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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Guatemala is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking. Women and minors from across Central America and, to a lesser extent, from Colombia and some African countries are particularly vulnerable to sexual and labour exploitation in the country. National or non-citizen victims tend to be exploited in the agricultural, domestic and textile industries, not only in Guatemala, but also in Belize, Mexico and the US. Guatemala has a history of peonage and forced labour, especially among indigenous communities. Although recruiting for sex or labour trafficking is not as lucrative as recruiting for human smuggling, many forms of exploitation in the country are linked to the movement of people and might occur during or after the smuggling journey. The border areas between Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador are particularly affected by the human trafficking market. Traffickers are often members of well-organized local criminal groups who work in cooperation with international traffickers, particularly along the Guatemalan border, and have connections with drug-trafficking organizations. Human smuggling in Guatemala is often a response to the difficulty people experience in accessing visas and passports due to their origin and remote locations. Many of the convicted smugglers are from indigenous communities and work with other smugglers and criminal networks in Mexico and beyond. Human smugglers are often connected to well-organized criminal groups, and people in some rural Guatemalan highlands have made smuggling a livelihood. Guatemala is also a destination country for smuggled individuals, and criminal groups and corrupt authorities facilitate their entry. The lack of job opportunities, poverty, state-sponsored harassment, gang violence and the search for a better life have contributed to the growing human smuggling market. Extortion is a pervasive criminal activity in Guatemala and has been on the rise in recent years, with thousands of extortion cases reported each month. Extortion is often conducted by means of phone calls, and victims include businesses, individuals and even prisoners. Criminal groups often use violence and threats to enforce payments, and even prisoners are forced to pay entrance fees to jails to avoid violence. Guatemala serves as both a destination and transit country for arms trafficking, with various entry points for ARs along major trafficking routes. The expansion of the illicit arms market can be attributed to factors such as the Guatemalan civil war, porous borders, lack of control and understaffed border authorities. Criminal gangs in need of firearms often engage with arms traffickers and sell weapons on local black markets. It is estimated that over one million illicit arms are present in Guatemala, leading to widespread violence across the country, with most homicides committed with firearms. Firearms and ammunition seizures have been consistent over the years. Meanwhile, the laws regulating arms possession have stricter rules for owning a weapon but are laxer when it comes to ammunition, which is often bought legally before being trafficked. In addition, Guatemala serves as a hub for distributing illicit arms to El Salvador and Honduras. Counterfeit apparel production and pharmaceutical sales also pose problems, with the latter being particularly concerning, as it can lead to dangerous fake medications being consumed. Guatemala is considered a provenance economy for counterfeit footwear, clothing, leather articles and handbags, mostly imported from China, South Korea, India or Turkey. Counterfeit products are increasingly sold on social media platforms. Illicit trade of excise goods, primarily tobacco products and alcoholic beverages, is a moderate criminal market in Guatemala. Most of the contraband tobacco products originated from Panama and entered through Belize. Smuggled cigarette brands from China and India were also found in the country. The illicit trade has substantial economic repercussions on the state, with the state treasury accruing losses in tax revenue. Flora crimes, specifically rosewood trafficking, are prevalent in Guatemala due to high demand from China. Illegal logging and timber trafficking also occur in various regions, often tied to drug trafficking activities. Indigenous people have complained about logging and companies without permits engage in illegal pine extraction. Live flora, such as aloe and tillandsia, are also trafficked. Local farmers and intermediaries participate in flora trafficking operations through organized rosewood trafficking networks. Limited resources and extreme poverty in rural areas also contribute to this trade. The unclear demarcation of the Guatemala—Belize border and the lack of cross-border cooperation hinder the ability of security forces to combat flora crimes effectively. Moreover, the issue is not a priority in Guatemala, further limiting anti-rosewood trafficking resources. Wildlife trafficking in Guatemala involves organized criminal groups with knowledge of routes and cooperation with corrupt authorities. The cross-border movement and trade of species between countries demand perfectly organized groups, and scarlet macaws, monkeys and reptiles are among the most trafficked species. Most of the wildlife trafficking happens along the Guatemala—Belize border, often committed by rosewood traffickers. Local farmers and intermediaries participate in the trade, selling the animals to foreign buyers. Although there is a demand for scarlet macaws, the traffickers do not seem to be well-organized on a large scale. Illicit mining is the most prevalent non-renewable resource crimes in Guatemala, with foreign criminal actors involved in illegal jade mining operations. In some areas, entire villages are allegedly involved in illicit jade extraction in collaboration with corrupt local authorities. Legal mining operations have also been reported to disregard environmental impact standards and use illegal means to control social concerns. Guatemala is the third-largest producer of opium poppy in Latin America and its heroin trade is concentrated along the Guatemalan—Mexican border. Mexican cartels have expanded into Guatemala to cultivate poppies and the heroin is mainly destined for the US. Poppy production is viewed by many locals as a lucrative livelihood and it causes local communities to fight over the control of water and land. In addition, Guatemala is a significant transit country for cocaine due to its location on a major drug trafficking route between South and North America. Criminal actors involved include mafia-style groups in the form of drug cartels. Corruption runs rampant in the market, with drug cartels and individual narcos penetrating local and national political, judicial and law enforcement systems. They are known to create alliances with state actors at all levels. There has also been a rise in coca plantations in the country in recent years which has been demonstrated by the increase in coca eradication and clandestine laboratory dismantlement conducted by law enforcement. This indicates that Guatemala is becoming a cocaine producing country, albeit to a limited extent compared to major cocaine producing countries in South America. Furthermore, Guatemala is a country of origin and transit for cannabis. In rural areas, the cultivation of marijuana is controlled by transnational drug trafficking groups. Criminal actors involved in the market include youth gangs and other smaller criminal groups. Some children are also forced to sell marijuana at school. Criminals involved in the cannabis trade are also usually engaged in other criminal markets. Guatemala is also both a source and transit country for the synthetic drug trade. Chemical precursors from other countries are transported through Guatemala to Mexico for processing, although processing may also occur in Guatemala. Synthetic drug laboratories have been detected in the country for many years. Mexican, Guatemalan and Colombian criminal groups are the most important in terms of clandestine laboratories in the region, as well as in the procurement of chemical precursors. Nevertheless, the synthetic drug trade remains smaller than the cocaine or heroin trade in the country. Guatemala has seen a notable increase in cyber-attacks, particularly in the form of ransomware attacks. Criminal organizations exploit the lack of internet regulation and control to conduct cybercrimes. In , the hacker group known as Guacamaya Roja hacked confidential documents from a project managed by a multinational mining company operating in the country. The mining company alleged that it suffered a cyber-attack and that a disinformation campaign was being conducted against the business. In addition, a new technique known as crypto clipping is gaining popularity in Guatemala. This malware works by altering the beneficiary address during cryptocurrency transactions. Financial crimes are prevalent in Guatemala and pose substantial risks to its economy. In recent years, individuals and companies have been convicted of various financial crimes, including fraud, tax evasion and embezzlement. Tax evasion is a significant issue and leaked documents have revealed that Guatemala is one of the most used countries in Latin America for offshore purposes by politicians, businesspeople and private individuals. Embezzlement is also a big concern, with civil servants being convicted of misappropriating funds from various projects. Mexican cartels control much of the drug trafficking in the country, collaborating with local drug cartels and criminal groups. These international criminal groups mostly collaborate with their local counterparts in Guatemala, which is mainly a transit country for the drug trafficking markets. Meanwhile, local criminal networks participate in various criminal markets, such as marijuana, poppy and coca cultivation, human trafficking, kidnapping and money laundering. They consist of former military members, police officers, public officials and drug traffickers who work with groups from other Central American countries. Smaller criminal gangs are known for their extreme violence, including torture, and involvement in sexual exploitation and human trafficking. They participate in drug trafficking, such as cocaine and marijuana trafficking, and are influenced by drug traffickers who use their power to sway local elections, protect drug shipments and guarantee impunity. Some state-embedded actors, emboldened by the perceived immunity associated with their positions, have created their own drug operations. Mafia-style groups, including drug cartels and international gangs, operate in Guatemala, engaging in drug trafficking, arms trafficking, contraband, human trafficking and human smuggling, as well as extortion. Although territorial disputes have decreased in recent years, occasional clashes between these groups and Guatemalan authorities still occur in remote criminal enclaves and abandoned rural areas along the Guatemalan—Mexican border. These groups have also infiltrated various sectors of society, including politics, the security forces, the private sector and the judicial system. In the private sector, the Guatemalan government has investigated private security companies for operating illegally without licences to carry weapons, posing a risk to communities. Transnational mining companies are also causing environmental damage, fueling corruption schemes and attempting to influence indigenous leaders, while monitoring journalists who report on their irregularities. Many local and foreign companies have been accused of laundering their proceeds in the country and this illicit practice involves billions of dollars each year. Organized crime and public safety are major campaign issues in Guatemala, but anti-organized crime initiatives have been largely ineffective, with many requiring more funding and continuity. The lack of influential institutions to address corruption contributes to general perceptions about corruption in the country. The government has made efforts to improve transparency, including publishing budgets and creating platforms to make information about public procurement available. However, contracts in state institutions lack transparency, and there is little political will to reform the civil services law to guarantee that job and career qualifications in the public sector are based on performance. Guatemala has ratified various international treaties on organized crime, leading to legal reforms and improvements in anti-organized crime efforts. This has resulted in positive impacts on investigations into gang extortion and drug cartels. The country has bilateral extradition agreements with several countries, including the US, and has extradited many important drug traffickers, including a former president. Guatemala has also enacted a range of laws and legislative initiatives to combat organized crime, money laundering, sexual violence and trafficking. The lack of proper training among law enforcement authorities also makes it difficult to apply the existing legal framework effectively. The departure of the UN-backed anti-corruption body has left investigative and judicial authorities vulnerable to criminal organizations entrenched in state institutions and deprived them of international support. In fact, attacks on prosecutors and judges investigating corruption and organized crime have increased since its shutdown. In addition, the prison system is inadequate and has issues with overcrowding, corruption and a lack of resources. Organized crime is flourishing in prisons and gang leaders coordinate illegal activities from within. Guatemala has several law enforcement units specializing in organized crime, such as the anti-narcotics unit and the criminal investigation unit, which have received training and support from the US government. However, these units are still affected by understaffing, lack of equipment, corruption and poor coordination with investigators. The lack of public confidence in the national police force further undermines its effectiveness. Community policing models exist in some rural areas, but there is no monitoring of their impact. These areas of weakness make it easy to smuggle contraband, drugs and people in and out of the country. The terrain, which includes rivers and jungles, makes regional border control a challenge, and effective control would require significant investments in marine and air-force technologies. Despite some government efforts, border control personnel remain corrupt and under-equipped, and the government also faces challenges with extortion in areas controlled by gangs. Guatemala has the legislative framework and institutional capacity to combat money laundering, but questions have been raised about the impartiality of the institutions responsible for this task, as they are funded by banks. In practice, foreign judicial authorities still conduct major investigations, particularly those in the US. Guatemala is not currently on any black or grey lists; however, it runs the risk of being grey-listed due to regulatory issues that need strengthening. The country has not yet adopted any regulations or measures to prevent the use of crowdfunding or online gambling for money laundering, and there is a weak regulatory framework for savings and credit cooperatives. The economic regulatory environment in Guatemala is characterized by widespread extortion that affects small to medium-sized businesses, including multinational companies. Extortion is conducted by gangs and copycat organizations, and the weak law enforcement system, coupled with a lack of trust in law enforcement capabilities, exacerbates the problem. Organized crime diversifies existing business activities or establishes legitimate companies to increase profits, launder money, or enter the legal sphere, particularly in the agricultural and mining sectors. Smuggling of goods is fueled by tax and tariff evasion, and certain trade restrictions lead to illicit trade. The economic environment in Guatemala also remains heavily regulated, rendering doing business in the country cumbersome. Furthermore, drug users are often treated as criminals rather than victims and there are limited resources to treat addiction. Civil society provides some victim support services, including legal advice and psychological treatments, and anonymous hotlines exist for reporting crimes. Crime prevention has a focus on situational prevention and initiatives aimed at gangs, membership and extortion. Although strategies were published some years ago, specific results and monitoring and evaluation are yet to be determined. Overall, the crime prevention agenda is weak, with limited results due to hardline enforcement strategies and political developments. Public awareness campaigns focused on human trafficking, smuggling and gang activity exist, but the government lacks transparency and effective communication between institutions responsible for crime prevention. Guatemala faces significant challenges regarding press freedom and human rights, with a high number of attacks against journalists and human rights activists. Media ownership is highly concentrated and often lacks impartiality. The government provides limited support for think tanks and civil society initiatives aimed at addressing organized crime, and there is a lack of coordination between authorities and NGOs assisting victims. Indigenous people make up almost half of the population and are marginalized at social and political levels. The government is attempting to modify laws governing NGOs to increase control over them. The COVID pandemic has worsened the situation in Guatemala, making access to trustworthy information difficult and creating an unfavourable climate for journalists. Human rights activists have faced attacks, with Guatemala having the fourth-highest number of killings of human rights defenders in the region. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Guatemala. Income group Upper middle income. Population 17,, Geography type Coastal. GINI Index Criminal markets 6. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 7. Human smuggling 7. Extortion and protection racketeering 8. Arms trafficking 7. Trade in counterfeit goods 5. Illicit trade in excisable goods 5. Flora crimes 4. Fauna crimes 4. Non-renewable resource crimes 3. Heroin trade 7. Cocaine trade 8. Cannabis trade 6. Synthetic drug trade 6. Cyber-dependent crimes 5. Financial crimes 6. Criminal actors 7. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 7. Criminal networks 6. State-embedded actors 8. Foreign actors 8. Private sector actors 6. Political leadership and governance 3. Government transparency and accountability 3. International cooperation 5. National policies and laws 4. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 5. Territorial integrity 3. Anti-money laundering 4. Economic regulatory capacity 4. Victim and witness support 4. Prevention 4. Non-state actors 4. Analysis Download full profile english spanish. People Guatemala is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking. Trade Guatemala serves as both a destination and transit country for arms trafficking, with various entry points for ARs along major trafficking routes. Environment Flora crimes, specifically rosewood trafficking, are prevalent in Guatemala due to high demand from China. Drugs Guatemala is the third-largest producer of opium poppy in Latin America and its heroin trade is concentrated along the Guatemalan—Mexican border. Cyber Crimes Guatemala has seen a notable increase in cyber-attacks, particularly in the form of ransomware attacks. Financial Crimes Financial crimes are prevalent in Guatemala and pose substantial risks to its economy. Economic and financial environment Guatemala has the legislative framework and institutional capacity to combat money laundering, but questions have been raised about the impartiality of the institutions responsible for this task, as they are funded by banks. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

Four Common Misconceptions about U.S.-bound Drug Flows through Mexico and Central America

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The routes, modalities and networks employed by criminal actors however continue to evolve, diversify and become more efficient. Moreover, the current relative concentration of consumers presents a clear potential for expansion, and new markets threaten to emerge. The increasingly globalized, interconnected, digitalized and technologically sophisticated nature of society, as well as a growing affluent demographic in some regions where cocaine use has traditionally been low, can potentially catalyse and accelerate this expansion. The UNODC cocaine research programme recognizes these realities and aims to read the trends with a view to painting a picture of potential future developments, identifying emerging threats and ultimately enabling a pre-emptive response implemented with foresight. Global report on cocaine — English , Spanish. Cocaine Insights — issue 1: The illicit cocaine trade from Latin America to Europe — from oligopolies to free-for-all? Cocaine Insights — issue 2: Cocaine — A spectrum of products. Cocaine Insights — issue 3: Women in the cocaine supply chain. United Nations. Office on Drugs and Crime. Site Search. What we do Research Illicit Financial Flows. The cocaine market. The cocaine market presents a clear threat at global level. The current situation is marked by well-defined locations of production in the Andean-Amazonian region of South America as well as consumption, with close to four fifths of users to be found in the Americas and Europe. This in turn leads to trafficking routes from a circumscribed origin to specific, even if far-flung, destinations, while some parts of the world play a crucial role as transit regions. Global report on cocaine — English , Spanish Cocaine Insights — issue 1: The illicit cocaine trade from Latin America to Europe — from oligopolies to free-for-all? United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

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