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Adolescent drug abuse is a social issue of global concern, causing a serious burden of diseases for individuals, families and society. To design effective prevention and intervention strategies for adolescent drug abusers, the predictive factors associated with drug abuse must be quantified and assessed. This study explores the similarities and differences between the parenting styles of adolescent drug abusers and non-drug abusers and applies a structural equation model to analyze the mechanisms involved between parenting styles, social support and adolescent drug abuse identification. The results show that parenting styles significantly predict adolescent drug abuse identification, and different parenting styles have different influencing mechanisms, which further indicates that poor parenting styles are a risk factor for adolescent drug abuse. However, beyond this, the mediation model of social support shows good adaptability and stability between adolescent drug abusers and non-drug abusers. Since parenting styles and social support are important predictors of adolescent drug abuse, the importance of integrating family-social support antidrug programs into adolescent prevention and intervention strategies should be considered. Drug abuse is a social issue of global concern, and an increase in the number of drug abusers has placed a serious burden of disease on individuals, families and society Kepple, ; Perruci et al. For drug abusers, first exposed to smoke and alcohol occurs between the ages of 12 and 14 Malta et al. These findings are worrisome because early exposed to drugs increases the likelihood of physical illness and social risk in adolescents. The findings are also concerning to educators and others who work with adolescents and call for prevention campaigns targeting drug abuse identification James et al. Furthermore, drug abuse identification is essentially a value identification of drug abuse events. Therefore, in preventing adolescent drug abuse, it is important to identify and focus on the predictors of protection and risk associated with early exposed to drugs Degenhardt et al. Additionally, social development theorists believe that the protection and risk factors of adolescent drug abuse are connected to the first socialization model—learning behavior Cambron et al. Furthermore, social development theorists believe that family is an influential domain for drug use among adolescents. Adolescents acquire the values, attitudes, cognitive styles and behavioral habits of others based on observation and learning in their households, especially through the continuing influence of parenting styles on the development of their positive and negative behaviors Karaer and Akdemir, For instance, as reported by Lippold et al. Moreover, stable parenting styles involve long-term maintenance of values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors Dembo et al. Parenting styles entail attitudes and behaviors toward adolescents and provide an emotional environment for parent-child relationships and adolescent development. However, Perris and Andersson observed that the aforementioned dimensions do not cover all facets of parenting styles. Based on this, the authors constructed a new model and identified four factors that affect parenting styles, including rejection, overprotection, emotional warmth and the favoring subject Asbrand et al. Parenting styles are also a major focus of adolescent drug abuse identification research. Researchers have found that low levels of support, rejection, and overprotective parenting styles are related to elevated rates of adolescent drug abuse. In contrast, warm understanding and a high level of support can reduce dependence and protect against adolescent drug abuse Matejevic et al. In addition, the relationship between parenting styles and drug abuse varies across countries depending on culture, but the findings remain relevant in that parenting styles have effects independent of the country investigated Valente et al. For instance, some researchers have found that positive parenting styles are protective against adolescent drug abuse in Europe, whereas parental supervision and control are more important than supportive and warm parenting styles in Brazil Ribeiro et al. Therefore, to improve the prevention and intervention strategies of adolescent drug abusers, the development of parenting styles in accordance with national cultures is crucial. Despite the evidence for the roles of parenting styles as risk and protective factors, researchers have ignored the mediating effect of parenting styles on adolescent drug abuse identification. Moreover, most studies have tended to examine the relationship between parenting styles and drug abuse identification and have not captured the complexity of the patterns and mechanisms of action involved Varvil-Weld et al. Such development is also interactive Guy-Evans, Moreover, Bronfenbrenner indicated that the matching of microsystems serves as a significant basis for family to play a positive role, especially for a social ecosystem closely linked to the family microsystem Morse et al. Social support within the social ecosystem has a strong impact on adolescent drug abuse and is considered to be one of the most important factors in promoting health Buttram et al. Social support includes access to information, material assistance, planning, health advice, and emotional support. Social support serves as a source of information for family, friends, classmates and neighbors, and high-quality social support is of great value in moderating emotions emerging in response to negative life events and in promoting well-being Rapee et al. Furthermore, social support has a positive effect in maintaining the physical, emotional, and mental health of drug abusers, reducing the tendency to use illicit drugs Mo et al. In conclusion, parenting styles are an important family-related factor affecting adolescent drug abuse identification, but this relationship lacks process exploration on the possible intermediate link between them, namely, social support. In addition, social support and parenting styles play moderating roles in their relationship with drug abuse Rudolph et al. The aim of this study was to explore and analyze the effects of parenting styles and social support on adolescent drug abuse identification. Associated relationships and mechanisms, as well as protective and risk factors involved in drug abuse identification, were investigated. Additionally, differences in the effects of parenting styles on adolescent drug abusers and non-drug abusers were analyzed. Based on this, we propose four hypotheses. First, the parenting styles of parents of drug abusers are more negative than those of adolescent non-drug abusers. Second, parenting styles are significantly correlated with adolescent drug abuse identification. Third, parenting styles influence adolescent drug abuse identification based on the mediating role of social support. Finally, the mediating role of social support has excellent structural stability for both adolescent drug abusers and non-drug abusers. This work provides a practical and theoretical basis for integrating parenting styles and social support into antidrug strategies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of parenting styles and social support on adolescent drug abuse identification. Among the adolescent drug abusers, the proportion of first exposed to drugs in different age groups was The study was completed in The participants of this questionnaire agreed to analyze and report on the information they provided in the survey. The procedure was divided into two stages. In the first stage, adolescent drug abusers were evaluated by questionnaire and supervised by relevant staff. Moreover, prior to the completion of the survey, the researchers and relevant staff explained the purpose of the questionnaire and the more difficult questions and offered to answer questions throughout the process. In the second stage, a random sample of adolescent non-drug abusers ages 18—35 was selected. The questionnaire followed principles of convenience sampling, was electronic, and presented challenging questions and topic explanations online after questions were answered. Gifts were offered to participants in the study. According to the purposes of this study, basic information on population variables age, sex, age upon first exposure to drugs, etc. The drug abuse identification scale developed by Weng was adopted. Perris was used to assess parenting styles, including maternal and paternal parenting styles. In the above work, 23 countries were studied for depression, personality disorders, criminal behavior, drug abuse behavior and other psychological behaviors with high reliability and validity Chen et al. In addition, the 3 items of objective support measure the degree to which adolescents believe that they actually receive support, including direct assistance and social support. The support utilization degree of social support includes 3 items, which reflect the utilization degree of social support by adolescents. SPSS 26 was used for data processing, independent sample t -test, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and data mining. AMOS 24 was used to construct a structural equation model to isolate random measurement errors from potential variables and increase explanatory power. Based on the structural equation model, the bootstrap method was used to analyze the significance of the effect of parenting styles on drug abuse identification. Since all the variables of this study were measured by subject self-reports, anonymous answers and partial item reverse measures were adopted to control common deviation during measurement Liu et al. In addition, the Harman single-factor test was applied to the exploratory factor analysis. The unrotated exploratory factor results show 37 factor characteristics with values of greater than 1, and the maximum factor variance explanation rate was measured as Therefore, no serious common method deviation was identified. An independent sample t -test was used to compare the adolescent non-drug abusers and adolescent drug abusers in terms of parenting styles, social support, and drug abuse identification. Table 1. Difference tests of all study variables for adolescent drug abusers and non-drug abusers. Pearson product-moment correlations Emerson, were used to calculate the correlation coefficients between parenting styles, social support and drug abuse identification as shown in Table 2. The results were compared to those of previous studies and show that drug abuse identification was related to maternal and paternal parenting styles and social support. Since many variables were significantly correlated, this laid a foundation for analyzing the effects of parenting styles on adolescent drug abuse identification and the mediating roles of social support. Table 2. Correlations, means, and standard deviations of the main study variables. First, the fitting degree of the structural model must be tested. The three latent variables in the model are assumed to include multiple factors, and each factor involves multiple projects. Thus, to reduce study variable errors, the projects were packaged first, and the project mean of each factor was taken as the new index of each latent variable. Specifically, the mean of each factor for parenting styles, social support, and drug abuse identification, accounting for 15 factors, was used as a new indicator of the latent variables. According to the theoretical basis and research hypothesis of this study, paternal and maternal parenting styles were set as independent variables, social support was set as a mediating variable, and drug abuse identification was set as a dependent variable to construct the structural equation model Figure 1. However, the standardized factor loads of each index in the model range between 0. Since the load of each factor is greater than 0. Figure 1. Structural equation model representing the effects of parenting styles, including maternal and paternal parenting styles, and social support on adolescent drug abuse identification. The measurement model includes the variance and covariance between all latent variables in the model. Therefore, the path coefficient between indicators can be estimated by calculating the variance and covariance of variables, and the recursive form was generally adopted in the selection of models. AMOS was used to calculate the path coefficient as described in Table 3. Table 3. Path coefficients between maternal and paternal parenting styles, social support, and drug abuse identification. The effect value of this path is 0. However, in the direct path D3 and D4 of parenting styles to drug abuse identification, all of the p -values are greater than 0. In conclusion, social support plays a fully mediating role in the influence of maternal and paternal parenting styles on drug abuse identification. Table 4. Bootstrap test for significance of the main effect size of the structural model. Although the aforementioned studies prove the mediating role of social support between parenting styles and drug abuse identification, the mediation model constructed can only be generalized for the overall sample. A confirmatory factor analysis of the multi-group samples is shown in Table 5 and Figure 2. In conclusion, the mediation model of adolescent drug abuse is also applicable to adolescent non-drug abusers and can be extended to adolescent non-drug abusers, providing further evidence of the accuracy of the mediation model of social support for adolescent non-drug abusers. Additionally, the structural model provides a theoretical basis and application guidance for adolescent drug abuse prevention and intervention. Figure 2. Model invariant tests of adolescent drug abusers and non-abusers Detla. Adolescent drug abuse problems have been widely studied Tremblay et al. The relationships and mechanisms between parenting styles and adolescent drug abuse identification in China were investigated. The present study finds a significant positive correlation between poor parenting styles and drug abuse identification. This study explored the mechanisms of the relationships between parenting styles, such as maternal and paternal parenting styles, and drug abuse identification based on social support. The present study shows that the influence of parenting styles on adolescent drug abuse identification is realized through the mediating role of social support. The results show that parenting styles, including maternal and paternal parenting styles, could significantly predict adolescent drug abuse behavior Patte et al. Different family backgrounds and parenting styles have different effects on adolescent drug abuse, but this further proves that poor parenting styles are a risk factor for adolescent drug abuse Fernandez-Hermida et al. This study concludes that risk factors for parenting styles involved in adolescent development include paternal overprotection, excessive interference, rejection and denial, and favoring subject and maternal punishment and severity, overprotection and excessive interference, and rejection and denial. On the other hand, parental warmth and understanding, paternal punishment and severity, and maternal favoritism for participants are likely to be protective factors for adolescent drug abuse prevention Garcia and Serra, ; Lukavska et al. The negative influence of parenting styles forces adolescent drug abusers to separate from the family environment Kliewer and Zaharakis, Adolescent drug abusers will then seek a new environment and change their own development directions and goals. Social resources provide important support for the behavioral development of adolescents who take drugs under these circumstances. As a risk factor for drug abuse, poor parenting styles cannot directly affect drug abuse identification but can affect drug abuse identification through the role of social support Ryan et al. It can be concluded that social support plays a mediating role between parenting styles and drug abuse identification, which means that parenting styles play an indirect role in drug abuse identification. The mechanisms of parenting styles, social support and drug abuse identification are summarized as follows. First, for the family, overprotection and excessive interference from parents, as well as the father favoring the subject, will enhance dependence on the family in the process of socialization, which may lead to a decline in objective support and degree of utilization of social support, as well as enhance drug abuse identification and increasing the likelihood of drug abuse. Social support may be the main factor that affects the socialization of adolescents who use drugs, and a lack of social support may affect adolescent drug abuse identification Fredrick et al. Therefore, social support plays an important role in helping explain and analyze the relationship between parenting styles and drug abuse. Adolescent drug abuse involves a complex process of interaction between family and social support Eppler, , mainly because family, as a proximal environment, greatly impacts the direction and effectiveness of adolescent behavioral development Wolford et al. When excessive negative parenting styles manifest, resulting in insufficient family support, adolescents may seek new forms of support, and the focus of socialization may shift from family to peers or other social groups. A lack of social support will lead to the development of new models for adolescents to achieve a new balance Mitrani et al. In an environment with high drug abuse identification, adolescents are more inclined to enter drug abuse groups to integrate into the new environment. Furthermore, under the influence of the group, drug abuse identification is enhanced, which means that a pattern of adolescent drug abuse behavior is more likely to appear than other behaviors. Special attention is given to the negative correlation between social support and drug abuse identification, which provides a basis for the establishment of prevention or intervention systems from enhanced social support. This study demonstrates that the structural equation model presents a stable structure and invariability between groups and that parenting styles can predict drug abuse identification through social support. Additionally, previous studies have focused on directly changing or optimizing parenting styles to change adolescent drug abuse while ignoring the mediating role of social support Kopak et al. The limitations of previous studies can support new prevention and intervention strategies that can enhance the effectiveness of family education by adjusting social support, especially objective support and the utilization of social support. Families, society and adolescents form a closed ecosystem. When this ecosystem is damaged or unbalanced, adolescent drug abuse identification crises occur Lian et al. Our results highlight the importance of adolescent drug abuse prevention and intervention strategies applying the following five strategies. First, antidrug agencies can increase social support, especially through the positive role of subjective support and support utilization degree, to control or restrain the negative factors such as excessive interferences, favoring subject, rejection and denial, and overprotection of fathers, and overprotection and excessive interference, rejection and denial, and punishment and severity of mothers. Meanwhile, antidrug agencies should also optimize and develop positive factors such as emotional warmth and understanding of parents, punishment and severity of fathers and favoriting subject of mothers, so as to control the development of parenting styles of adolescents toward a benign direction. Second, the negative and positive factors of adolescent drug abuse span multiple ecological levels of the family, society and other sectors, and there is an urgent need for multifaceted measures targeted at the family and society. A professional team composed of psychologists, social workers and therapists developed family-social support program based on the mediating role of social support. Through the intervention of social support and parenting style, especially the improvement of parental support, the program aims to jointly resist the negative factors leading to adolescent drug abuse by supervising the study and outdoor risky behavior of adolescents with different sexes, types and stages. Third, schools are the best place to start adolescent drug abuse programs. School-based anti-drug programs need to include family topics, which can enhance parenting skills communication, rules, discipline, etc. Fourth, antidrug agencies should strengthen the development of joint antidrug projects with family and social support. And a diversified prevention system based in a systematic and governance concept must be developed. Finally, families and communities involved in the implementation process should follow laws and regulations, strengthen responsibility provisions and punishment measures, and create a green and drug-free growth environment for adolescents. This study has some limitations. First, although the presented model can verify which facets of parenting styles can predict adolescent drug abuse identification, it is mostly applied based on horizontal studies and cannot determine causal relationships. Second, the mediating role of social support can well explain the correlations and mechanisms between parenting styles and drug abuse identification. However, there are many types of social support, leading to different associations with drug abuse identification without further differentiation. Third, in explaining the mediating role of parenting styles in drug abuse identification, social support is accompanied by changes in psychological states; therefore, corresponding physiological indexes can be considered in future studies. Fourth, the sample size is insufficient. In the follow-up study, we will increase the sample size to make the study more convincing and meaningful, and improve the promotion. Fifth, the indexes of structural equation model have certain limitations, and further optimization is needed. For instance, the above-mentioned physiological indexes are included in the study to further optimize the model. Finally, adolescent development emphasizes interactions between the individual and the situation. However, this study examined only the one-way prediction relationships between variables, and the cross-lag model will be used to explore two-way effects in the future. Despite the shortcomings mentioned above, this study provides a detailed discussion of the relationships between parenting styles, social support, and adolescent drug abuse identification, and the results are relatively reliable, providing a reference for adolescent drug abuse prevention and intervention strategies. To summarize, parenting styles, including maternal and paternal parenting styles, can significantly predict adolescent drug abuse behavior. Different parenting styles have different influencing mechanisms, further showing that poor parenting styles are a risk factor for adolescent drug abuse identification. Additionally, parenting styles can indirectly influence adolescent drug abuse identification through social support. Social support plays a fully mediating role. However, the validation of the multi-group model shows that the structural model shows good adaptability and stability between adolescent drug abusers and non-drug abusers. This work provides a practical and theoretical basis for utilizing the mediating role of social support to optimize parenting styles and develop strategies for adolescent drug abuse prevention and intervention. LL and BL conducted the conceptualization and methodology of the research study. WM was responsible for collecting and analyzing the data. LL completed the writing — original draft and formal analysis. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Abbas, K. Health implications of household multidimensional energy poverty for women: a structural equation modeling technique. Energy Build. Asbrand, J. Maternal parenting and child behaviour: an observational study of childhood social anxiety disorder. Attar-Schwartz, S. Child Fam. Azpiazu, L. Capacidad predictiva del apoyo social en la inteligencia emocional de adolescentes. Baumrind, D. Larzelere, A. Morris, and A. 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Keywords : adolescent drug abuse identification, parenting styles, social support, mediating role, prevention and intervention strategies. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Introduction Drug abuse is a social issue of global concern, and an increase in the number of drug abusers has placed a serious burden of disease on individuals, families and society Kepple, ; Perruci et al. Materials and Methods Participants and Survey Procedures The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of parenting styles and social support on adolescent drug abuse identification. Measures and Instruments According to the purposes of this study, basic information on population variables age, sex, age upon first exposure to drugs, etc. Drug Abuse Identification The drug abuse identification scale developed by Weng was adopted. Results Control and Test of Common Method Deviation Since all the variables of this study were measured by subject self-reports, anonymous answers and partial item reverse measures were adopted to control common deviation during measurement Liu et al. Difference Tests of All Study Variables Between Adolescent Drug Abusers and Non-drug Abusers An independent sample t -test was used to compare the adolescent non-drug abusers and adolescent drug abusers in terms of parenting styles, social support, and drug abuse identification. Table 5. Analysis of fit between adolescent drug abusers and non-drug abusers.

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Cannabis is the most widely consumed drug in the country and its affordability and accessibility have led to an increase in consumption, particularly among middle- and high-school students. While strict laws against drug possession have contributed to a dramatic increase in the incarceration of first-time offenders, calls to abolish the law have gained significant traction. Synthetic drugs continue to be smuggled into Tunisia from Europe and neighbouring countries through different routes. There is also some smuggling of synthetic drugs, Pregabalin in particular, into Algeria and Libya. Generally, these synthetics are procured from hospitals or pharmacies, before being smuggled out of the country via small networks. Ecstasy, previously predominantly consumed by wealthy youths, has become more accessible and its use has spread to low-income neighbourhoods. Authorities have seized large numbers of ecstasy pills and Pregabalin hidden in cars and luggage. The use of subutex, a semi-synthetic opioid, and lysergic acid diethylamide are also on the rise in the country, often smuggled in by Tunisian nationals. Tunisia's dynamic tourism industry provides both a cover and a potential market for such drugs. The Tunisian government recognizes the growing risk of cyber-dependent crime and is seeking to enhance international support to combat it. The industrial sector appears to be the primary target of cyber-attacks, with losses estimated at millions of dinars per year. Conversely, the Tunisian financial sector is reportedly better protected against such attacks than the government. Overall, the number of cyber-attacks in Tunisia is increasing exponentially, with traces of state-sponsored attacks targeting the country. Financial crimes such as tax evasion and avoidance, achieved through mis-invoicing and abusive transfer pricing, result in annual losses of over half a billion dollars. Organized financial crimes involving high-level political actors and prominent businesspeople are well documented, with sports-betting rings emerging as a niche for corruption in professional sports leagues. These crimes often have transnational links and involve complex financial schemes. It is essential to pay particular attention to multinational corporations that exploit the tax code in Tunisia to shift profits to tax havens. Widespread corruption is facilitated by state-embedded actors, including politicians, bureaucrats, law enforcement officials and judges, who aid or directly engage in criminal activities. Citizens often bribe officials to gain access to public services. There are numerous reports of corruption among customs and police services, which allegedly protect trafficking networks or allow criminal suspects to cross borders. Private sector actors are also involved in criminal activities, particularly in sports betting and money laundering, with some Tunisian businessmen and companies implicated in illegal transactions. Fake recruitment agencies and some private employment companies are involved in trafficking girls, foreign nationals and Tunisian women, who are forced into prostitution. Several small networks dominate the criminal landscape in the country and are involved in a variety of activities, including human trafficking and the smuggling of counterfeit goods, although organized crime groups engaged in these activities may have different structures and levels of organization. Human trafficking networks are very small-scale and composed of brokers who act as intermediaries and lure foreign or national victims into exploitative situations. The informal trade in goods, on the other hand, is almost inextricably linked to more structured criminal networks and represents a systemic issue with deep economic and social ramifications, accounting for a significant portion of Tunisia's gross domestic product. The criminal mafia in Tunisia, which specializes in drug trafficking, robbery, theft and currency smuggling, is generally centered on family-based organization, which exist in various regions of the country. Although there are a few structured networks whose operations may be classified as mafia style, they are limited in number and scope. The presence of foreign actors in Tunisia has been declining in recent years and is currently limited. The lack of governmental stability has led to a loss of faith in state institutions. Moreover, the absence of significant action against corruption, along with the systematic undermining of state institutions, the concentration of power and the erosion of the rule of law since the coup have caused general disillusionment, even among the current president's allies. While the official discourse often attributes Tunisia's many issues to organized crime, this is largely an exaggeration used to justify problems such as the shortage of food products and other goods, including sugar, rice, bottled water and petroleum derivatives. Tunisia's accountability systems are inadequate. The new Constitution does not provide for adequate checks and balances, leading to violations of and attacks on constitutional freedoms and rights. Anti-corruption legislation has been weak in the past. In , the National Commission for the Fight against Corruption was shut down by the authorities. The political instability in the country has had no effect on international cooperation over organized crime. In fact, efforts to cooperate over cybersecurity resilience have increased. However, the Tunisian state still has no clear crime prevention and anti-crime policies to deal with organized crime. Although the law provides for severe penalties for drug trading, the trade has spread remarkably in recent years. The law that criminalizes cannabis, its cultivation, promotion and consumption, has proved ineffective. There are also challenges with the implementation of anti-smuggling and anti-trafficking laws. The government is taking steps to address the emerging cyber-related crime trend and improve cybersecurity measures, particularly in critical sectors like finance and telecommunications, but while there is a national cybersecurity strategy in place, there is also substantial room for improvement in implementing it. The judicial system faces many challenges and limitations, including politicization, lack of independence, understaffing and limited specialized expertise. The dissolution by the president of the Supreme Judicial Council and the creation of a temporary council have raised concerns about his authority to dismiss judges who violate their professional duties, without specifically defining these duties. Civilians, particularly those accused of defaming the army, can be tried in military courts. The president's assumption of new powers has weakened the judiciary, resulting in judges being fired and multiple cases of judicial inquiries initiated under political instructions. The judiciary also lacks funding and human resources and several high-level positions remain vacant. The prison system is dysfunctional. The Tunisian police force is facing mounting condemnation for its use of violence against protesters and detainees, with reports of physical and moral violations during arrests and interrogations in security and detention centres. Human rights organizations and civil society activists are calling for the police to respect the law and the guarantees given to the accused, including access to medical examination, lawyers and family. Tunisia has generally been able to control its territory, with strengthened border security and limited reported cases of friction between the army and terrorists. However, some forms of smuggling continue to be tolerated, and corruption of border security officials remains an issue. In terms of cybersecurity, Tunisia has strong legal and technical measures, but weaknesses in organizational matters. Tunisia has made efforts to combat money laundering and terrorism financing, especially after being blacklisted in , which eventually led to the country being delisted in While there has been progress in prosecuting entities and individuals suspected of money laundering and terrorist financing, there is still room for improvement. Investigative and prosecutorial efforts have been selective, often ignoring the wealthiest and most powerful actors, unless there is political intervention. However, the country is currently facing one of its worst economic crises since independence, aggravated by political strife and the COVID pandemic. The informal economy is expanding, while there are few economic opportunities due to high inflation, unemployment, marginalization, regional economic inequality, under development and an absence of effective reforms. The government's inability to access global financial markets and mobilize state resources has exacerbated the situation. Despite improvements in the investment policy frameworks, economic policies have stagnated or declined. The Tunisian government has made efforts to support victims and prevent human trafficking, but there are still shortcomings in the country's approach. While the government has provided trafficking victims with healthcare and assisted in their repatriation and reintegration, NGOs have reported that the limited number of ministries that can officially identify trafficking victims has slowed the process of victim identification and access to services. In addition, the process of providing exemption from visa penalties for foreign trafficking victims is slow and cumbersome and authorities may have punished some victims for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit. The government's approach is heavily security focused and there is still work to be done in preventing human trafficking. The National Authority established an evaluation and follow-up unit responsible for treating the root causes of trafficking, disseminating information and preventing child labour and the exploitation of women and children abroad. However, the results of the unit's work are not visible on the ground and the suspension of the independent anti-corruption authority are worrying signs. Moreover, growing hostility towards civil society organizations involved in victim and witness support activities may further undermine the state's capacity to protect victims and whistleblowers. Press freedom in Tunisia has deteriorated since the elections, with politicians openly attacking journalists. Although an independent commission supervises audio-visual media, journalists have reportedly faced growing pressure and intimidation from government officials, particularly since the president announced his exceptional powers in July The virtual boycott by the president and prime minister of local media outlets has greatly curtailed the work of journalists and undermined people's right to access information. Many journalists practise self-censorship to avoid angering the president and his supporters. There has also been institutional hostility to civil society organizations and NGOs, with the government directly accusing those who are funded by international parties of treason and anti-patriotism and using the judiciary to prosecute journalists, activists, lawyers and political figures. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. Capital Tunis. Population 12,, Geography type Coastal. Income group Lower middle income. GINI Index Criminal markets 5. Human trafficking 4. Human smuggling 8. Extortion and protection racketeering 2. Arms trafficking 3. Trade in counterfeit goods 6. Illicit trade in excisable goods 5. Flora crimes 3. Fauna crimes 5. Non-renewable resource crimes 5. Heroin trade 3. Cocaine trade 4. Cannabis trade 7. Synthetic drug trade 6. Cyber-dependent crimes 4. Financial crimes 8. Criminal actors 3. Mafia-style groups 1. Criminal networks 4. State-embedded actors 6. Foreign actors 2. Private sector actors 4. Government transparency and accountability 4. International cooperation 5. National policies and laws 6. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 4. Territorial integrity 6. Anti-money laundering 5. Economic regulatory capacity 3. Victim and witness support 4. Prevention 3. Non-state actors 4. Analysis Download full profile english. People The human trafficking market in Tunisia is not as sizeable as in other countries in North Africa, but it is still a concern. Trade While arms trafficking remains an issue in Tunisia it is not as widespread as other forms of illicit trafficking. Environment The illegal flora market in Tunisia is growing, with reports of illegal logging of Algerian oak trees to produce charcoal prevalent in the north-western Ain Draham region. Drugs Heroin smuggling has increased in Tunisia. Cyber Crimes The Tunisian government recognizes the growing risk of cyber-dependent crime and is seeking to enhance international support to combat it. Financial Crimes Financial crimes such as tax evasion and avoidance, achieved through mis-invoicing and abusive transfer pricing, result in annual losses of over half a billion dollars. Criminal Actors Widespread corruption is facilitated by state-embedded actors, including politicians, bureaucrats, law enforcement officials and judges, who aid or directly engage in criminal activities. Leadership and governance The lack of governmental stability has led to a loss of faith in state institutions. Criminal justice and security The judicial system faces many challenges and limitations, including politicization, lack of independence, understaffing and limited specialized expertise. Economic and financial environment Tunisia has made efforts to combat money laundering and terrorism financing, especially after being blacklisted in , which eventually led to the country being delisted in Civil society and social protection The Tunisian government has made efforts to support victims and prevent human trafficking, but there are still shortcomings in the country's approach. Next Skip.

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