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The Lowdown on Drugs in New York City

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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. The criminal markets for human trafficking and human smuggling in Cyprus are considerable. This can be attributed largely to the country's geographical location as it sits at a crossroads between Africa, Asia and Europe, at a global hotspot for irregular migration and trafficking. Cyprus is mainly a destination country for human trafficking, with sexual and labour exploitation being the two main purposes. The majority of sexually motivated exploitation is seasonal, taking place during the high tourist season between April and October. Migrant workers are often exploited and subjected to labour trafficking in the agriculture and construction industries. Victims subjected to labour trafficking are typically recruited by employment agencies on short-term work permits, but once the latter expire, victims are threatened, their pay and documents withheld and they experience debt-based coercion. The response to human trafficking in Cyprus varies considerably between the two Cypriot entities, with the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus TRNC essentially providing traffickers with impunity. For a number of years, Cyprus has been among the top recipients of asylum seekers in the European Union. It is primarily a transit country for irregular migrants, but reports indicate that it is becoming a destination country as well. The migrant and refugee crisis, combined with the country's close proximity to Turkey, has led to considerable growth in its human-smuggling market. The tolerance and practices of the Turkish authorities have enabled human smugglers to use Cyprus as a beachhead into Europe. The demilitarized and difficult-to-monitor UN buffer zone stretches for kilometres, providing additional opportunities for smugglers. Reports indicate that many migrants are tricked into purchasing smuggling packages they believe are for Italy, Spain or Greece, only to end up in the TRNC, where they are forced to work long hours so they can buy false documents to get into the Republic of Cyprus. In many cases, such trickery constitutes a form of human trafficking. Gun ownership in Cyprus is relatively high, but the criminal market for small arms and light weapons appears to be minor. Although there are many unanswered questions about the nature of environmental crimes in Cyprus, evidence suggests that the two predominant forms are illicit logging and the poaching of migratory birds. Illicit logging occurs within protected areas of the country and it is believed that most of this wood feeds a local demand for firewood, used primarily for heating. Within the criminal markets for fauna, the most common illicit activity is the poaching of migratory songbirds such as robins, blackcaps and thrushes. The demand comes primarily from local restaurants, where songbirds are served as part of the expensive delicacy of Ambelopoulia — a plate of cooked songbirds. Due to concerted attempts to curb poaching, there has been a significant reduction in the size of the criminal market over the years. There is little proof of the existence of a criminal market for non-renewable resources. However, the TRNC has been linked to the smuggling of oil products most likely extracted by the Islamic State from Syria to Turkey, as well as to the smuggling of refined-oil products from Libya to European markets. Cyprus is a destination market for cannabis, cocaine and synthetic drugs, but there is little indication that it is a trans-shipment point for drug-trafficking flows. Cannabis is the most the prevalent illicit drug in Cyprus, entering the country mostly via other European countries. While Cyprus is primarily a destination country, there are reports of small-scale local cultivation to supplement imported cannabis. There is little evidence to confirm or deny the involvement of specific organized-crime groups in the cannabis market. Cocaine is the second most consumed drug in Cyprus and one of its most valuable criminal markets. It enters the country primarily via passenger flights or airfreight, after first entering Europe via Belgium and the Netherlands. Mafia-style groups are known to control the criminal market for cocaine. There is not a big market for synthetic drugs in Cyprus. An increase in the use of amphetamines, methamphetamines and MDMA has been observed in recent years, but this growth has come off a very low base. During the tourist seasons, the demand for synthetic drugs is believed to increase substantially. These drugs are smuggled into the country mostly via air, with the majority originating in the Netherlands. There is a lack of information regarding specific organized-crime groups operating within the synthetic-drug market, but reports suggest that there are a large number of independent, low-level dealers. The heroin market in Cyprus is the smallest of the drug markets. Domestic demand is low, with only a handful of seizures in recent years. Russian groups appear prominent in the country; they are believed to be the best connected and to exert the most financial and economic power in Cyprus. In the human-trafficking and smuggling markets, in particular, there is a high level of collaboration between individuals in Cyprus and foreign criminal actors in countries such as Moldova, Russia, Uzbekistan and Romania, but foreign actors in the country are also involved in property crimes as well as poaching, among others. The state does not seem to exert significant control over any criminal market. However, organized criminals have been able to bribe border officers and other low-level government officials. More-prominent officials have allegedly been involved in money laundering. Criminal networks are highly influential, having a stake in drug trafficking in the country, as well as in illegal gambling and trafficking of women. Approximately 15 mafia-style groups allegedly operate across Cyprus, in Nicosia, Famagusta, Paphos and Limassol. Famagusta port more specifically is a hub for arms and goods smuggling. Though the majority cannot be explicitly named, they have a relatively clear leadership structure. In recent years, the government of the Republic of Cyprus has renewed its commitment to combating organized crime, illustrated by its strengthened intelligence capacities and the establishment of a new law-enforcement agency to fight organized crime and terrorism. Corruption in Cyprus remains a substantial problem, with the country suffering from one of the highest levels of corruption in the EU. The institutional framework for fighting corruption is mostly adequate. However, it contains a number of significant gaps and suffers from low levels of trust, which critics say are due to the prevalence of politically motivated appointments and decisions. Cyprus has several bilateral treaties with regional countries focused on cooperation in the countering of organized crime, terrorism, and the illicit use and trafficking of drugs. It has also signed and ratified bilateral agreements on judicial cooperation in civil and criminal matters, and is considered very active in global-policing efforts. Cyprus engages in cooperation on extradition, but has, on a number of occasions, failed to extradite criminals, which has had serious consequences. Nevertheless, a moderate risk of corruption exists in the judicial system, related in particular to the payment of bribes and irregular payments for the purpose of receiving favourable judgments. The judiciary suffers from a lack of staff and resources, which has led to poor enforcement, as well as significant delays and backlogs. Reports suggest prison overcrowding and conditions in detention facilities are a concern. There have also been allegations of criminal organizations wielding influence in prisons. With persistent allegations of police ill-treatment and lack of capacity of police to counter organized crime, law enforcement is a sector that needs improvement. Certain strides have been made, however, evident in the formation of an agency responsible for fighting organized crime and terrorism. The dispute over the northern half of Cyprus and hostile, often aggressive Turkish foreign policy is a source of fragility. Cyprus has an open economy that is heavily reliant on trade in services, particularly in the financial and tourism sectors. Overall, Cyprus's economic regulatory environment is conducive to doing business. However, there are still concerns over the country's relatively high unemployment rate and the fact that it is heavily reliant on external investment. Procurement processes are vulnerable to corrupt practices, and organized crime is reportedly deeply entrenched within legitimate businesses. This is especially true in the nightlife sector, where large investments have been made, making it possible for considerable quantities of laundered money to flow out of these legal entities. With its large, highly secretive offshore financial industry, Cyprus is a well-known hub for money laundering. Following the economic collapse that occurred in , a stricter framework against money laundering was adopted, but a number of risks and vulnerabilities remain. These are for the most part related to international business — notably real-estate deals and banking. Recent years have seen some major money-laundering scandals on the island, including one that implicated a company co-owned by President Nicos Anastasiades; a claim that was later dismissed by the state's anti-money laundering unit. Cyprus has established a fairly robust system for assisting the victims and witnesses of organized crime, who are entitled to protection under the official witness-protection programme. The government has installed various mechanisms to protect the victims of human trafficking, including a system for identifying and helping them to access relevant social, health and psychosocial services. However, these measures are sometimes criticized by civil society for being slow and for lacking transparency in the identification process. With regard to support for drug users, a number of harm-reduction programmes have been put in place, including opioid-substitution treatment, which is also available in prisons. The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus guarantees freedom of speech and freedom of the press, and authorities generally respects these freedoms. While journalists can engage in critical reporting, some of those who have covered controversial topics such as corruption and organized crime have faced threats and censorship. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Nicosia. Income group High income. Population 1,, Geography type Island. Criminal markets 3. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 5. Human smuggling 6. Arms trafficking 2. Flora crimes 2. Fauna crimes 3. Non-renewable resource crimes 2. Heroin trade 2. Cocaine trade 4. Cannabis trade 4. Synthetic drug trade 3. Criminal actors 4. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 3. Criminal networks 5. State-embedded actors 4. Foreign actors 7. Political leadership and governance 5. Government transparency and accountability 5. International cooperation 6. National policies and laws 6. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 4. Law enforcement 5. Territorial integrity 3. Anti-money laundering 3. Economic regulatory capacity 3. Victim and witness support 4. Prevention 3. Non-state actors 4. Analysis Download full profile english. People The criminal markets for human trafficking and human smuggling in Cyprus are considerable. Trade Gun ownership in Cyprus is relatively high, but the criminal market for small arms and light weapons appears to be minor. Environment Although there are many unanswered questions about the nature of environmental crimes in Cyprus, evidence suggests that the two predominant forms are illicit logging and the poaching of migratory birds. Drugs Cyprus is a destination market for cannabis, cocaine and synthetic drugs, but there is little indication that it is a trans-shipment point for drug-trafficking flows. Criminal Actors Russian groups appear prominent in the country; they are believed to be the best connected and to exert the most financial and economic power in Cyprus. Leadership and governance In recent years, the government of the Republic of Cyprus has renewed its commitment to combating organized crime, illustrated by its strengthened intelligence capacities and the establishment of a new law-enforcement agency to fight organized crime and terrorism. Economic and financial environment Cyprus has an open economy that is heavily reliant on trade in services, particularly in the financial and tourism sectors. Civil society and social protection Cyprus has established a fairly robust system for assisting the victims and witnesses of organized crime, who are entitled to protection under the official witness-protection programme. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

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