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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Therefore, we aim to produce a scoping review to summarise available scientific literature on alcohol and substance dependence ASD in all ethnic and religious groups in the UAE to inform future scientific inquiries. Drawing on the participants, concept, context PCC framework, the following review question was developed: What can be learnt from a review of scientific literature on alcohol and substance abuse in all ethnic and religious groups in the UAE? The scientific literature on ASD in the UAE published between and January , in either English or Arabic, will be considered, including all ethnic, religious and age groups. Grey literature, such as postgraduate dissertations and conference proceedings, will also be considered. Eight English and two Arabic databases and print copies of literature sources in university libraries will be included. EndNote and Covidence software will be used for deduplication, screening and data extraction. Screening and reviewing search results will involve two English-speaking and two Arabic-speaking team members who will work independently. A third reviewer will resolve conflicts. Data charting informed by the Covidence data extraction tool 2. Ethical approval is not required for this study because this is a scoping review of published studies and grey literature. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journal publications, scientific conferences and a policy brief. A scoping review of the scientific literature on alcohol and substance dependence across all ethnic and religious groups in the United Arab Emirates since will be produced. The review will include paper copies of scientific literature published in the s and s that are unavailable online. A diverse team of English and Arabic-speaking faculty with a background in Social work will conduct the review. Alcohol and drug abuse is a centuries-old escalating global issue linked to various adverse health and social consequences for individuals, families and communities. Decades of studies have accumulated evidence that adverse childhood experiences, comorbidities such as anxiety, mood disorders and other mental health difficulties, contribute to the development of ASD. Research over the years has demonstrated that despite cultural, religious and legal constraints, ASD is on the rise among Muslim Arabs in Islamic nations such as Syria, 7 Jordan and Palestine, 8 9 Saudi Arabia, 10—13 and Kuwait. A systematic review identified 60 studies published between and that reported on alcohol and other substance abuse addictions among Arab Muslims living in GCC countries. The review comprised seven studies conducted in the UAE between and These seven studies examined sociodemographic variables, community samples and legal issues associated with ASD. Some scholars explored the cultural elements and treatment delivery, 17 while others focused their studies on the estimates of the economic implications of addiction in the UAE. They attempted to gain a deeper understanding of the attitudes and perceptions of adolescents in the UAE regarding substance dependence and to identify factors that, in their view, may influence the risk of substance use and suggested possible interventions. The Federal Supreme Council is the highest legislative and executive body, consisting of seven members one for each Emirate. However, some powers are kept with the individual emirates. The population increased dramatically, from in to 9. Since the establishment of the UAE in , the economic and social landscape has shifted significantly. Citizens moved from a nomadic and isolated life into a luxurious lifestyle in urban areas and may have been influenced by the values and traditions of the large expat community. Therefore, alcohol consumption is forbidden by Islam and local law in the UAE. As a result, the regulations on alcohol consumption were again amended to reflect the changing society. As a result, residents in six Emirates no longer need a license to consume alcohol, whereas Sharjah strictly prohibits it. Nonetheless, the legal drinking age of 21 was maintained, as was a zero-tolerance policy for drinking and driving, being in public while intoxicated and selling or serving alcohol to Muslims. The UAE has a zero-tolerance for the recreational use and possession of narcotic drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, heroin, methadone, opium and psychotropic drugs, for example, painkillers, unless part of a supervised and regulated medical and scientific activity. In a preliminary estimate, Doran 18 reported that out of a total population of 8. In , there were admissions, of which were first-time treatment admissions, compared with in and first-time treatment seekers. Alarmingly, people were arrested in the UAE for drug-related crimes in , up To summarise, in light of the increase of ASD in the UAE communities, the long-term adverse effect of ASD, the limitations of the systematic review mentioned earlier, 15 and the growing body of research on ASD in the UAE, a systematic search on the scientific literature on ASD in the UAE that includes all cultural and religious backgrounds over the last 50 years is needed. A scoping review is the most appropriate evidence synthesis to synthesise scientific literature in the UAE. Following the development of the review question, the inclusion and exclusion criteria detailed in table 2 , were formulated to guide the identification of eligible studies for inclusion in the review. All ethnic and religious groups, genders or age groups, with alcohol and substance dependence as the sample or an outcome. Scientific literature on ASD, including studies reporting the prevalence, risk factors, relapse, treatment, aftercare and overdose. This scoping review will consider scientific literature such as quantitative, qualitative and experimental study designs, including randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, before-and-after studies and interrupted time-series studies. In addition, analytical observational studies, including prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case—control studies and analytical cross-sectional studies, will be considered for inclusion. This review will also consider descriptive observational study designs, including case series, individual case reports and descriptive cross-sectional studies for inclusion. Qualitative studies focusing on qualitative data will also include, but are not limited to, designs such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, qualitative description, action research and feminist research. Grey literature, such as conference proceedings and postgraduate dissertations, will also be included. Older literature sources, such as dissertations and theses from the s and s, may be difficult to find online. As a result, on request, a librarian will identify and retrieve hard copy scientific sources from the UAE University library or other libraries. Following a consultation with a librarian at the UAE University and studying text words contained in the titles and abstracts of search results, the search terms were amended. These 10 databases will be divided among the team members and searched between March and May using the search script that will be adapted for each database. Studies published in English or Arabic between and January will be included due to the limitations of the previous systematic review. However, the studies included in the systematic review will be used to identify eligible studies that may not have been identified through the searches. For each included database and information source, the following keywords, in both English and Arabic, as well as a combination of the search fields' title, abstract, keywords and MeSH terms, will be applied and adapted:. Handsearches of the reference list of all included full-length articles will be screened for additional studies. We will also search ResearchGate and Artificial Intelligence platforms such as Research Rabbit and Elicit to screen for eligible studies. Furthermore, contact will be made with study authors to explore if they know of any other unpublished studies. Next, AF will export research results from the OneDrive folder to an EndNote library, where duplicates will be removed within and across databases. The team settings in Covidence will allow importing citations, managing screening by multiple reviewers, data extraction and file export. The screening of titles and abstracts will be done over two stages. In preparation for the first stage, screening titles and abstracts and the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be pilot tested by screening at least ten titles and abstracts during a team meeting. Next, the team will adjust eligibility criteria see table 2 and formulate a potential justification for exclusion. Finally, four members will independently screen all the English and other Arabic titles and abstracts against the inclusion and exclusion criteria to remove irrelevant material. Justification for exclusions will be documented in Covidence. The screening phase will take place between June and August Only full-length articles from studies that reached a consensus on inclusion will be downloaded during the second screening phase. Two team members will independently review the English full-text articles, and two Arabic-speaking team members will assess the Arabic articles against the eligibility criteria. Reasons for excluding sources of evidence in full text that do not meet the inclusion criteria will be recorded. After a decision was made on the full-text included studies, the reference lists of the included studies will be screened to identify further eligible studies by KC and KAR. These articles will be imported to Covidence, and AF, VA, AA and MA will screen the titles and abstracts, followed by downloading and screening for eligible full-length articles. Next, two team members, PT and KAR, will contact experts in the field to obtain unpublished studies, reports and conference presentations. These sources will be screened for eligibility by these two team members. Next, data extraction will take place. First, data extraction 2. The draft extraction form will first be pilot tested by the two reviewers on at least five studies. Next, the research team will meet to discuss the finalisation of the data extraction during a team meeting. Two reviewers will independently extract data and send it for consensus to a third reviewer on Covidence. If appropriate, authors of papers will be contacted to request missing or additional data, where required. The extracted data will be circulated hereafter on Google Drive for other team members to review. Any amendments to the data extraction tool will be documented in the Scoping review. Data charting will take place between September and November After the data extraction, the export function in Covidence will be used to export the data in an excel. Finally, the data sheet will be prepared for data analysis and synthesis. Following data analysis and an iterative process between the data set and ASD literature, categories will be developed to respond directly to the review question s. The findings will be presented graphically or in diagrammatic or tabular form. Data analysis and writing up the scoping review findings will occur between December and February There is no patient involved in the study. However, a summary of the findings will be sent to key stakeholders in the UAE working in the field of ASD in February to comment on and provide feedback before submission for publication. Contributors: AF conceived of the idea, developed the research questions and study methods and contributed meaningfully to the drafting and editing; she has also approved the final manuscript. Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Refer to the Methods section for further details. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. BMJ Open. Find articles by Abdulaziz Albrithen. Find articles by Mariam AlNuaimi. Find articles by Khoula Al Riyami. Find articles by Vinnarasan Aruldoss. Find articles by Krista Cooper. Find articles by Raquel Marta. Find articles by Prospera Tedam. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. Open in a new tab. Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria All humans no restrictions : All ethnic and religious groups, genders or age groups, with alcohol and substance dependence as the sample or an outcome. English and Arabic languages Online and hard copy sources Grey literature, such as postgraduate dissertations and conference proceedings. Opinion and narrative literature reviews Retrospective correlation studies between alcohol and drug consumption and medical conditions. Studies covering the treatment of medical conditions. Search dates: 30 January Filters: Language English; —January Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Population important characteristics of participants. The scientific literature on alcohol and substance dependence. All humans no restrictions : All ethnic and religious groups, genders or age groups, with alcohol and substance dependence as the sample or an outcome.

Alcohol and substance dependence in the United Arab Emirates: a scoping review protocol

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A male who rapes a female will be given life imprisonment, and in some cases, prosecutors may request the death penalty. However, UAE law places a high burden of proof on the victim to demonstrate that the sexual relations were not consensual, especially when the victim had consumed alcohol or where the alleged attacker was known to the victim. If the sexual relations are determined to have been consensual, either party may still face prosecution for the offence of sex outside marriage. Do not accept drinks from strangers or leave your drink unattended in bars and clubs. Criminals can spike drinks in order to assault or rob you. If you want to buy property in the UAE , seek appropriate professional advice as you would in the UK. The UAE is a Muslim country. Respect local traditions, customs, laws and religions. Make sure your actions do not cause offence, especially during the holy month of Ramadan or if you visit religious areas. There may be serious penalties for doing something that might not be illegal in the UK but is in the UAE. UAE employers may ask foreign employees to deposit their passports with the company as part of their terms and conditions of employment. This is illegal under UAE labour law. Only cross roads using designated pedestrian crossings, it is illegal to cross in other places. Take care when crossing, as vehicles often do not stop at zebra crossings marked on the roads. Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims. The dates vary by year and country. During this time, it may cause offence if you:. Find out how Ramadan is observed in the UAE or get more advice when you arrive from your tour guide, hotel or business contacts. Swearing and making rude gestures including online are illegal as they are considered obscene acts. You can be jailed or deported. Take particular care when dealing with the police and other officials. 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If you are arrested for a financial crime and are not resident in the UAE , it is likely that you will not be allowed bail. If you are convicted, you may not be released from prison until the debt is paid or waived and your full sentence is served. You must have permission to bring weapons and related equipment into the UAE , or to transit through the UAE with them, no matter how small the quantity or the purpose. This includes items such as ammunition, body protection items, cleaning kits and gun belts. Drinking alcohol, or having alcohol in your possession, is illegal in the city of Sharjah, 30km north of Dubai. It is illegal to drink or be under the influence of alcohol in a public place anywhere in the UAE. British nationals have been arrested and charged under this law, often in cases where they have come to the attention of the police for a related offence, such as disorderly or offensive behaviour. The legal age for purchasing and drinking alcohol is 21 in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and the Northern Emirates except Sharjah, where drinking and having alcohol in your possession is illegal. If you are resident in Dubai and want to buy alcohol to drink at home, you must get a liquor licence. Liquor licences are no longer required for residents in the other Emirates. Liquor licences are not required in Dubai to purchase and consume alcohol in licenced venues like hotel bars, restaurants, and pubs. However a liquor licence is required for consuming alcohol in private places like homes or private parties. While this requirement might not be strictly enforced in private settings, it remains a legal requirement. Tourists can get a temporary liquor licence which is valid for one month, from either supplier. This licence is only for use in Dubai. Liquor licences are not required for non-residents in the other Emirates; it is possible for tourists and visitors to buy and drink alcohol in licensed venues, such as hotels, restaurants and clubs. The penalties for trafficking, smuggling, using and possessing illegal drugs including residual amounts are severe. Sentences for drug trafficking can include the death penalty. Possession of even the smallest amount of illegal drugs can lead to a minimum 3-month prison term or a fine of between AED20, and AED, The Emirati authorities count the presence of drugs in the blood stream as possession. Possessing, concealing or making transactions with money from drugs related offences is a crime, which can lead to imprisonment and a fine. UAE airports have excellent technology and security for detecting illegal items. This is also used to scan the baggage of transiting passengers. Passengers, including transiting passengers, carrying even residual amounts of drugs may be arrested. If you are found in possession of such products, they will be confiscated from you and you may face criminal charges. A list of narcotic, psychotropic and controlled drugs where this rule applies, allowed quantities and documents to be presented can be found on the UAE Ministry of Health website. Fundraising and acts of charity are heavily regulated in the UAE. This includes online and social media activity. Seek legal advice if necessary. It is illegal to take photos of some government buildings and military installations. Hobbies like bird watching and plane spotting may be misunderstood, particularly near military sites, government buildings and airports. Do not photograph people without their permission. Men have been arrested for photographing women on beaches. It is illegal to post material including videos and photographs online that is critical of the UAE government, companies or individuals, or which relates to incidents in the UAE. This includes material which appears to abuse, ridicule or criticise the country or its authorities. Material that is culturally insensitive, may also be considered illegal. You may need a licence for the use of equipment like satellite phones, listening or recording devices, radio transmitters, powerful cameras or binoculars. Failure to do so could result in imprisonment and a substantial fine. Information about media activity and how to obtain the necessary permits can be accessed by registering on the National Media Council website. All same sex activity is illegal in the UAE , and same-sex marriages are not recognised. The UAE is in many respects a tolerant society and private life is respected, although there have been some reports of individuals being punished for same sex activity, particularly where there is any public element, or where the behaviour has been accused of causing offence. This applies both to expatriate residents and to tourists. Rip currents can occur at any beach, and can sweep even the strongest swimmer out to sea. Check for warning signs, especially red flags which mean that swimming is dangerous. Only swim from approved beaches where a lifeguard and flags indicating it is safe to swim are present. In Dubai authorised taxis are painted cream with different coloured roofs — taxis with pink roofs have female drivers. Police in the UAE have the power to impound your car for traffic violations that may be considered minor in the UK. They will charge a fee of Dirham 50, plus a traffic violation fine to release your car. Driving standards are not always as disciplined as in the UK and there is a high rate of traffic accidents. Speeding is common, despite clearly signposted legal limits and widespread use of speed cameras. It is illegal to drink and drive, no matter how small the amount, and your insurance is likely to be invalidated in the event of an accident. Offensive gestures and bad language directed at other drivers can lead to fines, a jail sentence, and possibly deportation. Always travel with other cars, take a supply of water and a mobile telephone, and leave a copy of your travel plans with relatives, friends or where you are staying. If you join a tour for driving in the desert or quad-biking, make sure your go with a reputable company who have adequate health and safety procedures. Be careful when travelling by tourist boat. The safety of these vessels may not be up to UK standards. Make sure life jackets are available for all passengers. Many areas of the Gulf are highly sensitive, including near maritime boundaries and the islands of Abu Musa and the Tunbs in the southern Gulf. Vessels entering these areas have been detained and inspected by the competent authority in the area. Mariners should make careful enquiries with local relevant authorities before entering these waters. You should consider how regional tensions may affect your route. Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards. Heavy rain in the UAE can cause flooding. Check weather forecasts from the National Centre of Meteorology , and follow advice from the local authorities. Sources for up to date information include local radio and online media outlets The National and The Khaleej Times. To help us improve GOV. Please fill in this survey opens in a new tab. Cookies on GOV. UK We use some essential cookies to make this website work. Accept additional cookies Reject additional cookies View cookies. Hide this message. Home Passports, travel and living abroad Travel abroad Foreign travel advice. Foreign travel advice United Arab Emirates. Safety and security Terrorism There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. 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