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Background Self-medication is defined as the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed symptoms without the supervision of healthcare physicians. Self-medication is a growing public health phenomenon and is associated with risks such as misdiagnosis and drug toxicity. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed and conducted to identify variables associated. Information was collected on the conditions treated, medications used and their sources. Results The study found that self-medication is highly prevalent among Costa Rican university students. The most Frequently used active ingredients were paracetamol and Ibuprofen. Conclusions Self-medication is common among Costa Rican university students. The prevalence found is higher than that reported in previous studies conducted in the country. These findings suggest the need to implement prevention campaigns and regulatory policies to ensure the safe consumption of medical drugs. The World Health Organization defines self-medication as the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent diseases or symptoms without the supervision of a medical physician 1. Self-medication is an important public health phenomenon; which may delay diagnosis and facilitate the emergence of resistant diseases and microorganisms, affecting quality of life and global health as a whole 2. Previous studies have shown that self-medication is associated with risks such as excessive drug dosage and use, drug interactions and polypharmacy, incorrect self-diagnosis and misdiagnosis, poor adherence and delay in medical treatment 2 , 3. In Costa Rica, there are about drugs sold over-the-counter in supermarkets, pharmacies and other establishments 4. Self-medication is a practice commonly carried out by the Costa Rican population. In most cases, individuals start self-medicating as teenagers and young adults 5. Almost half of the population that practices self-medication has reported the easy identification of the symptoms and pathologies treated as one of the main reasons for doing so. Although self-medication is an alarming phenomenon and studies have been conducted to measure its prevalence in the country 4 , 5 , there are no recent studies that focus on measuring the prevalence of self-medication among Costa Rican university students. Studies conducted in the university population of different countries show that the prevalence of self-medication is higher in university students than that in the rest of the population 6 , 7. Having up-to-date evidence-based data on drug consumption patterns is essential for the implementation of policies and regulatory strategies that promote rational drug use 8. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August with students from a university located in San Jose, Costa Rica. Participants were selected by random selection and had to be enrolled in a university to be eligible for the study. To estimate the prevalence and self-medication patterns in the population, a question questionnaire was designed based on previous studies of a similar approach 8 11 and reviewed by three public health professionals. A pilot study was conducted in June with 20 students from all fields to test the instrument and assess its understanding and effectiveness. The questionnaire was adjusted as per feedback from the piloted sample, and data of the pilot study was not included in the results. Data concerning sociodemographic and general characteristics, medication consumption habits, prevalence and frequency of medication use, forms of acquisition, sources of advice, frequent symptoms prompting self-medication and pharmacological drugs used. Prior to answering the questionnaire, all participants were given a brief explanation of the intention of the study and gave their informed consent. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to present participants and their characteristics. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS software version A total of students answered the questionnaire correctly and were included in the data analysis. Of the students included in the study, Only Only 4. The general characteristics of the participants are described in Table 1. Self-medication was reported by When asked about their frequency of consumption, Out of the percentage of the sample that reported self-medicating, Students enrolled in the Faculty of Business Sciences reported self-medicating the least, with a prevalence of self-medication of The principal symptoms associated with self-medication were headache Acid reflux, stomach ache, diarrhea, and infectious diseases were also reported on lower percentages Figure 1. Each student reported consuming an average of 2. As for the types of drugs consumed, participants predominantly reported using paracetamol A smaller percentage of the sample reported self-medicating with antibiotics, contraceptives, and antiemetics. Table 2. The primary sources of advice for taking medications for all students were family members Other primary sources reported are shown in Figure 2. Logistic regression showed a significant association between self-medication and having a home pharmacy. Despite the high prevalence of self-medication among the Costa Rican student population, In the present study, It has been proven that having medications stored in the place of residence increases the risk of self-medication This confirms the important role that the pharmaceutical industry plays in controlling such practice. As for the types of drugs, analgesics were the group of drugs most consumed by self-medication. More than half of the sample reported self-medicating with paracetamol The use of analgesics and anti-inflammatories is related to the main symptoms associated with self-medication: Headache These findings are similar to those reported in similar studies 6 , 9 - Although analgesics are extremely useful drugs, the non-responsible consumption of paracetamol and NSAIDs is related to hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and ulceration of the gastric mucosa In , a daily average of 12 cases of drug poisoning was recorded. The implementation of regulatory policies is important to regulate its consumption and minimize its risks. It should be noted that the present study found a higher consumption of antihistamines than that reported in similar studies conducted in other countries 11 , 12 , This may be related to the prevalence of rhinitis and allergies in the Costa Rican population In Costa Rica, the medications with the highest prevalence of poisoning are paracetamol, antihistamines, and ibuprofen 16 , These drugs correspond to those most consumed by the sample in the study, which suggests there is an urgent need to deepen existing efforts to inform and educate about the safe use of medications. The fact that the main reasons for self-medication are lack of time and the lack of necessity to visit a physician confirm the role that access to information through the internet plays to make users feel aware of pathologies and symptoms. This is a double-edged sword, as it increases the role that consumers play in their healthcare decisions, but can also lead to misdiagnoses and poor adherence to treatments Waiting lists in social security facilities and the high costs of private medical consultants also influence this practice It is important to carry out complementary studies in other population groups in order to establish possible intervention points to promote responsible self-medication and avoid the risks that come with the practice. This study has limitations that need to be addressed, among which are the small sample size used, the fact that the sample refers to a specific geographic area, the use of a questionnaire as the data collection instrument, and possible memory bias. Despite its limitation, the present study offers the possibility to guide other researchers and health organizations working to address the issue. The consumption of over-the-counter drugs among Costa Rican university students deserves further study. The high prevalence of self-medication found demonstrates the need for local health authorities to implement regulatory and managerial strategies to control the practice, and prevention campaigns to educate the population and promote responsible self-medication and rational drug consumption. Improved knowledge and understanding might help increase the benefits and reduce the risks associated with self-medication. Data has been deposited under a cc by 4. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Universidad Latina de Costa Rica. Verbal consent was obtained after explanation of the objectives of the study from all participants, no personal information is provided and data was collected anonymously and verbal consent was approved by the ethics committee. The corresponding author was responsible for the design of the work, acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data, the draft, revision and approval of the submitted manuscript. There were no earlier authors involved or removed from the study. View the discussion thread. Supplementary Material. Skip to main content. Maria Natalia Norori. Abstract Background Self-medication is defined as the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed symptoms without the supervision of healthcare physicians. Background The World Health Organization defines self-medication as the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent diseases or symptoms without the supervision of a medical physician 1. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August with students from a university located in San Jose, Costa Rica. Results A total of students answered the questionnaire correctly and were included in the data analysis. View this table: View inline View popup Download powerpoint. Table 1: General characteristics of the sample. Table 2: Reasons for self-medication among Costa Rican university students. Discussion In the present study, Conclusion The consumption of over-the-counter drugs among Costa Rican university students deserves further study. Data Availability Data has been deposited under a cc by 4. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the ethics committee of Universidad Latina de Costa Rica. Funding No funding was obtained for this study. Author contributions The corresponding author was responsible for the design of the work, acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data, the draft, revision and approval of the submitted manuscript. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Acknowledgements Not applicable. References 1. Antibiotic knowledge and self-medication practices in a developing country: A cross-sectional study. American Journal of Infection Control. Accessed July 20, Risk factors associated with self-medication among women in Iran. BMC Public Health. Responsible self-medication: perceived risks and benefits of over-the-counter analgesic use. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. Accessed July 21, Accessed July 23 , Responsible Self-Medication in Latin America. Drug Information Journal. Accessed July 24, OpenUrl CrossRef. Accessed July 23, Accessed July 26, Medical Principles and Practices ; 19 : — Encuesta Actualidades San Jose, Costa Rica. Patterns in the use of medicines by university students in Maputo, Mozambique. Accessed August 5, Katzung BG. New York : McGraw-Hill ; Solis M. CCSS llama a prevenir intoxicaciones por medicamentos. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. Accessed August 1 , The current prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema related symptoms in school-aged children in Costa Rica. Accessed August 3, Tendencia de la mortalidad por casos de intoxicaciones en Costa Rica. Are my symptoms serious Dr. A resource-based typology of value co-destruction in online self-diagnosis. Listas de espera. Back to top. Previous Next. Posted November 27, Download PDF. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about medRxiv. NOTE: Your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article. You are going to email the following Patterns of self-medication among university students in San Jose, Costa Rica. Message Subject Your Name has forwarded a page to you from medRxiv. Message Body Your Name thought you would like to see this page from the medRxiv website. Your Personal Message. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. 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