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Therefore, the downregulation of AC-I in TC plays an important role in the molecular mechanism of chronic opiate addiction in human brain. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Rent this article via DeepDyve. Institutional subscriptions. Shichinohe, H. Ozawa, E. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Reprints and permissions. Shichinohe, S. Changes in the cAMP-related signal transduction mechanism in postmortem human brains of heroin addicts. J Neural Transm , — Download citation. Issue Date : March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Home Journal of Neural Transmission Article Changes in the cAMP-related signal transduction mechanism in postmortem human brains of heroin addicts Published: March Volume , pages —, Cite this article. Journal of Neural Transmission Aims and scope Submit manuscript. Access this article Log in via an institution. Saito Departments of Psychiatry and, , , , , P. Tatschner Authors S. Shichinohe View author publications. View author publications. Additional information Received August 1, ; accepted August 28, Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. About this article Cite this article Shichinohe, S. Copy to clipboard. Search Search by keyword or author Search. Navigation Find a journal Publish with us Track your research.

Eleven-Year Trend of Drug and Chemical Substance Overdose at a Local Emergency Hospital in Japan

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The JRA defines drugs or medicines that temporarily stimulate or depress race performance as 'prohibited drugs' and drugs or medicines that is restricted from the standpoint of horse welfare and injury prevention as 'restricted drugs', and prohibits horses under the influence of drugs designated as such from running. Besides those prescribed in these regulations, all matters concerning the control of drug administration to racehorses shall be prescribed by the JRA Veterinary Officer. If you wish to seek treatment after coming to Japan, consult the JRA veterinarian in charge. Remarks 1 The number of days of the restricted period shall be calculated from the date of use of the relevant restricted drugs. Please submit horse medication record to the respective JRA Representative Office, using the supplied official form, no less than five 5 days prior to the horse departure for Japan, including all medications administered to the horse within 30 days prior to the departure date. Upon arrival to Japan, please submit any update of any medication administered after submission of the first medication record. The pre-race testing will be held upon arrival in Japan. Both blood and urine samples will be taken for analysis. Further, even if the pre-race testing reported negative to any prohibited substances, this does not ensure that the horse will be reported negative in the post-race testing. Physico-chemical tests are conducted on horses that finish first through third in the race, and any horse designated by the stewards of the meeting, under the Rules of Racing of the JRA. The collected samples will be divided into A and B samples. If prohibited or restricted drugs are detected, the B specimen is examined at the same institute in the presence of a disinterested physico-chemical testing expert. If the presence of the same prohibited or restricted substances are detected in both samples A and B, it will be considered as a violation of the drugs regulations. If some prohibited drugs are detected, the horse concerned will be disqualified in accordance with Article of the JRA Rules of Racing and suspended from running in a race for a fixed period of time in accordance with Article of the JRA Rules of Racing. The connections of the horse will not be entitled to receive any prizes, or prize money. If some restricted drugs are detected, the person involved in the race will be sanctioned in accordance with Article of the JRA Rules of Racing. Matters to be instructed by Veterinary Officers regarding the control of the use of drugs and other prohibited activities on racehorses. JRA Trainers Rankings. Medication and Drugs. As of April 1. Drug Control Regulation The JRA defines drugs or medicines that temporarily stimulate or depress race performance as 'prohibited drugs' and drugs or medicines that is restricted from the standpoint of horse welfare and injury prevention as 'restricted drugs', and prohibits horses under the influence of drugs designated as such from running. In the event the prohibited drugs except for anabolic steroids are administered to a horse, the horse concerned cannot race for a period of 10 days. However, if the prohibited drugs such as Detomidine and Medetomidine are administered, the horse concerned cannot race for a period of 5 days. The period during which a horse cannot be raced when administered restricted drugs are shown in below list of race restriction period. Note that this includes drugs that may remain in the body for a long period of time, so care should be taken. Acadesine 2. Azaperone 3. Acetylfentanyl 4. Acetophenazine 5. Acefylline 6. Acebutolol 7. Acepromazine 8. 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Carprofen 15 0. Chlorphenamine 2 50 mg of d-chlorpheniramine maleate per horse by intravenous adm. Ketoprofen 5 2. Diclofenac 5 1 mg of diclofenac sodium per kg body weight by oral adm. Dextromethorphan 2 30 mg of dextromethorphan hydrobromide hydrate per horse by oral adm. Naproxen 30 10 mg per kg body weight by oral adm. Butorphanol 5 0. Pridinol 4 20 mg of pridinol mesilate per horse by intravenous adm. Flunixin 7 1. Prednisolone 3 1 mg per kg body weight by oral adm. Procaine 15 4. Betamethasone 5 0. Meloxicam 4 0. Submission of Horse Medication Record Please submit horse medication record to the respective JRA Representative Office, using the supplied official form, no less than five 5 days prior to the horse departure for Japan, including all medications administered to the horse within 30 days prior to the departure date. Veterinary Instructions regarding medical treatment a No medical treatment can be given to a horse from the day before the race. Medication and Pharmaceutical Products Brought into Japan a Medication and pharmaceutical products brought into Japan by persons involved with scheduled runners cannot be used at JRA premises. If you want to use products other than those provided by the JRA, you must declare this in advance and obtain permission. All Rights Reserved.

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