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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Key findings and threat assessment. Global context. Trafficking and supply. Criminal networks. Prices, purities and offences. Retail markets. Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Heroin is obtained from morphine, an alkaloid that occurs naturally in opium. The process by which morphine and heroin are produced from opium harvested from poppies comprises six main steps see Figure Overview of heroin production :. Morphine, and therefore heroin, may also be produced by a synthetic route without the use of opium. Although these approaches have garnered much academic interest over the years, they are unlikely to be used for illicit heroin production, given the comparatively low yields and the large number of steps required Zerell, This was the sixth consecutive year in which production in the country exceeded 6 tonnes UNODC, , a. These figures represent opium cultivation in Afghanistan in the first cultivation season following the Taliban takeover in August 1 and the announced ban shortly before the opium harvest began on poppy cultivation and other drugs in April see Section Key developments in the opiate trade in Afghanistan. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. The European heroin market is closely bound to the fate of the Afghan opium market as it is almost exclusively supplied with heroin from Afghanistan, via Turkish, Iranian and Pakistani organised crime networks see Section Criminal networks operating in the heroin market. With widespread socioeconomic insecurity, it has become apparent that the production of opiates, a major illicit economic activity in Afghanistan, could be subject to significant change. In April , the Taliban announced a ban on opium poppy cultivation, raising the question of the implications this will have for Europe. Data for shows that the prices of opium have continued to rise to an average of USD per kilogram, nearly five times greater than the average price two years prior to the Taliban takeover UNODC, c. The reduction in the area under opium cultivation includes an estimated reduction of cultivation in Helmand, the main poppy cultivating province in Afghanistan, from more than hectares in to less than 1 hectares in Mansfield, The significant drop in , if sustained beyond , would have major implications for the European drug market, highlighting the importance of intensifying monitoring of opium cultivation in Afghanistan see Box Challenges and opportunities in estimating opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. The long-term impact of the ban on opium cultivation is difficult to predict for a number of reasons. Importantly, the Taliban is deeply fragmented, likened to a loose conglomerate of members chasing frequently conflicting agendas and positions for power Sharifi, As such, it is unclear whether and how they will continue to enforce the ban, particularly in the context of frozen international aid programmes and the economic hardship faced by farmers in the country, which may make sustaining the ban politically difficult domestically. How the European heroin market will be affected by the new political situation in Afghanistan is uncertain. The existence of stocks held by individuals along the opiate production chain in Afghanistan and the trafficking chain to Europe, and that it takes at least 12 months before the opium harvest appears on the European retail market as heroin, makes it too early to predict the impact on drug availability in Europe. At the moment there are no signals of heroin shortages on the European market. If opiate production continues at the present low level, the market may take time to adapt and alternative supply sources may not be immediately accessible. It should be noted, however, that criminal networks are highly flexible. Experience with previous periods of reduced supply suggests that this can lead to changes in patterns of drug trafficking and use. For instance, there are historical examples of shortages in heroin supply to the European market where the use of fentanyl increased to fill the gap Caulkins et al. In this context, the potential consequences of sustained disruption of the supply of heroin to Europe would be increased rates of polysubstance use among heroin users or an increase in the European market for synthetic opioids, including fentanyl and its derivatives, new synthetic opioids and prescription opioid medicines. While it is possible to estimate the global production of heroin, a number of limitations and data gaps mean that it is difficult to provide accurate estimates. It is also difficult to determine the exact locations where the drug is produced. Opium production can be more accurately quantified and located because poppies are grown in specific geographic regions and can be identified through satellite imagery coupled with knowledge of average opium yield per hectare. The average opium yield can, in turn, be used to estimate potential heroin production. While the estimates show the potential amount of heroin that could have been manufactured from the opium produced each year, a number of factors and information gaps may have a significant impact on these estimates. Historically, Afghanistan is the country that has reported the largest numbers of dismantled heroin production facilities, indicating that large quantities of opium are processed into heroin in the country UNODC, a. It should be noted that Afghanistan ceased reporting on the dismantling of heroin production facilities in , when 41 facilities were seized. Following a period of declining morphine seizures starting in , Afghanistan seized 47 tonnes in , the largest quantity in the world, and seizures increased further to 63 tonnes in Large opium consumer markets exist in Iran and to some extent in Pakistan. However, the very large seizures of opium and morphine in these countries indicate that some of these products may be further processed into heroin there or further along the trafficking chain see Box Seizures of opium, morphine and heroin in Iran and Pakistan. Notably, in , Europol reported that both processing and production of heroin take place in Pakistan and Iran, in addition to Afghanistan Europol, a. However, the scale of production in these countries remains unknown, and neither country has reported dismantling heroin production facilities. Acetic anhydride is the main drug precursor used in the processing of morphine into heroin and is subject to international control in accordance with the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Acetic anhydride is, however, also used in a broad range of legitimate industries, and these have grown considerably since the precursor was placed under international control. This includes use for both industrial purposes and consumer goods such as plastics, dyes and medicines. Coupled with the fact that relatively small amounts of acetic anhydride are required for illicit heroin production, these issues make preventing its diversion for illicit heroin production a challenging task. Globally, almost 1. To put these global figures into context, according to UNODC estimates, the opium harvested in in Afghanistan would potentially require between and litres of acetic anhydride for conversion into between and tonnes of heroin. This represents roughly 0. Seizures of acetic anhydride reported to the International Narcotics Control Board INCB have been declining substantially since , a trend that continued in According to the INCB, possible reasons for this significant decrease might include a decline in the number of diversion attempts and in the subsequent trafficking of the substance, compared with the peak period of to ; the emergence of trafficking in acetyl chloride, a potential substitute for acetic anhydride that is not yet under international control see Box Acetyl chloride seizures ; and a shift to alternative trafficking routes INCB, a, Global seizures of acetic anhydride between and averaged litres per year or approximately tonnes whereas the amount seized globally in the years to averaged litres per year, or approximately tonnes. In , 58 litres or approximately 62 tonnes was seized worldwide. At European level, this was a slight increase from the previous year, when 5 litres was seized, but a significant drop from , when five European countries reported a total of over 20 litres seized, in addition to 7 litres from stopped shipments in three countries see Figures Acetic anhydride: quantity seized and quantity in stopped shipments, EU, and Acetic anhydride: number of seizures and number of stopped shipments, EU, In the Netherlands, the 5 litres seized across two incidents in represented a sixfold increase from the litres seized in In one of these cases, 2 litres of acetic anhydride was seized in a warehouse together with litres of glacial acetic acid, 60 kilograms of sodium carbonate and a large quantity of heroin. The circumstances of this case pointed to the illicit manufacture of heroin in the country. Overall in , 10 sites believed to be associated with illicit heroin manufacture were identified and dismantled in the Netherlands. In recent years, illicit heroin laboratories have also been identified in other EU Member States see Section Opiate production in Europe: a relativtely rare occurence. Source: EU drug precursors database. Information available to Europol suggests that criminal networks active in the Netherlands orchestrate the acquisition and smuggling of acetic anhydride from the EU to heroin producing countries. Criminal networks take advantage of the lack of strict controls on consignments leaving the EU to smuggle acetic anhydride. In addition, limited resources and capabilities to thoroughly check cargo in transit and receiving countries may encourage criminals to smuggle the precursor along particular routes. Despite the continued cultivation of opium poppies in Afghanistan, seizures of acetic anhydride in the country have significantly declined since their peak in , when 37 litres was seized. However, these decreasing amounts do not reflect a diminished need for the precursor in the illicit manufacture of heroin. This is further corroborated by seizures of large amounts of acetic anhydride elsewhere, including in Europe and West Asia, believed to be destined for Afghanistan. Seizures of acetic anhydride have also continued to be made in countries neighbouring Afghanistan, such as Iran and Pakistan, and in the UAE. In , Iran reported seizing a shipment of 13 litres of acetic anhydride, misdeclared as paint, in the seaport of Bandar Abbas. In , Pakistan reported three seizures of acetic anhydride amounting to 5 litres. The largest of these took place in the port of Karachi and involved 2 litres, allegedly originating from China INCB, b. Production of heroin is uncommon in Europe, although the final step of the production process — the acetylation of morphine into heroin — has been reported in Germany, the Netherlands and France. Most of the facilities associated with illicit heroin production reported in the EU between and were sites for processing, i. At cutting and packaging facilities, heroin is adulterated to increase the volume of the drug and packaged for onward distribution. For example, Dutch criminal groups appear to specialise in the preparation of heroin cutting mixtures for these types of facilities typically using caffeine and paracetamol see Section Heroin adulteration and Box Dutch criminal networks specialise in heroin cutting mixtures. Importantly, a facility associated with heroin production may be involved in several of these activities simultaneously see Table Facilities associated with heroin production in Europe. At least 15 sites associated with illicit heroin production were dismantled in the EU between and Ten of those sites were dismantled in the Netherlands in , clustered around Alkmaar, The Hague and Rotterdam, with confirmed heroin production at three of the sites. Preliminary data related to two laboratories dismantled in The Hague region indicate that heroin production or processing continued in the Netherlands in Politie, While there is limited information about the heroin production facilities identified in the EU, including their production capacities and the source of the morphine used in the process, the evidence indicates that heroin production in the EU persists, albeit at a low level, and is made possible by the ease with which acetic anhydride can be diverted from legitimate suppliers in Europe. Heroin production or processing has also been noted in countries bordering the EU. In , Kosovo 2 reported dismantling two facilities set up for the processing and packaging of heroin. Seizures of morphine, possibly intended for processing into heroin, have also been noted in several EU countries. In , Spain reported the seizure of 3. In addition, seizures of opium have been noted in several EU countries. In , Bulgaria reported seizing 27 kilograms of opium, while Spain and Sweden reported seizing The opium available in Europe could be used for heroin production or by individual consumers where demand exists. In addition to the production of heroin from imported morphine or opium, since Czechia has reported dismantling three small-scale heroin production facilities that were using poppy straw or morphine extracted from medicines. The illicit production of all plant-based and synthetic drugs entails a range of environmental harms. With regard to heroin, most of the environmental impacts and harms relate to the cultivation of opium poppies that takes place outside the EU. Field preparation requires agricultural inputs, including pesticides and irrigation, leading to energy and land use, to water, soil and air pollution, and to emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds UNODC, a. The dumping of waste materials from production threatens fragile ecosystems, and the extensive cultivation of these crops leads to a range of environmental harms, including soil erosion. Specifically, in Afghanistan, the use of pesticides and of solar- or fuel-powered irrigation methods has led to soil depletion and reduced groundwater levels Mansfield, In the EU, the identification of laboratories associated with heroin production, albeit in small numbers, indicates more direct damage pathways in terms of the dumping of toxic waste. From to , at least 15 sites associated with the production of heroin were identified and dismantled see Section Opiate production in Europe: a relatively rare occurrence. While the number of reported dumping sites related to heroin production is low compared to the number of dumping sites related to synthetic drug production, the use of precursors, water and electricity may cause direct harms to the environment in the EU. The market for synthetic opioids has been growing in Europe, and it appears that most illegally produced synthetic opioids distributed in the EU originate from non-EU countries. Depending on the destination country and the mode of distribution, the three main source countries for synthetic opioids available on the European drug market are believed to be China, India and, to a lesser extent, Russia. Some production of synthetic opioids, including new synthetic opioids, may occasionally occur in the EU, although currently this would appear to be marginal compared with the manufacturing of other illicit drugs. Laboratories carrying out the full production cycle of synthetic opioids are rarely found, and there does not appear to be any widespread or sustained illicit production of these substances. However, because these substances are very potent often orders of magnitude greater than morphine , even a small illicit laboratory could produce sufficient material to satisfy national or even EU demand. France and Estonia each reported dismantling a small-scale laboratory for the production of fentanyl in and , respectively UNODC, c. In May , the Latvian police seized a large quantity of fentanyl approximately 5 kilograms together with fentanyl precursors, which suggests that fentanyl production might have taken place in the country Valsts policija, Overall, with a few possible exceptions in the Baltic countries and in countries bordering the EU, there is no strong evidence of significant fentanyl production currently occurring elsewhere in the EU. Nonetheless, this situation may change rapidly should market conditions become favourable in the future see Box Factors that could increase the threat of synthetic opioid production in Europe. While no fentanyl production sites have been identified in the Netherlands, seizures of fentanyl have been reported there Openbaar Ministerie, , a. Furthermore, in , the National Police of the Netherlands reported the seizure of chemicals used in the production of fentanyl, along with the final product, indicating that fentanyl production may take place in the country see Box Signals of possible fentanyl production in the Netherlands. Cutting and packaging facilities for synthetic opioids are more commonly detected in the EU than laboratories producing these substances. However, reporting rarely differentiates between the two. In , Latvia reported detecting and dismantling one small-scale site for the manufacture or packaging of the benzimidazole isotonitazene UNODC, c. The illicit production of methadone is also known to take place in the northeast of Europe. For example, a small-scale illicit laboratory producing methadone using precursors diverted from the legal market was dismantled in Latvia in Ukraine reported dismantling three medium-scale methadone production laboratories in and two medium- and one small-scale laboratories in UNODC, c. This estimate considers only the main season, as the second harvest is marginal in comparison, based on the evidence available UNODC, b. Consult the list of references used in this module. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Introduction Introduction Key findings and threat assessment Key findings and threat assessment Global context Global context Production Production Trafficking and supply Trafficking and supply Criminal networks Criminal networks Prices, purities and offences Prices, purities and offences Retail markets Retail markets Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids — main page. On this page.

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While recreational use , possession and trade of non-medicinal drugs described by the Opium Law are all technically illegal under Dutch law , official policy since the late 20th century has been to openly tolerate all recreational use while tolerating possession and trade under certain circumstances. This pragmatic approach was motivated by the idea that a drug-free Dutch society is unrealistic and unattainable, and efforts would be better spent trying to minimize harm caused by recreational drug use. Soft drugs include hash , marijuana , sleeping pills and sedatives , while hard drugs include heroin , cocaine , amphetamine , LSD and ecstasy. Policy has been to largely tolerate the sale of soft drugs while strongly suppressing the sale, circulation and use of hard drugs, effectively separating it into two markets. Establishments that have been permitted to sell soft drugs under certain circumstances are called coffee shops. Prosecution for possession, trade and in some rare cases use are typically handled by the municipal government except where large-scale criminal activity is suspected. Notably absent from toleration of drugs is its production, particularly the cultivation of cannabis. This has led to a seemingly paradoxical system where coffee shops are allowed to buy and sell soft drugs but where production is nearly always punished. It was first challenged in court in when a judge found two people guilty of producing cannabis in large quantities but refused to punish them. While the legalization of cannabis remains controversial, the introduction of heroin-assisted treatment in has been lauded for considerably improving the health and social situation of opiate-dependent patients in the Netherlands. Large-scale dealing, production, import and export are prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law, even if it does not supply end users or coffeeshops with more than the allowed amounts. Exactly how coffeeshops get their supplies is rarely investigated, however. One of the reasons is plant breeding and use of greenhouse technology for illegal growing of cannabis in Netherlands. The drug policy of the Netherlands is marked by its distinguishing between so called soft and hard drugs. An often used argument is that alcohol, which is claimed by some scientists as a hard drug, \[ 15 \] is legal and a soft drug cannot be more dangerous to society if it is controlled. This may refer to the Prohibition in the s, when the U. Prohibition created a golden opportunity for organized crime syndicates to smuggle alcohol, and as a result the syndicates were able to gain considerable power in some major cities. Coffeeshops are also technically illegal but are flourishing nonetheless. However, a policy of non-enforcement has led to a situation where reliance upon non-enforcement has become common, and because of this the courts have ruled against the government when individual cases were prosecuted. This is because the Dutch Ministry of Justice applies a gedoogbeleid tolerance policy with regard to the category of soft drugs: an official set of guidelines telling public prosecutors under which circumstances offenders should not be prosecuted. This is a more official version of a common practice in other European countries wherein law enforcement sets priorities regarding offenses on which it is important enough to spend limited resources. According to current gedoogbeleid the possession of a maximum amount of five grams cannabis for personal use is not prosecuted. Cultivation is treated in a similar way. Cultivation of 5 plants or less is usually not prosecuted when they are renounced by the cultivator. Proponents of gedoogbeleid argue that such a policy practices more consistency in legal protection than without it. Opponents of the Dutch drug policy either call for full legalization, or argue that laws should penalize morally wrong or deviant behavior, whether enforceable or not. In the Dutch courts, however, it has long been determined that the institutionalized non-enforcement of statutes with well defined limits constitutes de facto decriminalization. The statutes are kept on the books mainly due to international pressure and in adherence with international treaties. Importing and exporting of any classified drug is a serious offence. The penalty can run up to 12 to 16 years if it is hard drug trade, maximum 4 years for import or export of large quantities of cannabis. Section 8 of the Road Traffic Act section 1. The Dutch police have the right to do a drug test if they suspect influenced driving. For example, anybody involved in a traffic accident may be tested. Causing an accident that inflicts bodily harm, while under influence of any drug, is seen as a crime that may be punished by up to 3 years in prison 9 years in case of a fatal accident. Suspension of driving license is also normal in such a case maximum 5 years. In there were 20, drug crimes registered by public prosecutors and 4, persons received an unconditional prison sentence \[ 22 \] The rate of imprisonment for drug crimes is about the same as in Sweden , which has a zero tolerance policy for drug crimes. Despite the high priority given by the Dutch government to fighting illegal drug trafficking, the Netherlands continue to be an important transit point for drugs entering Europe. The Netherlands is a major producer \[ 24 \] and leading distributor of cannabis , heroin , cocaine , amphetamines \[ 25 \] \[ 26 \] and other synthetic drugs, and a medium consumer of illicit drugs. Although drug use, as opposed to trafficking , is seen primarily as a public health issue, responsibility for drug policy is shared by both the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sports, and the Ministry of Justice. The Netherlands has extensive demand reduction programs, reaching about ninety percent of the country's 25, to 28, hard drug users. The number of hard drug addicts has stabilized in the past few years and their average age has risen to 38 years, which is generally seen as a positive trend. Notably, the number of drug-related deaths in the country remains amongst the lowest in Europe. On 27 November , the Dutch Justice Minister Piet Hein Donner announced that his government was considering rules under which coffeeshops would only be allowed to sell soft drugs to Dutch residents in order to satisfy both European neighbors' concerns about the influx of drugs from the Netherlands, as well as those of Netherlands border town residents unhappy with the influx of ' drug tourists ' from elsewhere in Europe. The European Court of Justice ruled in December that Dutch authorities can ban coffeeshops from selling cannabis to foreigners. In the owner of Netherlands's largest cannabis selling coffeeshop was fined 10 million euros for breaking drug laws by keeping more than the tolerated amount of cannabis in the shop. He was also sentenced to a week prison term. In a study of the levels of cannabis , cocaine , MDMA , methamphetamine and other amphetamine in wastewater from 42 major cities in Europe Amsterdam came near the top of the list in every category but methamphetamine. The Netherlands tolerates the sale of soft drugs in 'coffee shops'. A coffee shop is an establishment where cannabis may be sold subject to certain strict conditions, but no alcoholic drinks may be sold or consumed. The Dutch government does not prosecute members of the public for possession or use of small quantities of soft drugs. In the province of North Brabant in the south of the Netherlands, organized crime organizations form the main producer of MDMA , amphetamine and cannabis in Europe. Together with the proximity of the ports of Antwerp and especially Rotterdam where heroin and cocaine enter the European continent, this causes these substances to be readily available for a relative low price. This means that users will not have to rely on more polluted substances with greater health risks. Together with an approach that focuses on easily accessible health care, harm reduction and prevention, this causes the medical condition of the Dutch addicts to be less severe than that of many other countries. The convention prohibits cultivation and trade of naturally occurring drugs such as cannabis; the treaty bans the manufacture and trafficking of synthetic drugs such as barbiturates and amphetamines ; and the convention requires states to criminalize illicit drug possession:. Subject to its constitutional principles and the basic concepts of its legal system, each Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law, when committed intentionally, the possession, purchase or cultivation of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances for personal consumption contrary to the provisions of the Convention, the Convention as amended or the Convention. The International Narcotics Control Board typically interprets this provision to mean that states must prosecute drug possession offenses. The conventions clearly state that controlled substances are to be restricted to scientific and medical uses. However, Cindy Fazey , former Chief of Demand Reduction for the United Nations Drug Control Programme , believes that the treaties have enough ambiguities and loopholes to allow some room to maneuver. Many countries have now decided not to use the full weight of criminal sanctions against people who are in possession of drugs that are for their personal consumption. The Conventions say that there must be an offence under domestic criminal law, it does not say that the law has to be enforced, or that when it is what sanctions should apply. Despite such grey areas latitude is by no means unlimited. The centrality of the principle of limiting narcotic and psychotropic drugs for medical and scientific purposes leaves no room for the legal possibility of recreational use. Nations may currently be pushing the boundaries of the international system, but the pursuit of any action to formally legalize non-medical and non-scientific drug use would require either treaty revision or a complete or partial withdrawal from the current regime. The Dutch policy of keeping anti-drug laws on the books while limiting enforcement of certain offenses is carefully designed to reduce harm while still complying with the letter of international drug control treaties. This is necessary in order to avoid criticism from the International Narcotics Board, which historically has taken a dim view of any moves to relax official drug policy. In their annual report, the Board has criticised many governments, including Canada, for permitting the medicinal use of cannabis, Australia for providing injecting rooms and the United Kingdom for proposing to downgrade the classification of cannabis, \[ 37 \] which it has since done although this change was reversed by the Home Secretary on 7 May against the advice of its own commissioned report. The liberal drug policy of the authorities in the Netherlands especially led to problems in 'border hot spots' that attracted ' drug tourism ' as well as trafficking and related law enforcement problems in towns like Enschede in the East and Terneuzen , Venlo , Maastricht and Heerlen in the South. In , Gerd Leers , then mayor of the border city of Maastricht, on the Dutch-Belgian border, criticised the current policy as inconsistent, by recording a song with the Dutch punk rock band De Heideroosjes. By allowing possession and retail sales of cannabis, but not cultivation or wholesale, the government creates numerous problems of crime and public safety, he alleges, and therefore he would like to switch to either legalising and regulating production, or to the full repression that his party CDA officially advocates. The latter suggestion has widely been interpreted as rhetorical. He said the practice of allowing so-called coffeeshops to operate had failed. The coalition agreement worked out by the three coalition parties in stated that there would be no change in the policy of tolerance. Prominent CDA member Gerd Leers spoke out against him: cannabis users who now cause no trouble would be viewed as criminals if an outright ban was to be implemented. Van Geel later said that he respected the coalition agreement and would not press for a ban during the current government's tenure. This was nearly half of the coffeeshops that operated within its municipality. This was due to the new policy of city mayor Ivo Opstelten and the town council. Many other towns have done the same in the last 10 years. In , the municipality of Utrecht imposed a Zero Tolerance Policy to all events like the big dance party Trance Energy held in Jaarbeurs. However, such zero-tolerance policy at dance parties are now becoming common in the Netherlands and are even stricter in cities like Arnhem. The two towns Roosendaal and Bergen op Zoom announced in October that they would start closing all coffeeshops , each week visited by up to 25, French and Belgian drug tourists, with closures beginning in February In May the Dutch government announced that tourist are to be banned from Dutch coffeeshops, starting in the southern provinces and at the end of in the rest of the country. In a letter to the parliament, the Dutch health and justice ministers said that, 'In order to tackle the nuisance and criminality associated with coffeeshops and drug trafficking, the open-door policy of coffeeshops will end'. A government committee delivered in June a report about Cannabis to the Dutch government. It includes a proposal that cannabis with more than 15 percent THC should be labeled as hard drugs. In order to qualify for a membership card, applicants would have to be adult Dutch citizens, membership was only to be allowed in one club. In Amsterdam 26 coffeeshops in the De Wallen area were ordered to close their doors between 1 September and 31 August In October , the prohibition of hallucinogenic or ' magic mushrooms ' was announced by the Dutch authorities. On 25 April , the Dutch government, backed by a majority of members of parliament, decided to ban cultivation and use of all magic mushrooms. Amsterdam mayor Job Cohen proposed a three-day cooling period in which clients would be informed three days before actually procuring the mushrooms and if they would still like to go through with it they could pick up their spores from the smart shop. As of 1 December , all psychedelic mushrooms are banned. The relatively recent increase in the cocaine trafficking business has been largely focused on the Caribbean area. Since early , a special law court with prison facilities has been operational at Schiphol airport. In , an average of drug couriers per month were arrested, decreasing to 80 per month by early Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. January Arts Culture. Drug culture Drug liberalization Illegal drug trade Psychedelia. 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