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First, the research presented here adds to the growing body of literature on the history of U. A close reading of how both Turkish and American officials approached narcotics trafficking at this stage in the Cold War affirms the degree to which law enforcement officials particularly in counter-narcotics efforts constrained their efforts for the sake of larger national security prerogatives. A long-standing, but often troubled, partnership binds the United States and the Republic of Turkey. Shared national security interests, first brought on by the onset of the Cold War, lies at the heart of this relationship. In addition to the building of permanent military bases and the supplying armament and equipment, Washington has dispatched a great host of advisors and trainers to Turkey since the fifties. Moreover, the presence of American trainers serves as a means of inculcating local and national officials with American values and methods, thereby further sustaining American interests in the long term. William O. Walker III has convincingly demonstrated, in the case of American policies in Asia, that geostrategic and security interests have long influenced American approaches toward a global ban on narcotics trafficking. Still, as such scholars as Paul Gootenberg, Luis Astorga, and Eduardo Saenz Rovner have noted in different studies in Latin America, American efforts over the course of the twentieth century have repeatedly been met by mixed results. Jonathan Marshal has shown that antinarcotics operations have provided a means to equip and support counter-insurgency efforts in various corners of the world. The conduct, experiences, and insights of American agents in Istanbul during the early stages of the Cold War provide a compelling case study of the multifaceted nature of U. Geopolitical and national security concerns framed FBN activities in Turkey, seeing the country as a crucial front in fighting the drug trade which could potentially weaken the United States and its Cold War allies and the growing transnational threat of organized crime. This mind-set, which entailed the propagation of American law enforcement methods and the promotion of clandestine intelligence operations, defined the movements and goals of FBN agents in Turkey between and There are painfully few studies of the history of Turkish drug trade. Politicians in Turkey, according to F. This article is less a study of the success or failure of Turkish antinarcotics operations as it is about the politics of narcotics and mechanics of counter-narcotics efforts in Turkey. Interactions between these two agencies were contentious from virtually their first meeting. American reports filed between and tell of repeated acts of incompetence, duplicity, and brutality on the part of Turkish officers. By their own admission, American agents were hopelessly dependent upon their Turkish counterparts for information or to make arrests. Both agencies, despite their mutual misgivings, used one another to conduct off-the-books intelligence operations. By the time the Turkish military seized power in Turkey in , it is clear that the FBN tolerated and DPS enabled the Istanbul heroin trade as much the two bodies sought to hinder it. The conclusion of the Second World War can rightly be called the beginning of a new era in the Republic of Turkey. By , the country was ripe for a change in the political winds. His path to power, as well as his precipitous fall from grace, is both illustrative of his times and critical to the specific history of Turkish—American antinarcotics cooperation. Although little is known about his parents, it is evident that Kemal benefited greatly from the fame and exploits of his uncle, Refik Koraltan, a hero of the Turkish War of Independence — and seminal member of the early republican government. Before , it is not clear what sort of duties fell under his purview. Old Ottoman anxieties toward religious and ethnic minorities persisted into the fifties. Turkish participation in the Korean War helped to heighten the potential threat of Soviet aggression. Illegal drug use by Turkish citizens appears to have held even less significance. Locals in Kilis and elsewhere resisted the constraining trade conditions since borders, as well as the customs and controls that accompanied their imposition, had only recently been established with the breakup of the Ottoman Empire. However, his actual contribution to these operations appears more ambivalent than his titles and authority would otherwise suggest. Despite the significant role played by American merchants and investors in the construction of the global opium trade during the nineteenth century, evangelical and progressive pressure from within the United States compelled Washington to be among the first signatory participants of International Opium Convention held in Shanghai in When the Department of Treasury ultimately established such an agency in , responsibility for managing the newly dubbed FBN fell to a one-time railroad investigator and diplomat named Harry J. As one of the main centers of opium production for much of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey greeted Western calls for prohibition on opiates with hostility. Through the twenties, Ankara resisted calls from the League of Nations to curtail or ban the production of opium, claiming that legal sales of morphine were a vital national resource. American involvement in Turkish opium issues intensified in the thirties. Public lobbying efforts by such crusaders as Congressman Fiorello LaGuardia, who personally identified Turkish opium as a source of addiction in New York City, provided some impetus for this engagement. As the threat of the Axis powers eclipsed all other national priorities, Anslinger furnished the first international American intelligence agency, the Office of Strategic Services or OSS , with young agents to train in clandestine operations. Harry J. Anslinger himself possessed a background in espionage, which he acquired during the immediate aftermath of the First World War. Treasury and State Department officials stationed abroad to gather intelligence on drug shipments and other narcotics activities. With the conclusion of the Second World War, the FBN returned to the struggle against narcotics with greater clout and resources. The establishment of these foreign bases of operation came in recognition of the emerging flow of heroin out of the eastern Mediterranean and of Turkey as the vital source of raw opium production. Anslinger personally equated the use of illicit drugs with personal susceptibility to communist propaganda. Congress agreed with this appraisal. If Washington succeeded specifically in compelling the Republic of Turkey to halt narcotics production and transshipment with its borders, the threat of mass addiction and, accordingly, Communist infiltration would greatly diminish within the United States, Turkey, and other regional allies such as Iran. In June , White arrived in Istanbul as a part of an informal operation to gather information on narcotics trafficking in the region. His presence in Turkey was leaked to the press after he took part in a local police sting on a downtown Istanbul home. Charles Siragusa, like White, was also a self-fancied celebrity crime fighter. Though hesitant to admit it, Siragusa went so far as to confess to Anslinger that his Turkish counterpart perhaps had set him up before he even arrived to the city. Reports of an impending secret American antinarcotics mission to Istanbul were circulating in local papers on the very day Siragusa landed. İhsan Sekban possessed the best lawyers in the city and had friends in high places. Siragusa knew next to nothing about organized crime in Turkey upon his arrival to the city. His first impressions of the major traffickers in Istanbul and the trade routes used to funnel opium, morphine, and heroin out of the country came as a result of a local CIA briefing. Among his chief strategies was to raise both public and congressional awareness of the perils posed by the twin dangers of the drug trade and the growing influence of the organized crime. He would argue that both threats, like Communism, were hazards of international proportions. Before the Second World War, the sale and transshipment of Turkish opiates was a trade few natives of Istanbul plied. Outside of a slew of international shippers and wholesalers who included Europeans, Americans, and Japanese , there were only a handful of local merchants and businessmen involved in drug trafficking. According to the FBN, ethnic and regional ties typified the construction of the postwar trafficking milieu. Success in the drug trade allowed several wealthy traffickers to diversify their economic interests. Informants claimed that İhsan Sekban dealt in real estate and guns. Despite the company he may have kept as a result of his more nefarious interests, Kalkavan was a graduate of Oxford University and an acquaintance of Ian Fleming, famed writer of the James Bond series. Although Sekban was convicted for heroin trafficking after his July arrest, he was later released on appeal. The experiences Siragusa and other FBN agents accrued as investigators in the United States clearly conditioned the ways in which the narcotics underworld in Istanbul was perceived. FBN operations in Turkey occurred precisely at a time when the U. Henry J. Anslinger, Charles Siragusa, and other key figures within the FBN were among the leading American officials to promote this revised notion of organized crime. Networks of traffickers, for example, were described as bounded and discrete syndicates with defined chieftains and members as opposed to looser networks of traders and suppliers. FBN intelligence reports at times contradict the perceived ethnic exclusivity of the gangs they pursued. Until the sixties, it appears that several prominent heroin-dealing networks were composed of members drawn from a variety of native and foreign ethnic and religious groups. To this point, it appears that the FBN witnessed a dramatic transition in the character of the underworld during the fifties. According to one agent in the field, local police officials were supporting the ascendency of Muslim traffickers in Istanbul as a way of doing away with the older Christian and Jewish networks. Agents recognized that their insights into the gangs of Istanbul were tempered and guided by the information they received from both DPS officers and local informants. Moreover, Siragusa and others gradually came to understand that their interlocutors often contrived and created the realities presented to FBN agents. None of the American officers stationed in Turkey had any fluency in Turkish. Although translators may have been present for some meetings, most conversations and briefings between the two sides seem to have been conducted in a variety of languages often Italian or French, two languages some FBN agents spoke with various degrees of fluency. Under the direction of an American civilian advisor, the organization, labor codes and equipment of the DPS was upgraded and regularized. Turkey, American planners reasoned, was safer from a Communist takeover with a more democratic political system, a more robust economy and a stronger military. The main target in the case, a pimp and heroin dealer named Vasil Arcan, was specifically suggested to White by the head of the Istanbul narcotics bureau. It was later discovered, after he was released from police custody, that Arcan was a regular police informant. Suspects were habitually beaten while in Istanbul police custody, a fact that often led sympathetic juries to acquit suspects caught red-handed. To counteract the double dealing and incompetence perceived among the Istanbul police, Siragusa and other agents in the FBN relied upon their own initiative to make cases and gather information. In lieu of direct support from law enforcement, paid informants, often active drug traffickers, provided the only medium with which American agents could gain any independent insight into the Istanbul underworld. Soysal was a member of a large extended family of heroin traffickers based in Istanbul. Repeated pledges to provide more intelligence on drug trafficking to American agents arriving to Istanbul were rarely fulfilled. After five years in country, no one from FBN had put together a case against a major Istanbul trafficker. Police in several rural towns, like Kilis, Iskanderun, and Gaziantep, were either powerless to stop the trade or in the pocket of local traffickers. When an officer friendlier to U. Rather than target the main kingpins of the trade, greater investigative resources were devoted to apprehending traffickers transporting and selling raw opium in the countryside. For one thing, the fact that most top traffickers in Turkey comprised an exclusively set of ethnic Laz migrants prevented outsiders, be they Americans or most Turks, from infiltrating major heroin operations. Problems also beset American attempts to make low-level arrests. Turkish officers in the DPS narcotics bureau made it clear to Knight that their paid informants only ratted out small time competitors while still maintaining a heavy hand in the drug trade. Turkish officers, it appeared to Knight, were too dilatant to take initiative in handling informants or cases on their own. Until the establishment of a permanent FBN office in , the myriad of American narcotics agents rotating in and out of Istanbul operated out of the U. Among the officers to arrive in the late fifties was a seasoned agent named Salvatore Vizzini. In fact, the CIA is rarely mentioned within any of the reports submitted from Turkey. In surveying the history of the FBN, it is generally clear that narcotic agents were useful in providing a veneer of legitimacy for gathering intelligence both abroad, and, more controversially, at home. Furthermore, there is evidence that suggests the CIA coveted the gangsters and smugglers used by the FBN as informants in order to conduct more dubious operations. In , William K. As the CIA and FBN grew albeit unequally in size and scope during the postwar years, the two continued to share tasks rooted in upholding American national security interests. The trade and production of narcotics, as it would turn out, was an element found in a variety of strategically important battlegrounds of the Cold War. The existence and use of private or unofficial intelligence and paramilitary units is a historical phenomenon dating back to the late Ottoman era. Several studies have detailed the degree to which members of the last Ottoman government established networks of spies and assassins in order to promote both government and private interests. The significance of this blending of tasks and interests on the part of American and Turkish narcotics officers and spies exceeds the operational value such alliances may offer. One could reasonably speculate that the utility of employing narcotics officers in an intelligence or clandestine capacity at the very least made up for the failures of antidrug regimes. With tanks and soldiers in the streets of cities and towns throughout the country, a collective of military officers seized power that morning. Scores, perhaps hundreds, of bureaucrats and state officials were rounded up. He confessed that he had committed many crimes. As early as June , U. As American operations in Turkey entered the sixties, only a scant amount of debate took place when agents proposed creating a permanent FBN office in Istanbul. In response to that prospect, Harry Anslinger replied that such a plan would waste the time of personnel needed for undercover work elsewhere. The passage of the sixties saw little change to American drug enforcement methods in Turkey. While establishing operations in Turkey, Charles Siragusa discovered similar patterns of collaboration between politicians, policemen, and drug traffickers in Marseilles and Beirut. Despite earlier struggles, Washington continued to pressure Ankara to maintain ever-tighter controls on opium production and drug trafficking. Early Turkish resistance to such a demand eventually subsided. From virtually the outset of the ban, nationalist activists and opium farmers opposed to the measure were in agreement that the new policy was the result of direct U. Forging closer ties between Turkish and American counter-narcotics agencies remained an important goal for Washington into the seventies as Turkish traffickers increasingly shifted their attention away from Anatolian opium and became more involved in wholesaling Afghani and Pakistani heroin more directly in Europe. However, obstacles witnessed by FBN agents in the fifties continued to hamper cooperation between American and Turkish officials. DEA officers assigned to Turkey, for example, were largely prohibited from touring eastern Anatolia where it was surmised that trafficking syndicates were establishing large laboratories for processing raw opium into heroin. Available evidence suggests instead that relations between various elements of the Turkish state and organized crime grew more intimate. American, French, and Turkish investigations during the early seventies exposed at least two members of Turkish Grand National Assembly as active traffickers. A series of scandals since the seventies has shed light on the overlying relationship between American and Turkish intelligence and clandestine operations and the drug trade in Turkey. Trends seen in the fifties also point to the enduring influence of the drug trade and drug traffickers upon the making of modern Turkish politics and governance. In other words, drug kingpins like İhsan Sekban were active participants in the making of Turkish politics. Moreover, like the United States, heightened attention toward narcotics trafficking offered new venue through which intelligence gathering and clandestine operations could be conducted. Since the sixties, it seems clear that Turkish national security interests have made allies out of elements of organized crime and the Turkish state. Walker exhaustive study of British and American policy toward opium in Asia demonstrates that national security concerns both drove and restrained the activities of antinarcotics officers and crusaders. See William O. For discussion of the debate and the challenges of criminalization during the immediate aftermath of the Harrison Act of , see John C. There is comparatively little on the social history of Turkey during the course of the Cold War. The reports are seemingly drawn entirely from local newspapers. Most arrests, it appears, occur along the waterfront or in bars or cafes. Anslinger to Stuart J. Fuller, December 28, , N Arnold H. See John C. Douglas Clark Kinder and William O. See U. Frank Sojat to H. Charles Siragusa to H. In part the rise in local involvement in narcotics trafficking came as a result of urban migration trends during the postwar period. It should be noted that Ian Fleming, during the time he became acquainted with Kalkavan in Istanbul, was a member of MI6. Frank Sojat to Mr. It was also rumored that İhsan Sekban was actually of Armenian descent and had converted to Islam. See Frank Sojat to Mr. See amendment to Frank Sojat to Mr. Kemal Karpat Leiden, , 56— Fredrick Merrill to H. Frank Sojat to Frank Sojat to H. See Sal Vizzini et al. Vizzini et al. Most studies of Turkish clandestine operations are rather vague as to the organizational structure and personnel that comprised the three successive spying agencies that have existed in Turkey since Moreover, it is clear that the Turkish military has long maintained its own network of spies and special operatives since at least the beginning of the Cold War. In surveying U. See Walker, Opium and Foreign Policy , John Cusack to H. The phrase appears as commentary posed by Anslinger along the margins of the reports. Among the many files that detail governmental complicity in drug trafficking in Beirut during the early fifties, see Charles Siragusa to H. Robert Davis to William J. From A. Goodson to R. For more discussion on party politics and violence in Turkey in the years preceeding the coup, see Bozarslan, Violence in the Middle East , 66— The most famous case of a Turkish MP involved in narcotics trafficking occurred with the arrest of Kudret Bayhan, who was apprehended in March in France with kilos of morphine in his car. There Kurds on both sides of the borders were suspecting of both processing, as well as transporting, morphine and heroin derived from Afghan, Iranian and Pakistani opium. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign in through your institution. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Journal Article. Ryan Gingeras Ryan Gingeras. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Meyer and Parssinen, Web of Smoke , — See Anslinger, The Murderers , 3. Valentine, Strength of the Wolf , xvi. Ibid, Walker, Opium and Foreign Policy , Valentine, Strength of the Wolf , — Newsday, The Heroin Trail , Issue Section:. Download all slides. Supplementary data. AddSuppFiles-1 - html file. Views 4, More metrics information. Total Views 4, Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. New issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Citing articles via Web of Science 5. More from Oxford Academic. Arts and Humanities. Diplomatic History. Regional and National History. United States History. Authoring Open access Purchasing Institutional account management Rights and permissions. Get help with access Accessibility Contact us Advertising Media enquiries.

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Does being a pharmacist mean the same everywhere? How do we differ then? Certainly, though, there are some differences in the functioning of pharmacies around the world. Let's see for ourselves Today we invite you to Turkey! Ebrar Turan was born in the Netherlands. Hello Ebrar and thank you for agreeing to be interviewed. First, could you please let us know what do pharmaceutical studies look like in Turkey? I graduated from Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy. It was the first Faculty of Pharmacy to open in the country, and our studies were much more difficult compared to other universities. Pharmacy education in Turkey approximately takes 5 years. Internship starts at the 2nd year of university. Internships can be done in pharmacies, hospitals, and pharmaceutical companies. In the 5th year, a one-semester internship is compulsory, and it is an unpaid one. I had a hard time during university years, and I cried a lot. However, those hard times made me gain a lot of knowledge on various subjects, including extraordinary situations. Becoming familiar with different cases is vital when it comes to health industry. Studying was also a difficult time for me… Are there many people who want to be a pharmacist in Turkey? Do men also choose this field of study? In Poland, pharmacists are mainly women. There are many people who want to become a pharmacist in Turkey and there are a lot of pharmacy faculties. Currently, as far as I know, there are 60 pharmacy faculties in Turkey, and I think this is more than there should be. The quality of faculties varies and there are different levels of difficulty in terms of studying. It is very difficult to become a pharmacist by graduating from a very good university. It needs a lot of work. Very few errors are allowed if a student is to achieve good grades. Pharmaceutics is studied by both women and men, but there are more women. Sixty faculties of pharmacy is a lot! So, you probably have no shortage of pharmacists. Are there a lot of pharmacies in Turkey, for example, looking at a single street? There are many pharmacies in Turkey and there is no shortage of pharmacists laughter. Although the number of pharmacies varies from region to region, there are 6 pharmacies in total in my street. In some places it may be even more. In Poland, every year there are fewer and fewer students, and graduates do not want to work in pharmacies, as most people prefer to work for pharmaceutical companies. What is it like in your country? Pharmacists are employed in many fields in Turkey, but they prefer to work in pharmacies. There are a lot of options such as hospitals, pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, pharmaceutical warehouses, cosmetic companies, clinical research laboratories and forensic medicine centers. It is compulsory to work with a pharmacist for a year after graduation in Turkey. If you do not complete the whole year, you cannot open a pharmacy, because you cannot buy a pharmacy transfer. And now it is difficult to open a pharmacy in Istanbul because there are so many pharmacies already and there are a lot of people on the waiting list for opening one. You put your name on the list and wait in a line, but it may take years before it's your turn. I'm curious if you learn preparing drugs during the pharmaceutical studies and if you have compounding pharmacies in Turkey? Yes, we learn how to prepare medicines ourselves while studying at pharmacy faculties in Turkey. Our teachers write out prescriptions, and we prepare the medicines. Currently, some pharmacists prepare magistral medicines in pharmacies. Among other methods, we have oil treatments. This is very interesting! Tell me, do you prepare magistral drugs from pharmacopeial monographs or from pharmacy formularies? For example, there are people with scabies, and the problem becomes much more common during this winter period, so it happens a lot that we prepare scabies medicine without a prescription. We just prepare a mixture for patients with eczema. How many drugs do you prepare per week in your pharmacy? Do you need a separate room to prepare medicines? Sometimes we prepare drugs once or twice a week. Every pharmacy should have a laboratory. It doesn't matter if it's big or small, though of course, sometimes the size can be important. Inspections are carried out every 6 months in Turkey and not only the materials used, but also labels and precision scales are inspected. I am also interested in the treatment with essential oils — it is not yet popular in Polish medicine. Do you study essential oils and their healing properties at university? We used to have classes on oils at university. As a student, I prepared many kinds of oil mixtures, which were used as remedies for cough, bad breath, eczema, fungal infections and psoriasis. Especially now, there is the niaouli treatment, which is mostly preferred by women. It is highly popular in treating fungal infections, vaginal infections and urinary tract infections. We highly recommend it. The patient sprinkles a drop of the oil on her underwear every day. Another example is the use of lavender oil which repels mosquitoes, lice, ticks, and other insects. Horse chestnut oil is very effective for pain relief. One of our patients has been sold 10 boxes of the oil for this purpose. Plant medicine is my favourite Is plant medicine popular in pharmacies in Turkey? We have a lot of vitamins and herbal supplements in Turkey. There are many companies and many products, and plants are widely used in production process. In Turkey, antibiotics are not sold without a prescription. Additionally, green prescription and red prescription drugs are not sold without a prescription. Apart from that, you can buy any medicine you want over the counter. Green prescription drugs contain psychotropic substances biperiden, alprazolam, lorazepam, tramadol, midazolam, diazepam. Red prescription drugs contain narcotic substances. They are given to people with severe psychological disorders, advanced forms of cancer and some advanced forms of other serious diseases. Red prescription drugs contain fentanyl, pethidine, methylphenidate, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone, remifentanil, and alfentanil. Who works in pharmacies in Turkey? Do other people such as pharmacists and pharmacy assistants also sell drugs? The pharmacist has to employ staff according to the size of the pharmacy. Pharmacists, pharmacy assistants and other staff are recruited for training. We receive continuous training from companies, so everyone is well-informed and capable of passing on information to patients. And, of course, all of the above staff can sell medicines at the pharmacy. Can you vaccinate or perform other services in pharmacies, such as measuring blood pressure or glucose level? In Poland, we have obtained the right to vaccinate during the covid pandemic, but we are still trying to develop more healthcare services for patients. Vaccination and glucose measurement are prohibited in pharmacies, but we can measure blood pressure. A few years ago, blood glucose monitoring and vaccines were allowed. As for other healthcare services, we have dietitians who weigh patients and compile lists of dietary requirements for them. How does medical care in Turkey work in general — are there any shortages of, for example, doctors? Do patients have to wait a long time to see a doctor? There is currently a shortage of doctors in Turkey because most doctors emigrate. Currently, working conditions are not good enough for an individual to live a healthy and peaceful life, which means that working conditions of doctors are bad. There are state hospitals and private hospitals in Turkey. Under normal circumstances, people cannot afford to go to private hospitals very often because they are very expensive. Patients must go to the state hospitals, but they cannot get an appointment for a long time because of the shortage of doctors. We work 6 days a week, only Sunday is a day off. We work from am to pm for 6 days out of 7, which is exhausting for us. When you want to work in a hospital, your name is entered on a different waiting list and if you are lucky, you can get a job as a pharmacist in the hospital. Pharmacists who work in the hospital receive a good salary compared to average salaries in Turkey. They earn at least Unfortunately, the salaries of assistant pharmacists are low, with an average of An average pharmacist earns at least Do you have a lunch break at work like they do in some countries? In Poland we work without a break. Some pharmacies operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Do you have night pharmacies? We have a night shift system in Turkey. Pharmacies that wish to join the chain can do so, but for those who don't want to it is not mandatory to participate. Normally, pharmacies close at 7 pm, and night shift pharmacies start operating after 7 pm. They stay open until morning. There are pharmacies on the night shift in every district. For example, if it's your turn to be on the night shift today, you open the pharmacy at am and close it at pm the next day. You are on a shift for more than 24 hours, and that lasts for about 2 days. If you want to check which pharmacies are on the night shift, you can find the list on the internet. The pharmacies also print the list on paper and display it in their windows. So even if a pharmacy is closed, you can still look up the ones that are on a nightshift that day. Are there drugs in Turkey that the patient gets free of charge if they have a prescription? There are systemic solutions regarding drug prices in Turkey. When you have medical insurance, the state covers the cost of some of your medications, but this varies from one drug to another. Sometimes the patient makes no payment at all, and sometimes there is a huge price difference between an insured and uninsured patient. For example, someone with a heart disease needs to take heart medicines and goes to a cardiologist for a prescription. The cardiologist writes out a report on having prescribed some specific drugs. As it is difficult to get an appointment with a cardiologist or another specialist, when the patient's medicines run out, they can obtain a new prescription by making an appointment with a family doctor to whom they submit the report from the cardiologist. We have family doctors in Turkey. You register with the family doctor in your area and when you have a health problem, you can easily make an appointment with them. Apart from medicines, can any other everyday household products be bought in Turkish pharmacies? Pharmacies sell everything. There are branded products such as special detox teas, dermal cosmetic products, as well as products of such brands as La Roche Posay and Vichy. There are also baby products, diapers, special oils, blood pressure monitors, thermometers, personal care products, and of course food supplements and vitamins. Are you happy that you chose the profession of a pharmacist and work in a pharmacy? The best thing about being a pharmacist is that I am changing the lives of many people. I pass on the information I have learned as a result of my research and impact the life of each patient. There are people who thank me a lot and I am happy about it. It is nice to receive beneficial information about your health. The work is hard, but when you hear good news from the patients, it's totally worth it. That's why I respect every healthcare worker so much. Thank you, Ebrar, for this conversation, which has given us an insight into how pharmacies function in Turkey. We hope that your work will always bring you satisfaction. Tekst: mgr farm. Joanna Bilek Does being a pharmacist mean the same everywhere? All our teachers were titular professors, and they were very knowledgeable. Who can become the owner of a pharmacy in Turkey? I heard that in Turkey patients can buy most drugs without a prescription. What drugs are included in the green and red prescriptions? How much do pharmacists earn in Turkey? Poprzedni wpis. Kolejny wpis. Why Not? Stress — the symptoms and ways of dealing with it. Motion sickness. Bites and stings. An apple a day keeps the doctor away….

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