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Euphoric feelings and the ability to socialize usually increase after taking of MDMA. In addition, one may experience entactogenic effects and feel highly connected with others 2. The abuse of MDMA is a significant public health problem. In , global consumers of MDMA aged 13 - 34 years were estimated to range between 9. In the reproductive system, complaints about erectile dysfunction 5 or lack of sexual drive 6 are frequent among the various subjective symptoms reported by the drug consumers. MDMA interrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis 7 and also causes endocrine alterations, increasing corticotropin ACTH , cortisol, and prolactin 8. It is suggested that there is a functional relationship between the increase of prolactin and lack of sexual drive after acute exposure to MDMA 9. MDMA increases reactive oxygen species ROS 10 ; therefore, unspecific mechanisms such as oxidative stress or genotoxicity exert direct effects on reproductive organs In addition, in young male rats, DNA damage in sperm is increased, and testes histopathology are changed after chronic exposure to MDMA Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble vitamin that was discovered by Evans in It protects membrane stability against free radicals-induced peroxidation In the reproductive system, the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species can be compensated by Vitamin E Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze protective effects of Vitamin E against damages induced by MDMA exposure in sperm parameters. In addition, the antioxidant status was analyzed. The current study was an attempt to assess the protective effects of Vitamin E on serum biochemical indices and sperm quality parameters in MDMA treated mice. The internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care as found in the US guidelines NIH publication 85 - 23, were applied to handle all the procedures. Moreover, the protocol was approved by the committee on ethics in animal experimentation of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Twenty eight sexually matured, 6 - 8-week-old male albino mice with weight range of 25 to 30 g were purchased from the animal house of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The mice were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups 7 mice in each. Group 1 Control received saline 0. MDMA and dose selection of vitamin E was based on previous reports,respectively 16 , 18 , in accordance with duration of spermatogenesis in mice which is 35 days. Through cardiac puncture in heparinised tubes, blood samples were collected. After collecting blood samples, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Cauda epididymis of the animals was dissected and used for sperm parameters analysis. The lipid peroxidation level in sperm homogenate was measured as malondialdehyde MDA , which is the end product of lipid peroxidation and reacts with thiobarbituric acid TBA to produce TBA reactive substance Malondialdehyde was measured in plasma by a commercial kit Bioassay Technology Laboratory, China based on the kit guidelines. The total antioxidant capacity TAC of plasma from all groups was measured. This test was based on the assessment of ferric reduction antioxidant power FRAP Louis, USA was used to examine sperm parameters of the sperm sampled from Cauda epididymis of each animal. The caudate was minced making 5 - 7 slashes with a gauge needle of an insulin syringe in order to swim out the sperm into the medium. Then, the smears and drying slides were prepared and finally alive colorless and dead colored with eosin spermatozoa percentages were determined by a light microscope at magnification of X In order to evaluate sperm morphology, aniline blue AB staining method was applied and abnormal morphologies percentage, particularly the cytoplasmic residual of sperms that was considered as abnormal morphology, was determined Acridine orange staining was used to estimate any kind of breakage in mice sperms DNA double strands. Based on the level of damage, DNA damage was observed as yellow to red fluorescence while the normal sperms were observed as green fluorescence The slides were then left, for 5 minutes, at laboratory temperature to be dried. The slides were sited in a dark place including 1 mg of AO in mL distilled water. The stained solution was produced then itcontained 10 mL of the stock which was added to 40 mL 0. Aniline blue staining method was applied to evaluate the sperm nucleus maturity. In this staining method, immature sperms with high histone showed grayish dark blue in their nucleus and mature sperms were pale. Final results were reported as percentage However, the other groups did not have any significant differences with each other Table 1. There was no significant difference in sperm viability between the olive oil group and control group Table 2 and Figure 1. No significant difference was observed between the control and olive oil groups Table 2. No significant difference was observed between the control and olive oil groups Table 3 and Figure 2. Abbreviations: AB, aniline blue; AO, acridine orange. After aniline-blue staining, sperms having high histone in their nuclei with grayish dark blue, based on the histone level, were considered immature sperms. The Sperm nucleus immaturity percentage in the olive oil group was similar to that of the control group and no significant difference was observed Table 3 and Figure 3. The damaging effects of active oxygen radicals on spermatogenesis and sperm health were prevented by vitamin E that resulted in testicular oxidative stress Results of this study showed that vitamin E decreased oxidative stress by increasing the total antioxidant capacity TAC. The total sperm number in the MDMA-treated mice turned out to decrease. Hyperthermia has been suggested to occur after MDMA administration 29 - 31 and it has shown to increase the formation of free radicals 32 , 33 , which in turn decelerate spermatogenesis finally leading to a reduction in sperm count 33 , Our assumption was that MDMA-induced oxidative stress leads to the reduction of sperm number. For our hypothesis to be true, the well-known antioxidant, i. Sperm motility reduced in the MDMA group as compared to the other groups. Increased ROS levels considerably affected sperm enzymatic content, and phospholipids peroxidation was increased remarkably by increased ROS levels, which in turn reduced the fluidity of cell membrane and sperm motility, as well However, concerning the preventive effects of vitamin E against ROS and attacks of lipid peroxidation, administration of Vit. E group resulted in a significant enhancement in sperm motility Sperm viability is importantly affected by the sperm plasma membrane integrity and controlled lipid peroxidation. Therefore, serious damage at plasma membrane level increased lipid peroxidation associated with continuing oxidative stress As stated earlier, polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation in the sperm is exerted by ROS, which leads to the destruction of sperm mitochondria. This, in turn results in sperm ATP depletion and reduction of sperm viability Our findings accorded to those found by other researchers indicating that Vit. E group significantly. In addition, in comparison with other groups, the number of abnormal sperms in the MDMA group significantly increased. This increase is considered as an indirect result of genotoxicity. Venkatesh et al. E group compared to the MDMA group 42 , The results of this study showed that the average number of sperms with damaged DNA in the MDMA group compared to the other groups significantly increased. The increasing ROS conversely caused changes in all bases, morphological and cross-junction changes of DNA, deletion and uncoupling of complement bases, and changes in reorganization of chromosomes The aniline-blue staining showed a significant increase in the immature sperms percentage sperms with protamine impairment after MDMA administration. The DNA packing is attributed to the protamine expression rate in early maturation stage Lowered percentage of sperms with positive aniline-blue stained nucleus supported this hypothesis. E group compared to MDMA group significantly decreased. The decrease in the mean percentage of spermatozoa with immature nucleus is a strong reason for decreasing the rate of ROS by antioxidant effects of vitamin E. No significant difference between the control and olive groups is in accordance with recent studies; as suggested by Saez Lancellotti et al. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. Reynolds S. Generation ecstasy: Into the world of techno and rave culture. Psychology Press; Ecstasy and gateway drugs: initiating the use of ecstasy and other drugs. Ann Epidemiol. Degenhardt L, Hall W. Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. Eur Psychiatry. Buffum J, Moser C. MDMA and human sexual function. J Psychoactive Drugs. The recreational drug ecstasy disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis in adult male rats. Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. Ecstasy MDMA mimics the post-orgasmic state: impairment of sexual drive and function during acute MDMA-effects may be due to increased prolactin secretion. Med Hypotheses. Upreti V, D. Eddington N, J. Lee I. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. Toxicity of methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA in the dog and the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. Toxicol Lett. Effects of dietary vitamin E deficiency on systematic pathological changes and oxidative stress in fish. Vitamin E improved cypermethrin-induced damages in the ovary of rats; evidence for angiogenesis and p53 involvement. Pestic Biochem Physiol. Malathion-induced testicular toxicity in male rats and the protective effect of vitamins C and E. Food Chem Toxicol. MDMA ecstasy delays pubertal development and alters sperm quality after developmental exposure in the rat. Radioprotective effect of vitamins C and E. Mutat Res. Influence of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on testicular zinc content and testicular toxicity in lead exposed albino rats. Chlorophytum borivilianum Safed Musli root extract prevents impairment in characteristics and elevation of oxidative stress in sperm of streptozotocin-induced adult male diabetic Wistar rats. Protective effects of vitamin E and Cornus mas fruit extract on methotrexate-induced cytotoxicity in sperms of adult mice. Veterinary research forum: an international quarterly journal. Veterinary Research Forum. Study of pentoxifylline effects on motility and viability of spermatozoa from infertile asthenozoospermic males. Niger Med J. Effects of date palm pollen Phoenix dactylifera L. Iran J Reprod Med. Ribavirin-induced sperm shape abnormalities in Wistar rat. Effects of ethanol consumption on chromatin condensation and DNA integrity of epididymal spermatozoa in rat. Nuclear protein transitions during spermatogenesis. Fed Proc; Effect of varicocele on chromatin condensation and DNA integrity of ejaculated spermatozoa using cytochemical tests. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular stress response in Friedreich's ataxia. J Neurol Sci. Brain hyperthermia induced by MDMA ecstasy : modulation by environmental conditions. Eur J Neurosci. Ecstasy, methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA , a fatality associated with coagulopathy and hyperthermia. J R Soc Med. MDMA induced hyperthermia: report of a fatality and review of current therapy. Intensive Care Med. Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J Neurochem. Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes. Molecular mechanisms in spermatogenesis. Springer; Egypt J Hospital Med. Characterization of reactive oxygen species induced effects on human spermatozoa movement and energy metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med. Saleh RA, Agarwal A. Oxidative stress and male infertility: from research bench to clinical practice. J Androl. Role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of human reproduction. Fertil Steril. Differential effect of oxidative stress on the apoptosis of early and late passage human diploid fibroblasts: implication of heat shock protein Cell Biochem Funct. Differential resistance of mammalian sperm chromatin to oxidative stress as assessed by a two-tailed comet assay. Reprod Fertil Dev. Taurine protects rat testes against NaAsO 2 -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via mitochondrial dependent and independent pathways. Correlation of sperm morphology and oxidative stress in infertile men. Int J Reprod BioMed. Liebler DC. The role of metabolism in the antioxidant function of vitamin E. Crit Rev Toxicol. Casas-Grajales S, Muriel P. Antioxidants in liver health. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. Hofmann N, Hilscher B. Use of aniline blue to assess chromatin condensation in morphologically normal spermatozoa in normal and infertile men. Hum Reprod. Mammalian sperm DNA susceptibility to in situ denaturation associated with the presence of DNA strand breaks as measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on DNA and plasma membrane integrity of human spermatozoa. Oxidative damage to DNA in human spermatozoa does not preclude pronucleus formation at intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Semen quality and sperm function loss by hypercholesterolemic diet was recovered by addition of olive oil to diet in rabbit. PLoS One. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Background: MDMA Ecstasy; 3, 4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine , an illicit drug that has been increasingly abused by young people, affects target organs including reproductive system induced by oxidative stress. In biological systems, lipid peroxidation is probably reduced effectively by Vitamin E, a strong antioxidant inhibiting free radicals. Objectives: The current study was an attempt to assess the protective effects of Vitamin E on serum biochemical indices and sperm quality parameters in MDMA treated mice. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 28 male albino mice were randomly assigned to four equal groups. Group 1 control received saline by gastric gavage and i. Blood samples were collected, and then the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. However, Vitamin E was proven to decrease effectively the deleterious and harmful effects of MDMA on sperm parameters. Objectives The current study was an attempt to assess the protective effects of Vitamin E on serum biochemical indices and sperm quality parameters in MDMA treated mice. Materials and Methods 3. Animals and Treatments The internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care as found in the US guidelines NIH publication 85 - 23, were applied to handle all the procedures. Biochemical Indices 3. Sperm Parameters Analysis 3. Sperm Morphology In order to evaluate sperm morphology, aniline blue AB staining method was applied and abnormal morphologies percentage, particularly the cytoplasmic residual of sperms that was considered as abnormal morphology, was determined Sperm Nucleus Maturity Evaluation Aniline blue staining method was applied to evaluate the sperm nucleus maturity. Results 4. Biochemical Indices 4. Table 1. Table 2. Parameters of Sperm Quality a , b. Figure 1. Evaluation of Spermatozoa Viability. Table 3. Figure 2. Figure 3. Aniline Blue AB Staining. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. 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Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology

Buy Ecstasy Urmia

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. To self-medicate substance dependence, many substance users consume herbal medicines delivered in herbal medicine shops which are prepared through non-standard methods using a variety of different materials. Hence, the present study was carried out aiming to investigate and analyze the content of such herbal medicines. Four herbal medicine shops were selected from each of the 22 zones of Tehran City, Iran, and a total of 95 samples were purchased. A package containing 6 types of medication that was advertised by a satellite TV channel, was also purchased. Using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC method, the samples were analyzed in the laboratory to detect different types of materials. Among the samples, 23 and 72 samples were uncovered compressed pills Dragon pills and capsules filled with colored powders handmade self-medicating substance dependence capsules , respectively. The package advertised in the satellite TV was prepared in 6 various forms. The findings of this study showed that handmade capsules and pills used for self-medicating substance dependence and also medicines advertised in the satellite TV channels contain different amounts of opioids, amphetamine, benzodiazepines, tramadol, codeine, and other substances that cause problems for substance users who are going to abandon substance abuse. Keywords: Substance withdrawal, Herbal medicine, Dragon, Component analysis, High-performance liquid chromatography. Drug addiction remedies are often provided and prescribed rudimentarily and unsafely by unprofessional individuals without observance of health issues and without any supervision on them. In some cases, herbalists are not aware of the ingredients and consider them to be safe, while it has been found that at least one chemical substance is used for the preparation of these medicines. Given the increasing use of non-standard herbal medicines provided by herbal medicine shops and advertised by satellite TV channels, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate and analyze the content of handmade pills and capsules used for self-medicating substance dependence. This study was conducted in in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Four herbal medicine shops were selected from each of the zones of Tehran and several pills or capsules were purchased from each shop. As the shop keepers did not provide all individuals with self-medicating substance dependence capsules or pills, the researchers asked several motorcycle rider ex-addicts who were treated to purchase the medicines. The treated ex-addicts were equipped with a voice recorder and all conversations were recorded all the time they were in the herbal medicine shop. Moreover, pills and capsules were chosen in a variety of colors and sizes. A total of 95 self-medicating substance dependence capsules or pills were bought from 88 herbal medicine stores and were delivered to Bahar laboratory Tehran, Iran. Furthermore, a package containing 6 types of medication that was advertised by a satellite TV channel was also purchased and sent to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC to detect different types of opioids opium, opium extract, Sokhteh, Sokhteh extract, heroin, compressed heroin, and morphine powder , amphetamines, benzodiazepines, tramadol, codeine, and other substances. Then, the overall amount of each substance was expressed by rate and percentage. Characteristics of the samples: Of the 95 self-medicating substance dependence capsules and pills purchased from the herbal medicine shops in Tehran, 23 samples were uncovered compressed pills known as Dragon pills which were colored dark and light green, dark and light brown, white, and milky, each weighing 1. The self-medicating substance dependence package advertised by satellite TV channel, known as REXON, contained 6 types of medicine with a brochure written in Persian including instructions for their use. The package included a capsule green-yellow , a pill for depression or insomnia light blue , a jelly capsule for analgesia and hangover blue , a supplementary solution for hangover pink , an anti-temptation drops, and a detoxification solution or syrup Figure 3. Analysis of the samples: Table 1 shows the results of sample analysis. The most common substances present in all of the samples respectively were diphenoxylate, tramadol, opioids, acetaminophen, and codeine. In addition, the most common ingredients present in Dragon pills included tramadol, diphenoxylate, opioids, codeine, and acetaminophen, respectively; however, no trace of methadone was found. Moreover, the most common ingredients available in handmade capsules were diphenoxylate, tramadol, opioids, codeine, and acetaminophen, respectively. Rate of main substances including opioids, codeine, tramadol, diphenoxylate, and acetaminophen present in the illegal drugs for self-medicating substance dependence. The most common ingredients present in Dragon pills included tramadol, diphenoxylate, opioids, codeine, and acetaminophen, respectively. In addition, the most common ingredients present in handmade capsules respectively were diphenoxylate, tramadol, morphine, codeine, and acetaminophen. Furthermore, diphenoxylate, morphine, codeine, acetaminophen, benzodiazepine, and methadone were found in a large number of handmade capsules. Rahimi Movaghar et al. However, as reported by Rahimi Movaghar et al. For example, in the study conducted by Abasi and Nazeri, 2 the investigation was performed only on the samples that consumers were complaining about, while in the present study and the study by Rahimi Movaghar et al. In the study by Rahimi Movaghar et al. As stated by the producers of handmade drugs, herbalists use a variety of chemical compounds, most of which are addictive and psychoactive substances like diphenoxylate, acetaminophen codeine, amitriptyline, methadone, diclofenac, diazepam, clonidine, boosting capsules, and even 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine or ecstasy powder. In addition, many of these substances are controlled and are considered as abusive drugs. In addition, the prescription of any anonymous drug by anyone, even if a physician, is a violation of law. As substance abuse is different from other illnesses and is considered as a crime in Iran, substance users are less likely to refer to judicial centers and make a complaint; thus, those who provide this type of service, especially herbalists, are more prone to fraud and abuse. Finally, it can be stated that none of the handmade self-medicating substance dependence medicines and those advertised by the satellite TV channels were not usable for the treatment of substance dependency, and even a drug was not found to be eligible. Furthermore, because of the false belief that medicine treatment is the only possible method for self-medicating substance dependence, a culture of self-medication has emerged. Substance dependence capsules and pills supplied in herbal medicine shops and those advertised by satellite TV channels contain different amounts of opioids, amphetamine, benzodiazepines, tramadol, codeine, and other substances with the potential for causing complications among individuals who want to stop substance dependence through using such medications. None of the drugs present in the capsules and pills were capable of treating substance abuse and some of them could cause very severe complications. In addition, the herbalist that mixed the mentioned substances was not aware of drug interactions. Furthermore, mixing more than 5 drugs in a capsule can be a risk. Moreover, the use of high amounts of tramadol is associated with the risk of convulsion; therefore, a substance abuser who does not receive any instruction for taking these medications may also be at risk of convulsion. Hence, health policymakers and authorities not only must prevent the supply of such drugs, but also must have more supervision over herbal medicine shops and enhance the public awareness on the use of self-medicating substance dependence medicines advertised by satellite TV channels. As one of the weaknesses of this study, a self-reported questionnaire was not used to investigate the effect of the self-medicating substance dependence medicineson substance abusers who used such medications. Moreover, it was not possible to investigate handmade medicines supplied in other cities of the country. However, as one of the strengths of this study, medicines advertised by satellite TV channels were analyzed and compared with handmade herbal medicines prepared by herbalists. The results of field studies have shown that the sale of medicines advertised by satellite TV channels is significant. In addition, in this study, 4 samples were obtained from each of the municipality zones which were more than the number of samples obtained and analyzed in the study performed by Rahimi Movaghar et al. The results of this study showed that none of the handmade self-medicating substance dependencemedicines and those advertised by satellite TV channels were usable for the treatment of substance dependency, and even a drug was not found to be eligible. The authors in this study appreciate all individuals who collaborated in the sample collection and also the Bahar laboratory staff who collaborated on the analysis of the samples. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Addict Health. Find articles by Hamid Reza Khoddami-Vishteh. Find articles by Hooman Narenjiha. Find articles by Roya Noori. Find articles by Azadeh Olyaei. Find articles by Afsaneh Fard-Sanei. Find articles by Monir Fekri. Find articles by Ali Farhoudian. Received Sep 13; Accepted Nov 8. Open in a new tab. Findings of component analysis of the illegal drugs for self-medicating substance dependence. Conflicts of Interest The Authors have no conflict of interest. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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