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PL EN. Current issue. About the Journal. Publication Ethics. Instructions for Authors. Online first. Instructions for Reviewers. Editorial Office. Editorial Board. Reviewers All Reviewers Medical and forensic aspects of energy drinks and caffeine shots. Maciej Kycler 1. Szymon Rzepczyk 1. Iga Markowska 1. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu, Polska. Maciej Kycler. Introduction and objective: The number of users of energy drinks and caffeine shots worldwide is very high and varies depending on the age group. In many countries, legislative measures have been taken to restrict access to these products for minors. The main ingredient in energy boosters is caffeine which is responsible for the stimulating properties of these products. Other substances, such as guarana, taurine, vitamins, and simple sugars, are also included in their composition. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of these products on the body, and their medical and forensic aspects. Review methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and information from legal documents and product labels available on the market. Brief description of the state of knowledge: The use of high-caffeine products is associated with a negative impact on various systems in the human body, with cardiovascular issues being the most commonly observed. Based on available literature, it can be speculated that children are most vulnerable to the harmful effects of these substances. Another concern related to energy drinks and caffeine shots is their interaction with many medications and other substances. There have been cases reported of overdosing on energy drinks, suicide attempts, and deaths, as a result. In medico-legal diagnostics, toxicological examinations regarding caffeine levels in the blood and appropriate differential diagnostics are crucial. Summary: The consumption of energy drinks and caffeine shots may pose a threat to health. Further analyses of the broad impact of these products on the human body, with special consideration for children, are needed. Adolescents and Adults, — Am J Prev Med. Google Scholar. Alsunni AA. Int J Health Sci. Hammond D, Reid JL. Exposure and perceptions of marketing for caffeinated energy drinks among young Canadians. Public Health Nutr. Soft and energy drinks consumption and associated factors in Saudi adults: a national cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks. European Statistical Office. Frequency of drinking sugar-sweetened soft drinks by sex, age and educational attainment level. Piekara A, Krzywonos M. Prevalence of energy drink consumption world-wide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addict Abingdon Engl. International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Diario Oficial No. Nov 22, DzU Iacobucci G. Sales of energy drinks to children to be banned in England under government plan. Viner R. Ban on sale of energy drinks to children. J Nutr. J Am Heart Assoc. Effects of energy drinks on blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiographic parameters: An experimental study on healthy young adults. Anatol J Cardiol. Acute effects of energy drinks in medical students. Eur J Nutr. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Effects of the consumption of guarana on human health: A narrative review. Sports Health Multidiscip Approach. Roles of taurine in cognitive function of physiology, pathologies and toxication. Life Sci. Protective role of taurine against oxidative stress Review. Mol Med Rep. B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin. CNS Neurosci Ther. Caffeine and contraction synergistically stimulate 5-AMP-activated protein kinase and insulin-independent glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep. Acute caffeine ingestion reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J. Mol Nutr Food Res. De La Puerta C. Taurine and glucose metabolism: a review. Nutr Hosp. Shearer J. Methodological and metabolic considerations in the study of caffeine-containing energy drinks. Nutr Rev. Uwaifo GI. Am J Med Sci. Sci Med Footb. Energy drinks in children and adolescents: demographic data and immediate effects. Eur J Pediatr. Health Canada is advising Canadians about safe levels of caffeine consumption. Energy drinks: effects on pediatric h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A randomized trial. Pediatr Res. A Randomized Trial. Front Cardiovasc Med. J Clin Med. Environ Sci Pollut Res. Paglia L. The sweet danger of added sugars. Eur J Paediatr Dent. Energy-drink consumption is associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis in Korean adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr. Pediatr Emerg Care. The potential adverse effect of energy drinks on executive functions in early adolescence. Front Psychol. The implications of alcohol mixed with energy drinks from medical and socio-legal standpoints. Front Behav Neurosci. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. Driving under the influence behaviours among high school students who mix alcohol with energy drinks. Prev Med. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. Roemer A, Stockwell T. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. Munteanu C. Long-term consumption of energy drinks induces biochemical and ultrastructural alterations in the heart muscle Anatol J Cardiol. Demirel A. Chami M, Di Primio S. Energy drink consumption can induce cardiovascular events, two case reports and a literature review. Toxicol Anal Clin. Effects of energy drinks on the cardiovascular system. World J Cardiol. Clin Res Cardiol. Belayneh A, Molla F. BioMed Res Int. Addepalli V, Kale P. Enhancement of nootropic effect of duloxetine and bupropion by caffeine in mice. Indian J Pharmacol. Folia Cardiol. Traditional Chinese medicine: herb-drug interactions with aspirin. Singapore Med J. Interactions of ginseng with therapeutic drugs. Arch Pharm Res. Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Panax ginseng. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. The effect of ginseng plant on the activity of monoamino oxidase and peroxidase. Ann Trop Med Public Health. Hypertens Dallas Tex Adv Nutr Bethesda Md. Caffeine toxicity in forensic practice: possible effects and under-appreciated sources Forensic Sci Med Pathol. Mil Med. Effect of consumption of energy drinks and their toxicities. South Asian J Exp Biol. Cardiovasc Toxicol. Energy drink exposures reported to Texas poison centers: Analysis of adverse incidents in relation to total sales, — Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. Berger AJ, Alford K. A case of suicide by ingestion of caffeine. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. Energy Drinks and Myocardial Infarction. Rare Complications of Fatal Caffeine Intoxication. Forensic Sci. Willson C. The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study. Toxicol Rep. Dangerous mistake: an accidental caffeine overdose. BMJ Case Rep. Jones AW. J Anal Toxicol. Caffeine-induced cardiac arrhythmia: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products. Med J Aust. Can J Cardiol. Sports, energy drinks, and sudden cardiac death: stimulant cardiac syndrome. Post-mortem toxicology analysis in a young sudden cardiac death cohort. Forensic Sci Int Genet. Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of nearly 1, drugs and other xenobiotics. Crit Care. Meester S, Hogrefe C. J Emerg Med. Drugs, pesticides and metabolites in forensic post-mortem blood samples. Med Sci Law. Entrapment of drugs in dental calculus — Detection validation based on test results from post-mortem investigations. Forensic Sci Int. ST elevation myocardial infarction in a young patient after ingestion of caffeinated energy drink and ecstasy. World J Emerg Med. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. Suicidal attempt with caffeine overdose treated with dexmedetomidine: a case report. J Med Case Reports. The data collected by the authors of the publication from available information contained on products packaging. Send by email. Slim figure for high price. Urticaria due to weight loss products and performance enhancers — A review of three cases. Effect of coffee consumption on the human organism. Legal highs — current state and guidelines for the future. We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool more. You can change cookies settings in your browser. 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