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All International departing passengers are required to check the validity of passport and ticket information prior to the departure. Also passengers are required to check the information on security, immigration and customs from the airport website prior to the departure. Follow the queue while entering through respective gate. Refrain from using your mobile phone while waiting. Show valid Airline ticket at the entrance gate. After entrance, please proceed to the Airport Health Desk; show your polio health certificate for further clearance. If you are not having the Polio Certificate then follow the instruction of the Representative of Airport Health Department. You can also obtain Polio Health Certificate before going to the Airport from the designated centers of Ministry of Health as follows:. If someone is found guilty of violating these rules, confiscation of the above mentioned items along with detention of the guilty may enacted. In case of any assistance please visit Helpdesk of respective departments in the briefing area. For further details please visit the respective website. To ensure a smooth departure from AIIAP, Lahore, passengers are advised to check information on guidelines for liquids, aerosols and gels in carry-on baggage on airport website when packing baggage. Departing passengers are advised to arrive at the airport 01 to 02 hours for Domestic Flights and 04 hours for International Flights prior to the scheduled time of departure of the flight. Passengers can find the location of check-in counters for their respective airline on the display monitors located in briefing area on top of the briefing counters. For more information, please contact to the respective airline. All International departing passengers are required to check the validity of passport with valid Visa and ticket information prior to the departure. To ensure a smooth departure from BKIAP Airport, passengers are advised to check information on guidelines for liquids, aerosols and gels in carry-on baggage on airport website when packing baggage. Departure Procedures All International departing passengers are required to check the validity of passport and ticket information prior to the departure. Health Verification After entrance, please proceed to the Airport Health Desk; show your polio health certificate for further clearance. Pass your baggage from the scanning machine, present yourself for body search and your baggage for inspection, if required and proceed to the respective airline counters for check-in. Baggage Cautions Please refuse to carry any items at the request of strangers, as these could contain following contraband items. Heroin, Drugs, Narcotics other intoxicating agents Currency more than Rs. Antiques Intellectual Property Right infringements and infringed CDs Firearms, ammunition and Explosives Endangered Wild Life Species, Fauna and Flora as protected under the Wild Life Act and Cites Counterfeit currency and counterfeit products Please hand-carry expensive items such as cameras and jewelry, or fragile items such as pottery or glass. Please write your name, address and destination on your luggage in English in case your baggage gets lost. Immigration Process At International Departure Immigration desks are divided into different sections. Special Desk for Overseas Pakistan Passengers is also available to facilitate and provide assistance on 24 x 7 basis. The Immigration officer will verify your Photo ID and may ask several questions in accordance with the immigration procedures. Your cooperation is appreciated. Procedure Stand in your corresponding lane Stay behind the queuing line at the immigration desk. Once your passport is returned, you may pass through immigration and you will wait for boarding. Please check your passport before leaving immigration counter that it is properly stamped. Departure Lounge After immigration and custom clearance, you will proceed to International Departure Lounge. The Passenger will be not be allowed to go out of the Lounges to Public Areas once the formalities are completed. Check boarding pass or the flight information monitor and go to the appropriate boarding area or boarding gate. Procedure for crew handling As regards flight crew member on scheduled services who retains his license in his possession when embarking and disembarking, remains at the airport where the aircraft has stopped or within the confines of the cities adjacent thereto, and depart on the same aircraft or on his next regularly scheduled flight out of Pakistan, his crew member license or crew certificate is accepted in lieu of passport or visa for temporary admission into Pakistan with those countries only with whom bilateral agreement exists in this respect. This provision is also applicable if such crewmember enters Pakistan by other means of transport for the purpose of joining an aircraft. Departure Procedures. For Domestic Flights. For International Flights. Baggage Screening. Make a queuing line at ASF security screening desk. Airline Check-in. Immigration Process. At International Departure Immigration desks are divided into different sections. Departure Lounge. 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PDF version. ABSTRACT This study assessed the pattern of drug abuse and the reasons for relapse of addiction among male drug addicts seeking rehabilitative services in different centres in Lahore, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on male drug abusers from April to December Nonprobability purposive sampling was done to collect a sample of participants. A structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used for data collection. Out of participants, Educational levels were low in the majority, with Unmarried Correspondence to: S. Batool: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Addiction is defined as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, occurring any time in the same month period. It is manifested by tolerance, withdrawal and other symptoms 1. Approximately The annual prevalence in Pakistan of cannabis use is 3. The highest number of intravenous drug abusers among all provinces is in Punjab 4 , which includes a high ratio of polydrug abuse among addicts in Lahore using heroin and opium together 3. Internationally, two thirds of patients with addiction have a coexisting mental health problem 5. In male heroin users in Lahore, parental disharmony, paternal absence or maternal illiteracy has been shown to increase risk of addiction 6. Psychosocial factors like loneliness, parental coldness and peer pressure are major contributors to addiction 7. Curiosity to try new things is one of the most common reasons reported by drug users themselves 8. If children initiate drug or alcohol abuse at age 10—11 years, there is a greater chance that they will be trapped in addiction at age 17—18 years Parents who have heavy alcohol consumption are more likely to have children who abuse alcohol Other childhood premorbid traits that determine continuation of substance abuse in adulthood are boldness and less socialization Family ties have an important role in the recovery process from addiction. Treatment of drug addiction and rehabilitation services are provided through a wide range of public and private institutes in Lahore. The present study targeted male addicts seeking rehabilitation services in Lahore to assess the practice of drug abuse and reasons for relapse. Few studies have been conducted in this area of research and there is a dearth of scientific evidence to target strategies to tackle this important public health issue. A cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods technique was conducted among addicts currently undergoing treatment in Lahore. Total duration of the study was 6 months March—August One hundred and nineteen addicts from different rehabilitative institutes in Lahore were selected by using a purposive sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was developed for collection of quantitative data and personal interviews were transcribed for collection of qualitative data. Analysis was done using SPSS version 20 for the quantitative variables. Thematic analysis was carried out for qualitative questions. To explore the factors and determinants of addiction among the participants, initial codes were generated in a systematic fashion. Qualitative analysis, including thematic and content analysis, was carried out for qualitative data. A subset of transcripts was also double coded, that is, two members of the research group coded the same transcript to reduce personal bias. Disagreements and insights were discussed and alternative interpretations were incorporated in the analysis. Finally, interview transcripts were indexed and mapped on the basis of recurring major themes with corresponding sub-themes. To ensure reliability, 2 researchers read the interviews separately and agreed on the coding framework. A general introduction to research design, interviewing skills, gaining trust and adherence to ethical boundaries were discussed at the Institutional Review Board. Forty-two Sixty-one Two 1. Fifty-three Only one of them was already in service and undergoing treatment after being granted medical leave from his employer. The majority of the respondents belong to lower socioeconomic groups. Forty-seven Eighty-four Twenty-six Fifty-eight We conducted in-depth interviews to establish the reasons for relapse into drug abuse. Relapse was commonly reported among all respondents. Participants reported that when they returned to the same community and encountered the same people, they slowly began to indulge in the same harmful activities as before. Most of the participants said they experienced rude behaviour from their family and wider society, which had a negative effect. One participant relapsed solely due to taunts he faced after returning to the rehabilitation centre. They spoke about many aspects such as divorce, feeling hated by relatives, family bereavement, living in poverty, and being unemployed. Work stress and the same environment contributed negatively to relapse. Some were misusing the detoxification centres to eliminate tolerance developed by their bodies, to achieve euphoria and the same high that they felt when they used drugs for the first time. This means that they never intended to be cured but, in complete knowledge of their disease, to use the treatment centres to their own advantage. One participant was sick of spending so much money on drugs. A government employee said that alcohol was readily available in their circumstances; that they normally drank to relax and smoked cigarettes with heroin and other drugs to raise their energy levels and performance. The respondent now had tremors and hallucinations and decided to seek treatment. One young participant stated that he was undergoing treatment because he did not want to die, although he also stated his belief that there was no cure for addiction. Becoming a parent was a wake-up call for one participant. One participant complained that he was not educated sufficiently about his disease and was not counselled properly by his doctors, which resulted in relapse into drug abuse. The participants included healthcare professionals, for example, a dentist and a paramedic serving at the emergency department of a government hospital. Facing the same stressors that made them initiate drug use was also a cause of relapse, for example, work stress and relationship breakdown. The mass media was considered to play a negative role in their promotion of unrealistic images of relationships, which acted as a social stressor. In Pakistan, 4. This signifies the burden of disease due to addiction. There is a strong taboo associated with addiction in Pakistan, particularly among the younger age group We found that the majority of participants started abusing drugs before 18 or between 18 and 25 years of age. Similar findings were reported in a study in which Drug abuse at an early age can have detrimental effects on the psychological, physical and social development of the individuals concerned 20 , leading to troubled teenage years, poor academic performance and conflicts with family and friends. Another important indicator associated with drug abuse is the duration of use. A study conducted in Rawalpindi, Pakistan 21,22 had similar findings substantiating the fact that mostly chronic drug abusers seek rehabilitation services. Strategies should be devised to trace drug abusers in the early stage of their addiction to encourage them to seek help for cessation and counselling. The main reasons for initiation of drug abuse highlighted by the participants in our study were recreation and curiosity. A study conducted in Malaysia in highlighted similar reasons, confirming the findings of our study Lack of recreational activities can be one of the factors that trigger substance abuse. More emphasis should be placed by provincial and national government on the provision of recreational activities and places of entertainment. Such initiatives will provide alternative means to dissipate energy and become involved in healthy leisure activities. The issue of curiosity can be addressed by health education campaigns targeted at individual, group and mass levels. The main limitation of our study was the lack of female participants. Their inclusion would have provided an opportunity to explore further the factors associated with initiation of drug abuse and associated factors of low compliance to treatment and sociocultural aspects of drug abuse. However, lack of availability of female participants and the strong social and cultural stigma and sensitivity associated with female addiction made it difficult to recruit female participants. In conclusion, drug addiction is a problem that is escalating globally among younger age groups Subscribe via RSS. Volume 30, number 8 August WHO Bulletin. Pan American Journal of Public Health. Main Search Contact. YouTube Rss feeds Twitter Facebook. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal All issues Volume 23, Volume 23, issue 3 Pattern of addiction and its relapse among habitual drug abusers in Lahore, Pakistan. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. Pattern of addiction and its relapse among habitual drug abusers in Lahore, Pakistan. Material and methods A cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods technique was conducted among addicts currently undergoing treatment in Lahore. Results Forty-two Family grief and sadness Most of the participants said they experienced rude behaviour from their family and wider society, which had a negative effect. Dissatisfaction with doctors One participant complained that he was not educated sufficiently about his disease and was not counselled properly by his doctors, which resulted in relapse into drug abuse. Work and social stressors The participants included healthcare professionals, for example, a dentist and a paramedic serving at the emergency department of a government hospital. Discussion In Pakistan, 4. In conclusion, drug addiction is a problem that is escalating globally among younger age groups Funding : None. Competing interests : None declared. References Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Drug use in Pakistan Narcotics and Pakistan. Park S, Kim Y. Prevalence, correlates, and associated psychological problems of substance use in Korean adolescents. BMC Public Health. Influence of social factors on drug use behavior in Punjab. Pak J Nutr. Parental problem drinking, parenting, and adolescent alcohol use. J Behav Med. Racz J. The role of the curiosity in interviews with drug users. Forum Qual Soc Res. Prevalence and comorbidity of major internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents and adults presenting to substance abuse treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. Exploring the effects of age of alcohol use initiation and psychosocial risk factors on subsequent alcohol misuse. J Stud Alcohol. McCambridge J. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Identifying childhood characteristics that underlie premorbid risk for substance use disorders: socialization and boldness. Dev Psychopathol. Association between socio-demographics and alcohol dependence. Glob J Health Sci. Environmental factors influencing relapse behavior among adolescent opiate users in Kerman a province in Iran. Glob J Hum Soc Sci. Drug facts. Treatment statistics. Revised March Drug abuse among the students. Pak J Pharm Res. Perceptions of Pakistani medical students about drugs and alcohol: a questionnaire-based survey. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. Kuria MW. Factors associated with relapse and remission of alcohol dependent persons after community based treatment. Open J Psychiatry. Drugs, brains, and behavior: the science of addiction. Consequences of adolescent drug use: impact on the lives of young adults. Masood S, Sahar NU. A qualitative study on drug abuse relapse in Malaysia: contributory factors and treatment effectiveness. Knowledge and awareness of harmful effect of substance abuse among usersand non-users: a cross-sectional study from Bari Imam. J Pak Med Assoc. Subscribe via RSS. Current issue Volume 30, number 8 August

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