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To browse Academia. Skip to main content. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. Log In Sign Up. Followers Following Co-author 1. Public Views. Researching the history and archaeology of the Cimmerians and Scythians. Topics of the research cover archaeology, written sources, mythology and language less. Interests View All Papers by Zaur Hasanov. Rome: Arbor Sapientiae. Bookmark Download Edit Compare citation rank. Bookmarks Related papers Mentions View impact. The research regarding the depictions of Scythian females in the Scytho-Sarmatian and Greek art The written sources and archaeological findings show that sometimes the last two functions were united, as was the case of the Massagetian queen Tomyris and burials of armed females from the Mound No. Even though Scythian women could carry weapons and participate in military actions, in Scythian art they were never depicted with weapons. Graves of Amazons are very common in the Northern Black sea region during the Scythian and Sarmatian periods. Even though the written sources also point to the presence of Amazons in Athropatene, the archaeological evidence to support these statements is very rare. The graves of female warriors were registered in the archaeological findings from Azerbaijan during the Late Bronze or Early Iron Age, in the burial mound No. The reason for the female burials to be rare in this particular geographic area may be due to insufficient studies of skeletal remains to establish the gender of the buried. As a conclusion — the archaeological sources alone are insufficient to determine social and military status of females in the Scythian and Sarmatian burials. Only a comparative research of written sources, ancient art, archaeological and anthropological remains will allow us to establish it. Studies on South East Europe. At the end of the eighth and beginning of the seventh centuries BC, the settlements in the North This dating is supported by radiocarbon analysis. After this period, clay pintaderas appear in the settlements of the Black Sea Region and in graves in the Carpathian Basin mainly of females. Researchers believe that pintaderas migrated there from the Caucasus. The writings of Herodotus on the origin of the Sigynnae tribe and paleoanthropological data support their conclusions. The Scythians played a very important role in knowledge exchange between the regions in which pintaderas were widespread. Shamanhood and Mythology. Based on existing classifications of the horse-bits and cheek-pieces of the North Caucasus and Ea Burials where objects under the study originate from are dated back to the second half of the 8 th and the 7 th centuries BC. Most of the studied bits with non-bonding three-hole cheek-pieces of Azerbaijan come from the burial grounds where Scythian type objects were discovered or where a burial rite has analogies to those in the forest-steppe on the right bank of the Dnipro River. This data indicates the connection of the studied artifacts with the cultures of the Cimmerians and the Scythians. Chapter Argimpasa — Scythian goddess, patroness of shamans: a comparison of historical, archaeological, linguistic and ethnographic data. By conducting a comparison of historical, archaeological, ethnographic shamanism and mythologic Diverse elements are examined: objects and ornaments from graves, burial stratification, construction materials and their location in the graves. The comparative research shows that the Cimmerians and Scythian had shamanic practices identical to those of the Siberian shamans. Intoxication and Hallucination Practices in the Ancient World. In order to enter into a trance, shamans use different means. One of them is intoxication and hal One of them is intoxication and hallucination with the help of drugs and toxins. The use of drugs in religious rituals was known in Scythian culture as it was described in the work of Herodotus, where- during the cleansing ceremonies- the Scythians sat in a small bath-tent, threw cannabis seeds on burning hot stones and inhaled the steam of this drug. After this procedure, they become elated and shout for joy. We find direct analogies to the steam bath-tent, with half-burned cannabis seeds in the Second Pazyryk burial mound in Altay, belonging to the Siberian Scythian. Another method of entering into a hallucinatory state would be the use of strong toxins, such as poisonous mushrooms — Amanita Muscaria. Some unique replicas of this mushroom, made from an animal bone, were found in burial mounds of the Khodzhaly-Kedabek culture in Azerbaijan and Timber-grave culture of Bashkortostan. Even though these cultures were using drugs and toxins it is difficult to establish if they practiced shamanism. In this paper the author offers a methodology for determining if shamanism was practiced in an archaeological culture. The methodology is based on the comparative interdisciplinary research of written sources, archaeology, ethnography and mythology. Different objects and ornaments from graves, construction materials, burial stratification and rituals are examined and compared with ethnographic materials and ancient historical sources. The author critiques the views of researchers who try to limit the archaeological traces of the S In the article the use of additional ethno-cultural indicators to identify proper Scythian burials in Azerbaijan is proposed: 1 the design and stratigraphy of the mound; 2 the design of the grave; 3 the construction materials used; 4 details of the ceremony and ritual; 5 artefacts of religious nature; 6 ornamentation of pottery, which reflects religious views. As a result of this comparative research, it was determined that Mingechaur mounds and Malij Kurgan in Mil-Karabakh steppe belonged to proper Scythians and are dated to the 7 th century BC. The paper is dedicated to the socketed two-bladed arrowheads of the Scythian type from the easter Along with the previously published materials, some new finds and earlier unpublished archival materials from Azerbajan are presented. Based on the existing classifications, the arrowheads are divided into types and groups. Archaeological complexes and their rituals from which the two-bladed arrowheads originate are described. In Mingechaur and Apsheron the ceramic vessels were located near the feet of the deceased. This ritual finds parallels in Uigarak. In Shamkhor burial ground we observe Scythian ritual, with white and black stones, described in the work of Phylarchus. The most archaic rhomboid two-bladed arrowheads originate from the burials, without iron objects, in Yonjaly necropolis in Sheki. Craniometric data from the neighboring Tepebashy necropolis in Sheki shows similarity with the skulls of parallel groups of Sakas from the Aral Sea vicinity. In the same necropolis there were found collective burials with the traces of fire ritual, which find parallels in the Sacar-Chaga 6 burial ground. Based on the presented materials, the author critically analyzes opinions of the researchers who question the information about migration of the Scythians through Derbent in the early Scythian period. The Problem of Localization of the Scythian Kingdom. The information presented in this paper points to the vulnerability of the point of view of resea The distribution of the relics of the archaic Scythian period in the region shows that at beginning of this period almost all territory of the South Caucasus was part of the kingdom of Ashguz. A number of researchers believe that the southern borders of Ashguz extended to the lands surrounding lake Urmia. Near the end of the VII century BC the kingdom of Ashguz increases its power as a result of the military campaigns of king Madies and now its borders are extending to Karkemish Antakya. While offering the localization of the state of Ashguz we should also not forget that there could be parallel existence of two Scythian kingdoms. One in the North Caucasus and the second one in its Southern part. Earring in the shape of a ring with unlinked ends and suspended granulated triangles were found i According to the point of view of researchers these objects originate form the female burials. Chugunov believes that these earrings originate in the eastern part of the Scythian world and later starts their movement to the West. All of the earrings under research, from Altai, Tuva and MIngechaur, were produced using granulation technique. Cone shaped granulated earrings were found in the Arzhan 2 burial mound. In one set with them archaeologists found rings, with the depictions of triangles, which were made using granulation technique. This evidence leads to the conclusion that in the culture of the Scythians the triangle and cone had similar semiotic meanings. On the cone shaped earrings of Tuva and Altai of the Early Scythian period there are depictions of a comma shaped ornament buta ornament. It is identical in shape to the trace of a female reindeer. The presented data indicate that the earrings under research symbolized the goddess of the Scythians. The Issyk Dedicatory Inscription. A Perusal of the Scythian Ethnic Name. Author examines a problem of correct phonetic articulation of the ethnonim Scyth. Based on the ru Based on the rules of ancient Greek grammar and also on the comparison of available written records of ethnonim Scyth in ancient Greek language and Semitic languages author comes to the conclusion that the correct transcription of the ethnonim Scyth is «Scuth». This conclusion confirms the fallacy of the beliefs of some scientists who insist that ethnonim Scyth have never existed. As a result of the research of different traditions of Scythians and Turkic peoples the similarit It was shown that these peoples had an identical cult of the god of War. The author also shows the identity of the anti-assimilation phycology of these peoples. In the paper the problem of the social division of the ancient Oghuz Turks is investigated based The division of Oghuz Turks into two units corresponds to the information of Diodorus Siculus about the division of the descendants of the king Scyth on pal and nap units. In both the Scythian and Oguz myths we observe direct parallels between the number of the sons; number of the tribes that descended from; the distribution of the mythological attributes between them. Ethnic name Scyth - in the correct ancient Greek transcription S-kuth corresponds with the ethnic name Oghuz. Female Goddesses of the Scythian Pantheon. The University of Warsaw. Abstract Book , During the proposed period of time there are testimonies of written sources describing the trade Some researchers believe that the legion was sent here to campaign against the Sarmatians. Greek epigraphy devoted to someone named Eunon on a stone slab dated to the second century AD was found in Sheki, Azerbaijan. Below it three Sarmatian tamgas are depicted, which have parallels in the Lower Don river region. During the same time there is some archaeological evidence of Roman type findings in the region — fibulae, phials, silver denarius of Emperor Augustus. Some of these items are found in graves in Mingachevir with items of the Sarmatian type — paste beads, iron swords and daggers with ring-shaped pommels, tanged three-bladed arrowheads and knifes. During this period there was an active infiltration of the Sarmatian tribes into the South Caucasus from the North. It is recorded in the Classical written sources and this information finds its confirmation in the archaeological materials of Azerbaijan in Mingachevir, Gabala etc. Archaeological evidence points to the existence of some connections between the Sarmatian and Roman type findings in the region. Further archaeological research of necropoleis of the Classical Antiquity period located in the region is important in order to fully understand these relations. Conference Program. These depictions are very rare. Two such belts were found in the Tli burial site in Ossetia. From the burial no. Terenozhkin identify these depictions with the Scythians of the Northern Black Sea region. A bronze belt with the depictions of two anthropomorphic figures originate from a stone box grave in the Dashkasan region of Azerbaijan. Based on a presence of a stone chalice, with a zoomorphic handle, the grave is dated to the eight-seventh centuries B. The first anthropomorphic figure has no headgear and armed with a composite bow. The second one has a sharp-pointed headgear. In the lower part of its robe there is an appendage reminiscent of a tail. The lack of a forehead is evident; the nose has the form of a beak. Artists creating these images were trying to stylistically show specific zoomorphic futures of the costumes. Here we evidence the junction of anthropomorphism and zoomorphism also recorded on the Scythian costumes from the frozen graves in Altai. Bronze mirrors with zoomorphic rarely anthropomorphic handles were widespread in the Scythian a Handles are often decorated with sculptured depictions of a ram, a feline predator, or a deer. Kuznetsova dates their appearance to the second half of the sixth century BC, but K. Chugunov points to the recent findings of the mirrors of this type in two graves belonging to the seventh century BC. Researchers often call these artifacts — mirrors of the Olbian, or the Graeco-Scythian style. Bronze mirrors with zoomorphic handles were also found in two Scythian type earth pit graves of Mingachevir necropolis in Azerbaijan. They are dated to the seventh to fourth centuries BC. According to the classification of Kuznetsova, the mirrors from Mingachevir are local modification of the class II compound mirrors of the Olbian style. Many researchers believe that these mirrors were produced locally in the South Caucasus, because they have a number of differentiating features, such as a depiction of a horse at the end of the handle. Most of the researchers are convinced that the Graeco-Scythian style mirrors originate from Olbia. Skudnova believes that the Olbian Greek craftsmen only modified these mirrors by adding the side handle to the mirrors with the central handle, which were brought from China. Chlenova points to the existence of the mirrors with the side handle in Central Asia in the second millennium BC. Thus these mirrors in Azerbaijan could originate both from the Northern Black sea region and Central Asia. Scythian type objects of both Northern Black sea arrow heads and Siberian granulated earrings style were found in the Mingachevir Necropolis. The existence of differentiating qualities on the mirrors from Mingachevir could either point to their origin from Central Asia, or local South Caucasus modification of the Olbian style mirrors from the Northern Black Sea region. Future findings will help to clarify the problem of their origin. During this period sharply differing burial rites are distinguished in the archaeology of Azerbai The first one was registered in the Malyi kurgan in the Aghjabadi and Mingechaur kurgans. These funerary customs have parallels in the early nomadic graves of the Circum-Pontic area of the 7th-6th centuries BC marked out by S. Among them: moat and ditch around kurgan; clay moat around a grave; covering of this moat with wood, cane, or grass; hipped roof-like wooden structure over the grave; traces of burning of the wooden structure; horse burial; horse harness; wooden flooring, or stretcher; sacrificial meat; metal knobs with bells and jingles; a cup with golden upholstery; stone vessel, or tile. In the Malyi and Mingechaur kurgans Scythian type weapons and a horse harness were found. The second type of burial rite was registered in the large earth kurgans in Khojaly. These are collective burials with simultaneous cremation and supine skeleton inhumations with East-West orientation, plus traces of a fire ritual. They were marked out by L. In the large earth kurgan No. The first one, with a depiction of a feline predator, has analogies in the Scythian graves of Circum- Pontic region. The second one — elongated — in the Sacian burials of the Aral sea area Uigarak, Sakar-Chaga and in the horse burial with the Scythian type harness in Norshuntepe, Anatolia. All this data points to the appearance of these two types of funerary ceremonies, in the Early Iron Age archaeology of Azerbaycan, from the Circum-Pontic and Aral sea regions. International Workshop. Program and Paper Abstracts. Social and Cultural values of the Scythians. Royal Scythians. 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The Cult of Female Warriors and Rulers in the Scythian and Sarmatian Cultures

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