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The Relation of Self-Esteem and Illegal Drug Usage in High School Students

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Box: , Mashhad, IR Iran. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Adolescence is the period of stress and strain. Researchers have shown that adolescents without strong social supports would have tendency towards smoking and drug abuse. Participants were grades nine to 12 high school students, from Sarakhs during - Adolescents participated in the study, completed two self-report questionnaires. The first questionnaire included questions about individual and family information, smoking and illegal drug abuse history, and the second was the Rosenberg's self-esteem scale. The mean Rosenberg self-esteem score was But this difference was not significant for marijuana hashish and opium. There was also a significant association between the number of children in the family and self-esteem score. The current study showed significant association between the Rosenberg self-esteem test results and smoking, and illegal drug abuse like heroin, pills, alcohol, Nas, and other substances. This fact could guide us to the new approaches for smoking and drug-abuse prevention in adolescents. Researchers have shown that adolescents lacking strong social supports,would have tendency towards smoking and drug abuse 1. Recent researches have shown that drug abuse has been increased significantly among adolescents. The most important threat for this group is the possibility of facing repeated helplessness situations such as feeling insecureness, pressure and emotional disturbances as well as having conflict with parents, friends or school , which may lead to seeking comfort in drugs 2 - 4. Based on the WHO reports, more than young people start using tobacco products and illegal substances each day, most of which live in the developing countries 5 - 8. Geographical, social, and cultural location of Iran, make it a suitable situation for adolescents and young people to lean towards drug addiction. Countering against illegal drug trade and usage has been one of the most considerable efforts of Iranian government. Since addiction is a complex matter and legal prohibition methods are not helpful, in the recent years, attentions have been drawn to addiction prevention and treatment based on practical and scientific methods The most common description for self-esteem is the Rosenberg definition: a stable sense of personal worth or unworthy towards oneself. Many students face experiences and problems which have never been occurred in their lives before. Students make efforts to reach their educational goals continuously and actively and are frequently evaluated by their teachers.. Furthermore, students are susceptible to psychological problems in different situations such as examinations, great deal of assignments, lack of leisure time, and longtime studying Studying the Self-esteem concept is very valuable because researches have shown that the prevalence of behavioral and emotional disorders as well as antisocial behaviors aggressiveness or violence, criminal activities, suicidal thoughts, smoking, abusing illegal drugs, school grades failing, irresponsibility, etc. In the last few decades, efforts for reducing illegal drug abuse have drawn their attention from risk factors towards protecting factors On the other hand, some studies have emphasized on the role of family besides personal properties including self-esteem as a protecting factor against illegal drug abuse While some researchers reported a weak association between self-esteem and smoking or illegal drug abuse, some others reported strong association Many studies have been performed on the relation between self-esteem and factors such as school progress, critical thinking, satisfaction, etc. A cross sectional study was performed on high school and technical school students, grades nine to 12, from Sarakhs, Iran 41 schools with students during Ethnical diversity of this county is unique in Iran. The number was multiplied by three for cluster sampling Thirty-two students were excluded from the study due to being absent in the day of filling the questionnaire, refusal of responding, and incomplete questionnaires. So the overall response rate was The study samples were divided into clusters with appropriate proportion to their population. In the next step, four schools were randomly selected from each cluster. The calculated study samples for each cluster were divided between schools appropriate to their population. In each school, students were selected with simple sampling method. They were justified by a team including researchers, consolers, teachers, and education experts. Two self-administrated questionnaires were completed by students. Totally, all data were considered confidential. Data were collected and recorded without names, just by code. The first questionnaire including demographic questions and questions about individual and family information, smoking and illegal drug abuse history marijuana, opium, pills, alcohol, betel nut Nas , and other substances personally and in the family was filled. Any use of these substances was sufficient for that individual to be classified as being a drug user. No report was classified as never being a drug user. We assessed self-esteem by the Persian version of the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire 3 , 12 , 20 - 22 , ranging from 10 to 40, with lower scores indicating higher self-esteem. In the pilot study with 30 grade 10 students with a two-week interval, test-retest correlation was 0. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale is a self-esteem measurement widely used in social-science researches. Five of the items have positively worded statements and five have negatively worded ones. The scale measures state self-esteem by asking the respondents to reflect their current feelings. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale is considered a reliable and valid quantitative tool for self-esteem assessment. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS Data were described with central indexes, distribution indexes and frequency. Chi-squared test was used to compare qualitative variables. Because of cluster sampling method, survey analysis was used in all the analyses. Ninety-five percent of the confidence interval was calculated for substance abuse prevalence. The Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, independent t-test, and logistic regression model were used for evaluating factors associated with substance abuse. Permission was also received from MUMS for application of the data collection tools. The respondents were anonymous and participated willingly and voluntarily in this study. In addition, all of the responses were treated confidentially. Demographic and school information of participants are shown in Table 1. The mean of Rosenberg questionnaire self-esteem score was The mean of self-esteem score were The mean of self-esteem score in students who smoke, use heroin, alcohol and ecstasy pills was significantly lower than other students. The relation between self-esteem and using Nas and other substances Pan and water pipe was opposite; self-esteem was higher in this group of students. The mean of self-esteem score was reported lower in students who used marijuana and opium, but the difference was not significant. The mean of Rosenberg questionnaire self-esteem score in students who lived with both parents was The mean of self-esteem score for students who lived with their single father was The differences of self-esteem scores between student groups based on people they lived with, were not significant. There was not any significant correlation between the number of brothers and self-esteem score. Some variables such as age, sex, history of grade failure, family situation who they live with could be considered as confounding factors in our study, but we did not find any association between them and self-esteem. There were 16 underlying causes of drug usage in abuser students, of which having fun, impact of peer and curiosity were the three most frequent ones. The prevalence of substance abuse in this study was consistent with some previous national surveys 3 , 4 , 20 , In comparison to the other countries 24 - 27 , the prevalence of substance abuse was considerably low in our study. Lower substance abuse rates among adolescents in Iran are mostly related to legal prohibition of illicit drugs, cultural values of Iranian families against substance abuse especially among adolescents, and strong parental disapproval of drug abuse. Generally in the world, the rate of substance abuse and dependence is higher in men compared to women 28 , Moreover, based on the social norms and cultural values in Iran, the rates of substance abuse in women are much less than men There is a strong association between the adolescent age and substance abuse In the present study, the prevalence of substance abuse was significantly increased by age of students and despite very low age variability and after controlling other variables, the risk of substance abuse was increased by increase of each year of age. Substance abuse in adolescents is a barrier to successful academic performance and academic achievement. Smokers as well as alcohol and other drug users, even those who have even used these substances once, tend to have worse scores and weaker school performances than other students Our findings showed that the history of grade failure in substance abuser students was observed more than other students. Living with a single parent or in divorced families can make a teen more susceptible to drug abuse in a variety of ways. Substance useage in adolescents who live with a stepmother or stepfather is more than adolescents who live with both of their biological parents Our results showed that the risk of substance abuse increased in students who do not live with both of their biological parents. Moreover, Fisher test found a significant association between self-esteem and poor family relationships in drug abusers Self-esteem is one of the human behavior stablishment factors. Self-esteem can be described as a collection of thoughts, feelings, emotions and experiences which are shaped through social life process. Considering thousands of personal experiences and self-assessments, a stable sense of worth or unworthiness gets built in the person Adolescence is a period of life which connects childhood to adulthood. Changes in physical, mental, emotional, behavioral and cognitional aspects are very obvious in puberty. Struggles and contradictions are very common Studies have shown that since unsuccessful students did not have sufficient successful experiences, they underestimated their own abilities and talents. The self-esteem in these type of students was very low Students with high self-esteem are in better physical health and are successful in school 37 , Our results showed a low prevalence of substance abuse in Iranian adolescents, and also determined some of its associated factors. By considering the high prevalence of addiction in the Iranian adult population 39 , longitudinal studies on adolescent samples are suggested to determine the incidence rate of substance abuse and its related factors. The current study showed that the association between the Rosenberg self-esteem test results and smoking, and illegal abuses of drugs like heroin, pills, alcohol, Nas, and other substances was significant the association was not significant for marijuana and opium abuse. Among native studies including Ayaytollahi et al. Other studies have reached similar conclusions in the world 40 - Increasing self-esteem is essential to prevent problems arising from low self-esteem in adolescents Considering this fact would help to develop new strategies for preventing smoking and illegal drug abuse in adolescents. This means that while we are trying to prevent the substance abuse in adolescents with health educations and providing appropriate information, prevention by increasing their self-esteem might be more effective High self-esteem is one of the strongest supports which can help students to face outdoor challenges. This may be possible through continuous and warm relationship between family members and their adolescent, reducing their emotional pressure, and improving their emotional and mental health This way, family may help the teenager to develop appropriately and reach integrity. Presumably, holding off life skills courses, especially self-confidence, self-esteem increase and 'say no' skill have significant impact on reducing illegal drug usage in teenagers and young adults. Simultaneously, organizing targeted programs for prevention and education of pupils, counseling centers for motivation increase, promoting positive mental attitudes and reducing risky behavior would be highly beneficial. The strength of present study was the sample selection from a multicultural zone Sarakhs County , as representative of Iranian students. This cross-sectional study had some limitations. First, the underlying causes such as psychosocial factors, smoking, alcohol, drugs access and friends and family attitudes were not fully investigated. Second, the limited number of schools, as well as ethical, social and legal limitations for assessment of sexual and other risk behaviors restricted the study. Fewer reported drug usage in such studies is common, because it is a social evil and may be a threat for the participants. In addition, the current study did not include students fired from school, in which the prevalence of substance abuse has been shown more than other students by numerous studies 47 , Therefore, the estimated prevalence of substance abuse reported above may represent lower estimates from the actual prevalence. Also we are grateful to Sarakhs Governor, Sarakhs police head quarter, principles, teachers and students of participated schools, and finally Mrs. Nikkhah who helped us to perform this research. The mentioned results are outcome of a student MPH thesis addiction prevention and control management thesis. Mohammad Khajehdaluee and Abbas Zavar developed the original idea and the protocol, abstracted and analyzed data, wrote the manuscript, and guaranteed the research. Mahbobeh Alidoust and Razieh Pourandi contributed to the data collection, data analysis and manuscript preparation. The current study showed significant association between the Rosenberg self-esteem test results and smoking and illegal drug abuse like heroin, pills, alcohol, Nas, and other substances. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Iran Red Crescent Med J. Find articles by Mohammad Khajehdaluee. Find articles by Abbas Zavar. Find articles by Mahbobeh Alidoust. Find articles by Razieh Pourandi. Open in a new tab. Financial Disclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. School Grade. School type. Field of study. Family situation living with. Average school grade. History of fail in a grade. Father age. Mother age. Number of children in the family. Self-Esteem score. Marijuana Hashish. Betel Nut Nas. Other substances.

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