establish the Federal Government as a model, the Presidential Memorandum requires Federal Departments and Agencies to provide training on the prescribing of these medications to Federal health care professionals who prescribe controlled substances as part of their Federal responsibilities. Improving Access to Treatment : Second, to improve access to treatment for prescription drug abuse and heroin use, the Presidential Memorandum directs Federal Departments and Agencies that directly provide, contract to provide, reimburse for, or otherwise facilitate access to health benefits, to conduct a review to identify barriers to medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorders and develop action plans to address these barriers. State, Local and Private Sector actions announced today include : More than 40 provider groups — including physicians, dentists, advanced practice registered nurses, physician assistants, physical therapists and educators -- committed to: Have more than , health care providers complete opioid prescriber training in the next two years; Double the number of physicians certified to prescribe buprenorphine for opioid use disorder treatment, from 30, to 60, over the next three years; Double the number of providers that prescribe naloxone--a drug that can reverse an opioid overdose; Double the number of health care providers registered with their State Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs in the next two years; and Reach more than 4 million health care providers with awareness messaging on opioid abuse, appropriate prescribing practices, and actions providers can take to be a part of the solution in the next two years. Rite Aid will train 6, pharmacists on naloxone use over the next 12 months, and expand their naloxone dispensing program to additional states. The National Association of Chain Drug Stores will continue to educate their chain member companies 40, pharmacies with , pharmacists about opioid overdose and naloxone. The National Community Pharmacists Association , representing 23, pharmacies with over 62, pharmacists, will be distributing inserts to community pharmacists that highlight safe drug disposal and naloxone. The American Pharmacists Association, with an outreach capability to more than , individuals, will educate pharmacists, student pharmacists, and stakeholders through a new Resource Center on opioid use, misuse, and abuse. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists will provide training and resources to 40, pharmacists, student pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy will enhance access to prescription drug monitoring program data to thousands more physicians and pharmacists in Arizona, Delaware, Kentucky, and North Dakota in The Fraternal Order of Police will provide their , members with an Opioid Overdose Resuscitation card to help identify and respond to overdoses. They will also educate thousands of their members through in-person and webinar overdose prevention trainings over the next year. The International Association of Chiefs of Police will host several educational sessions on the role of law enforcement in overdose prevention at its annual conference and will also hold an overdose prevention training webinar for its members. Communities Purchasing Alliance and Premier, Inc. The National Basketball Association and Major League Baseball will also run public service announcements across their respective media assets. The Partnership is also releasing an online toolkit to help local governments, law enforcement, and other community jurisdictions implement local drug disposal programs. Because prescription opioid misuse is a growing concern in high school and college athletics, The National Collegiate Athletic Association will educate more than 30, student-athletes about the dangers of prescription drug misuse, publish best practices to support student-athlete behavioral health, and sponsor the third Step UP! Bystander Intervention conference to equip educators to assist their students and student-athletes in intervening with peers on a host of behavioral concerns, including prescription drug misuse. The National Association of High School Coaches will launch a drug prevention awareness campaign that will be shared with , head high school coaches and approximately 60, high school administrators. The National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association will educate its membership of over 9, secondary school athletic administrators about substance use and its relationship to health and performance through its professional development program. The National PTA , which has more than four million members, will distribute prescription drug misuse awareness and educational materials to its members and promote them through its digital assets. Governors and local governments will be taking new actions to reduce opioid misuse and overdose throughout the next year. The National Association of Counties will mobilize more county leaders to implement smart strategies to reduce opioid misuse and overdose through their Safe and Secure Counties Initiative. The National Governors Association will launch a Developing Effective State Responses to the Heroin Epidemic project to help states identify and implement effective strategies for reducing heroin use and overdose. The United States Conference of Mayors, through its new Substance Abuse, Prevention, and Recovery Services Task Force, will identify effective prevention, intervention, treatment, recovery, and support services to promote to city mayors nationwide. The Harm Reduction Coalition will increase the number of naloxone doses provided through its network of partners from , in to , in and will work with 10 state prisons to provide training and naloxone kits to 4, pre-release inmates and their family members in They will also convene a national summit on how syringe services programs are integrating broader prevention, counseling, care and treatment initiatives in response to the opioid epidemic. The Elks National Drug Awareness Program will purchase and install at least prescription drug disposal boxes in communities where heroin use and prescription drug abuse are most prevalent by the end of The Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America will train 2, youth leaders across the country about the dangers of prescription drug abuse; train 12, youth and adult leaders on effective prescription drug abuse prevention strategies; and hold community forums to mobilize youth and adult leaders on this issue in The Dr. Oz Show will launch a campaign leading up to a National Night of Conversation event on November 19 to encourage parents to talk with their children about prescription pain medications, heroin, and other drugs. Oz will promote this prevention initiative to millions of Americans through his show, other media appearances, and his nationally syndicated newspaper column. The Blue Cross Blue Shield Association is launching a national opioid use awareness campaign to help communities find local solutions for prevention and treatment. The American Physical Therapy Association will reach more than 2. The National Association of Social Workers will expand training for its , members on treatment of substance use disorders including opioid misuse, and will train school social workers to partner with parent and school organizations on prevention efforts. The American Public Health Association will provide continuing education credit training on prescription drug overdose to more than 1, health providers and distribute prescription drug misuse awareness materials to over , public health professionals. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing , the Association of American Medical Colleges , and the Physician Assistant Education Association will share professional guidance and best practices to better educate the next generation of health care workers on opioid misuse and substance use disorders. WebMD and Medscape are committed to increasing awareness of opioid issues and informing and educating consumer and professional audiences. The report will be based on findings of a joint survey of consumers and health care professionals and explore issues ranging from prescribing practices and guidelines to the use and disposal of the drugs, as well as general levels of awareness around their misuse. Additional Federal actions announced today include : The Drug Enforcement Administration announced that it will continue its National Prescription Drug Take-Back Day program events in the spring and fall of As the President highlighted in a recent Weekly Address, Take-Back Day aims to provide a safe, convenient, and responsible means of disposing of unused prescription drugs, while educating the public about the dangers of misusing medications. The Department of Health and Human Services HHS will undertake a review of how pain management is evaluated by patient satisfaction surveys used by hospitals and other health care providers, including review of how the questions these surveys use to assess pain management may relate to pain management practices and opioid prescribing. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy is developing an education campaign for doctors, dentists and other health care professionals who prescribe opioid pain medications. Earlier this month, Dr. Murthy also announced that work has begun on the first-ever Surgeon General's Report on substance use, addiction and health scheduled for publication in Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services CMS will release an Information Bulletin to States by the end of the year on steps States can take through their Medicaid preferred drug lists PDLs and other utilization management mechanisms to reduce the risk of overdose. This includes a recommendation that they consider removing methadone from their PDLs for pain management. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has found that the use of methadone in pain treatment is associated with a disproportionately high number of overdose deaths compared to other opioid pain relievers. This fall, CMS is testing three new Medicare prescription drug plan measures designed to identify potential opioid overutilization, with the goal of proposing publicly reportable measures for Part D drug plans next year. These measures are based on the work of the Pharmacy Quality Alliance. The Department of Veterans Affairs will lead a research initiative to evaluate non-opioid alternative approaches to pain management. The Department of Defense DoD and VA are developing a standardized pain management curriculum for widespread use in education and training programs. The White House will host a Champions of Change event this spring to highlight individuals in communities across the country who are leading the fight to respond to prescription drug abuse and heroin use. DEA also finalized a new rule making it easier for communities to establish ongoing drug take-back programs. In , the Department of Veterans Affairs established an Opioid Safety Initiative to enhance safe and effective pain care for veterans. With support from the Department of Justice DOJ and other funders, 49 states have established Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs to help prescribers identify potential opioid misuse issues. In , HHS announced a targeted initiative to combat opioid related overdose, death, and dependence focused on increasing prescriber training, increasing the use of the overdose reversal drug naloxone, and expanding the use of medication-assisted treatment. The federal government is expanding access to prescription drug monitoring program data throughout federal agencies. The Indian Health Service has successfully piloted integrating this data into their electronic systems, and a pilot to integrate data into the workflow of physicians in the DoD health system is slated to launch in The toolkit has been downloaded more than 2, times in the last year. DOD is ensuring that opioid overdose reversal kits and training are available to every first responder on military bases or other areas under its control. The Office of National Drug Control Policy supports local Drug Free Communities coalitions to reduce youth substance use through evidence-based prevention. In recent years, hundreds of these coalitions have specifically focused on prescription drug misuse issues in their areas. Treatment Thanks to the Affordable Care Act, substance use disorder and mental health services are essential health benefits that are required to be covered by health plans in the Health Insurance Marketplace. New rules finalized by this Administration ensure that covered mental health and substance use disorder benefits are comparable to medical and surgical benefits. HHS Secretary Burwell announced that the Department will engage in rulemaking related to the prescribing of buprenorphine-containing products approved by the FDA for treatment of opioid dependence to expand access to medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorders. HHS will take a strategic approach in order to minimize diversion and ensure evidence-based treatment. The CDC has been working over the last year with clinical experts and other stakeholders to develop new, peer-reviewed guidelines on prescribing opioids for chronic pain outside end of life settings to help improve the way opioids are prescribed and ensure patients have access to safer, more effective chronic pain treatment, while reducing opioid misuse and overdose. Enforcement and Supply Reduction The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy's High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas program is funding an unprecedented network of public health and law enforcement partnerships to address the heroin threat across 15 states. DEA agents and investigators are integrating with other federal, state, and local law enforcement officers in 66 Tactical Diversion Squads stationed across 41 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. Share This: Twitter Facebook Email.

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