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Changes in living conditions are always associated with stress, and students who attend universities are exposed to profound changes in their lifestyles 1. For most students, college attendance is a period of excitement, which is associated with anxiety and stress 1. It seems that certain people, including students, may choose risky behaviors, such as drug abuse, for releasing psychological tension and pressure 2. Adolescents and young adults are the main group exposed to the risk for behavioral misconduct 3. These risky behaviors have led to the increasing rate of early death, disability and chronic diseases, observed in the recent decades in developing countries, including Iran 3. Similar researches, conducted in multiple countries, underline the importance of physical and mental health of the students 3. To date, several studies have been conducted on students concerning mental health status, the prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression, and how students cope and deal with campus 4. Statistics have shown a dramatic increase in the rate of drug abuse in different communities, especially among young people in recent decades 4 - 9. Also, other studies show an increase in the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among college students in Iran 10 - The study of Taremian et al. Water pipe smoking hookah is a type of smoking habit, widely encountered in Middle Eastern countries 17 , in which smoke passes through water Siam, in his study among male students in different universities of Rasht, found that The frequency of consumption was as follow: cigarette Moreover, The present survey attempts to determine the prevalence of substance usage and associated risk factors among the students of JUMS and AUJ. A confidential standard questionnaire based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition DSM-IV , composed of a number of multiple choice questions was used throughout this cross-sectional study 19 , Total number of students of JUMS was males: , females: and total number of students of AUJ was male: , female: All participants were selected by simple sampling method and randomized by table of random numbers. The students were free to select more than one choice. Special attention was paid to ensure that all of the students clearly understood the instructions about the questionnaire. The students were also asked not to write their name or any other symbol indicating their identity and were assured about confidentiality of their responses. The second part of the questionnaire related to the type of substances used consisting of tobacco, alcohol, opium, heroin, hookah, cocaine, grass, morphine, cannabis and psychedelic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide. The students were also asked about their age at the first consumption of substance, their reasons for using the drugs for the first time, the most important motivators of substance use, the reasons for continuing substance usage, and the frequency of substance use single occasion, infrequent, and sustained substance usage. Students who used substance once in a month were categorized as occasional user, and those using substance more than once in a month were considered as sustained users. The questionnaire was approved by five behavioral psychologists, all of which being faculty members of different universities in Iran. Reliability of the questionnaire was examined by a pretest-posttest study r: 0. All data collectors were students of medicine who were trained regarding the questionnaire. T-test and Chi-square tests were used for data analysis. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine the factors that affect substance use, as dependent variables, and sex, marital status, location, and type of universities, which were regarded as independent variables. Overall, students, including Mean age of the females and males were In regard to the place of residence, With respect to the history of substance usage, In regard to the relationship between the substance use and the place of residence, Table 1 indicates the number of subjects, the frequency of substance usage, and the type of substance used, based on sex and the University. As for the experience of substance usage, The mean age at the beginning of substance usage among the male and female students were With respect to the frequency of substance usage, 93 6. Of these, 41 5. Sustained usage of substance was reported by 90 5. These included 14 2. The most important incentives and motivators for starting and continuing the substance usage are summarized in Table 2. Results of this study indicated that the most important incentive for starting the substance usage among the students was curiosity Pleasure was the most important cause of continuing the substance use in 84 Additional reasons for continuing substance usage included habitual usage due to addiction 28 6. Table 3 shows the result of multiple logistic regression, based on factors thought to impact substance use. The risks of occasional substance usage OR: 2. The findings of this research are consistent with other national studies and indicated that usage of all types of substances among the university students of Jahrom City in Iran is generally lower than in western countries 21 - In this regards, This is in line with the findings of Goreishi et al. Findings of this study indicated that the most common substances used by the students were tobacco, alcohol, and opium. A similar study, conducted on the students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, showed that tobacco and alcohol were the most frequently used substances 20 , a finding comparable to the study of Goreishi et al. Many studies reveal that the pattern of substance usage among the students of western universities is different from its pattern in Iran, so that alcohol and various opiate are the most common substances used by western college students 20 , 25 , 26 , while in Iran, hookah and cigarette are at the topmost substances used by the students. Availability of substances and different prohibitive laws could be considered as the determinant factors of this discrepancy Although there exist several regulations that prohibit usage of tobacco at the university campuses in Iran, however, the law enforcement and monitoring programs are faced with short of efficient implementation Many strict prohibitive regulations, enacted against the usage of alcohol and opium, along with the religious beliefs, reduced the rate of consumption of these substances in Iran, compared to several other countries Nevertheless, increasing usage of alcohol and opium by university students in Iran is of serious concern and deserves appropriate measures to be taken by the decision makers Considering different rates of consumption, the risk of substance use among the male students was significantly higher than females. This is in accordance with the findings of a similar study on students of Zanjan universities, which showed the risk and incidence of substance use were significantly higher in males 6. Another study carried out at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, evaluated university students regarding substance use, which was higher among males 4. Numerous studies across the world have revealed differences in drug abuse between males and females, which were consistent with our findings 28 , This is evidenced by the differences in availability of substances to males and females, a condition accounting for increasing access of male students to substance use 3. Also, multiple factors, such as social stigma, have important effects on the decisions of female students to use substances 28 , 30 , The dependence of female students on their families could also be one of the reasons for lower substance use among females than male students According to the results of our study, the type of university was another important risk factor for substance use among the university students. By and large, the incidence and risk of substance use among the students of AUJ was significantly higher than in JUMS students, at all levels of substance use frequencies. The JUMS, as a public university, and AUJ, as a private institution, enroll students from different socioeconomic groups, so that those who attend the private university are generally from wealthier families. It seems that the difference in substance usage between students of these universities relates to affording the cost of substances by the students of the private university 14 , as well as the different lifestyles of students from different socioeconomic groups, which affect their behavior, such as their tendency to substance use The results of our study show that the place of residence of students is another important risk factor that impacts substance use. Among the students with sustained substance usage, living alone was a risk factor for such behavior. The study of Sahraian et al. Several studies suggest the positive effect of living with family on prevention of substance use among the college students in Iran Implementation of strict supervision programs, along with attending effective psychological consultation courses by students living in dormitories, could help reduce the prevalence of substance use The curiosity and seeking pleasure are the most important impetuses for starting substance use. Students with continuous substance usage mentioned that seeking pleasure and releasing tension were the most important incentives for sustained usage of substance. In the study performed in Zanjan universities, the most important motivators for substance use were pain relief in Lack of sufficient and proper knowledge about the side effects of substance use misleads people to use drugs and substances for pleasure and control of tensions 3. Appropriate information through educational courses and counseling practices has a positive effect on awareness of people about the realities associated with usage of substances Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and marijuana were the most common substances used by the students of Jahrom universities. Being male and living alone are two important risk factors for substance usage. The curiosity and seeking pleasure were the most important motivators of substance use. Universities could improve their drug abuse control programs by focusing on the high risk groups, which are identified by relevant studies. It is suggested that several educational and consultation courses could improve knowledge and attitude of students about the detrimental effects and dire consequences of substance usage. Finally, it is worth enacting as number of powerful laws to prohibit substance usage by university students. Lapsley DK, Edgerton J. Twelve-month maintenance treatment of opium-dependent patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. Frequency of risky behaviours among students in Babol Universities Addict Behav. Health-related lifestyles and risk behaviours among students living in Alexandria University Hostels. East Mediterr Health J. Lee A, Tsang CK. Youth risk behaviour in a Chinese population: a territory-wide youth risk behavioural surveillance in Hong Kong. Public Health. Relationship of onset of cigarette smoking during college to alcohol use, dieting concerns, and depressed mood: results from the Young Women's Health Survey. Papadaki A, Hondros G, A. Scott J, Kapsokefalou M. Eating habits of university students living at, or away from home in Greece. Illicit use of prescribed stimulant medication among college students. J Am Coll Health. Prev Med. Sexual risk-taking behaviors among boys aged years in Tehran. J Adolesc Health. Prevalence of risk behaviors related to intentional and unintentional injuries among adolescent high school students of Sistan and Balouchestan, southeast of Iran. The prevalence of drug abuse among university students in Tehran. Iranian J psychiatry and clinical psychology. Siam S. Drug abuse prevalence between male students of different universities in Rasht in Zahedan J Research in Medical Sciences. Survey of the prevalence of substance use among high school students in Guilan The study of body mass index in students of Bam educational centers. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Water-pipe smoking and pulmonary functions. Respir Med. Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic. Tob Control. Ahmadi J, Hasani M. Prevalence of substance use among Iranian high school students. Prevalence of substance abuse among the medical students in Southern Iran. Shiraz E Medical J. Goreishi A, Shajari Z. Addict Health. Substance abuse: prevalence in a sample of nursing students. J Clin Nurs. Substance use by pharmacy and nursing practitioners and students in a northeastern state. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Students' attitudes and practices towards drug and alcohol use at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Comparative study of drug use among undergraduate students at the University of Sao Paulo--Sao Paulo campus in and Rev Bras Psiquiatr. Alcohol abuse and dependence among U. J Stud Alcohol. Cigarette smoking among Iranian medical students, resident physicians and attending physicians. Eur J Med Res. Use of alcohol and other drugs among Brazilian college students: effects of gender and age. Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse; Age-related changes in reasons for using alcohol and marijuana from ages 18 to 30 in a national sample. Psychol Addict Behav. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. Parent program component analysis in a drug abuse prevention trial. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Background: Substance use among college students in Iran is a serious problem. Determining the pattern of substance use among University students is an important issue for implementing prevention and treatment programs. Objectives: The present survey attempts to determine the prevalence of substance usage and associated risk factors among the students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Jahrom, Jahrom, Iran. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from December to February and included randomly selected students of two Jahrom universities. A standard questionnaire was used for data gathering. T-test and Chi-square and Logestic regression tests were used for data analysis. Results: Tobacco The prevalence of substance use among the male students was significantly higher OR: 1. The risk of at least single episode of substance usage was higher among the students which were living alone OR: 3. Design of educational courses addressing the detrimental effects and dire consequences of substance usage could help to improve control programs. Universities could improve their drug abuse control programs by focusing on the high risk groups determined by relevant studies. Background Changes in living conditions are always associated with stress, and students who attend universities are exposed to profound changes in their lifestyles 1. Patients and Methods A confidential standard questionnaire based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition DSM-IV , composed of a number of multiple choice questions was used throughout this cross-sectional study 19 , Results Overall, students, including Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

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