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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. MDMA is a synthetic substance commonly known as ecstasy , although the latter term has now been generalised to cover a wide range of other substances. Originally developed in by the Merck chemical company, it was never marketed as such. Although proposed as an aid to psychiatric counselling, therapeutic use is extremely limited. It acts as a central nervous system CNS stimulant and has a weak hallucinogenic property more accurately described as increased sensory awareness. MDMA is under international control. MDMA is an abbreviation for m ethylene d ioxy- m ethyl a mphetamine. MDMA is a member of the larger group of ring-substituted phenethylamines. As with other phenethylamines, and like its close relative methamphetamine , MDMA also exists in two enantiomeric forms R and S. The most common salt is the hydrochloride CAS which occurs as a white or off-white powder or as crystals soluble in water. The phosphate salt is also encountered. Illicit products are seen principally as white tablets with a characteristic impression logo , less commonly as white powders or capsules. MDMA base is a colourless oil insoluble in water. Whereas phenethylamines without ring substitution usually behave as stimulants, ring substitution as in MDMA leads to a modification in the pharmacological properties. Ingestion of MDMA causes euphoria, increased sensory awareness and mild central stimulation. It is less hallucinogenic than its lower homologue , methylenedioxyamphetamine MDA. The terms empathogenic and entactogenic have been coined to describe the socialising effects of MDMA. Following ingestion, most of the dose of MDMA is excreted in the urine unchanged. Major metabolites are 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDA and O -demethylated compounds. Following a dose of 75 mg, the maximum plasma concentration of around 0. The plasma half-life is 6—7 hours. In animals, MDMA causes neurotoxicity, as evidenced by anatomical changes in axon structure and a persisting reduction in brain serotonin levels. The significance of these findings to human users is still unclear, although cognitive impairment is associated with MDMA use. Some of the pharmacodynamic and toxic effects of MDMA vary, depending on which enantiomer is used. However, almost all illicit MDMA exists as a racemic mixture. Fatalities following a dose of mg have been noted, but toxicity depends on many factors, including individual susceptibility and the circumstances in which MDMA is used. There are four principal precursors which can be used in the manufacture of MDMA and related drugs: safrole, isosafrole, piperonal and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylpropanone PMK. Safrole is the key starting material in so far as the other three can be synthesised from it. In the original Merck patent of , safrole was reacted with hydrobromic acid to form bromosafrole, which was converted to MDMA using methylamine. Many illicit syntheses start with PMK and use either the Leuckart route or various reductive aminations including the aluminium foil method. All of these methods produce racemic MDMA. MDMA in tablet form is almost always used orally ingested , but the powdered form could also be snorted, inhaled or injected, although the latter route is rarely observed in the context of recreational ecstasy use. As some of the above names suggest, MDMA is a derivative of amphetamine and a member of the phenethylamine family. A number of homologous compounds with broadly similar effects, e. These and many other more distant relatives of MDMA have now been subsumed by the generic term ecstasy. Mitsubishis, Love Doves and many others. Using gas chromatography, the limits of detection in plasma and urine are 1. Iversen, L. King, L. Moffat, A. United Nations , Recommended Methods for the Identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine and their ring-substituted analogues in seized materials revised and updated , Manual for Use by National Drug Testing Laboratories , United Nations, New York. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. MDMA 'Ecstasy' drug profile. Chemistry Molecular structure. Frequently asked questions FAQ : therapeutic use of psychedelic substances. July New psychoactive substances — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report June European Drug Report Trends and Developments. Annex tables to the European Drug Report Other drugs — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report Drug seizures in the European Union — number of reported drug seizures, breakdown by drug, percent updated June Drug seizures in the European Union — quantity of drugs seized, indexed trends updated June

Drugs and their effects

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Information on commonly used drugs with the potential for misuse or addiction can be found here. For drug use trends, see our Trends and Statistics page. A tea made in the Amazon from a plant Psychotria viridis containing the hallucinogen DMT, along with another vine Banisteriopsis caapi that contains an MAO inhibitor preventing the natural breakdown of DMT in the digestive system, which enhances serotonergic activity. It was used historically in Amazonian religious and healing rituals. For more information, see Psychedelic and Dissociative Drugs. Marijuana is made from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. The main psychoactive mind-altering chemical in marijuana is deltatetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. For more information, see the Marijuana Research Report. Medications that slow brain activity, which makes them useful for treating anxiety and sleep problems. A powerfully addictive stimulant drug made from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America. For more information, see the Cocaine Research Report. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate GHB is a depressant approved for use in the treatment of narcolepsy, a disorder that causes daytime 'sleep attacks'. An opioid drug made from morphine, a natural substance extracted from the seed pod of various opium poppy plants. For more information, see the Heroin Research Report. Solvents, aerosols, and gases found in household products such as spray paints, markers, glues, and cleaning fluids; also prescription nitrites. For more information, see the Inhalants Research Report. A dissociative drug used as an anesthetic in veterinary practice. Dissociative drugs are hallucinogens that cause the user to feel detached from reality. Pronounced 'cot,' a shrub Catha edulis found in East Africa and southern Arabia; contains the psychoactive chemicals cathinone and cathine. People from African and Arabian regions up to an estimated 20 million worldwide have used khat for centuries as part of cultural tradition and for its stimulant-like effects. A tropical deciduous tree Mitragyna speciosa native to Southeast Asia, with leaves that contain many compounds, including mitragynine, a psychotropic mind-altering opioid. Kratom is consumed for mood-lifting effects and pain relief and as an aphrodisiac. For more information, see the Kratom DrugFacts. A hallucinogen manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. LSD is an abbreviation of the scientific name lysergic acid diethylamide. A synthetic, psychoactive drug that has similarities to both the stimulant amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. MDMA is an abbreviation of the scientific name 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. An extremely addictive stimulant amphetamine drug. For more information, see the Methamphetamine Research Report. Psychoactive when taken in higher-than-recommended amounts. An anti-diarrheal that can cause euphoria when taken in higher-than-recommended doses. A dissociative drug developed as an intravenous anesthetic that has been discontinued due to serious adverse effects. PCP is an abbreviation of the scientific name, phencyclidine. Pain relievers with an origin similar to that of heroin. Opioids can cause euphoria and are often used nonmedically, leading to overdose deaths. Pregnancy: Miscarriage, low birth weight, neonatal abstinence syndrome. Older adults: higher risk of accidental misuse because many older adults have multiple prescriptions, increasing the risk of drug-drug interactions, and breakdown of drugs slows with age; also, many older adults are treated with prescription medications for pain. Medications that increase alertness, attention, energy, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate. A hallucinogen in certain types of mushrooms that grow in parts of South America, Mexico, and the United States. Rohypnol has been used to commit sexual assaults because of its strong sedation effects. A dissociative drug Salvia divinorum that is an herb in the mint family native to southern Mexico. Man-made substances used to treat conditions caused by low levels of steroid hormones in the body and misused to enhance athletic and sexual performance and physical appearance. A wide variety of herbal mixtures containing man-made cannabinoid chemicals related to THC in marijuana but often much stronger and more dangerous. For more information, see the Synthetic Cannabinoids DrugFacts. An emerging family of drugs containing one or more synthetic chemicals related to cathinone, a stimulant found naturally in the khat plant. Examples of such chemicals include mephedrone, methylone, and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone MDPV. For more information, see Synthetic Cathinones. Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before use. Tobacco contains nicotine, an addictive chemical. Nicotine is sometimes extracted from the plant and is used in vaping devices. Research Topics. More Research Topics. Quick Links. About NIDA. Commonly Used Drugs Charts. Expand All. September 19, Strong hallucinations including altered visual and auditory perceptions; increased heart rate and blood pressure; nausea; burning sensation in the stomach; tingling sensations and increased skin sensitivity. Possible changes to the serotoninergic and immune systems, although more research is needed. It is not known whether ayahuasca is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to ayahuasca or other hallucinogens. More research is needed to find out if ayahuasca is addictive and, if so, whether behavioral therapies are effective. THC vaping products mixed with the filler Vitamin E acetate and possibly other chemicals has led to serious lung illnesses and deaths. Pregnancy: babies born with problems with attention, memory, and problem solving. Drowsiness, slurred speech, poor concentration, confusion, dizziness, problems with movement and memory, lowered blood pressure, slowed breathing. Sleep medications are sometimes used as date rape drugs. Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. Must be discussed with a health care provider; barbiturate withdrawal can cause a serious abstinence syndrome that may even include seizures. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to prescription sedatives; lowering the dose over time must be done with the help of a health care provider. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to prescription sedatives. Cocaine hydrochloride topical solution low dose anesthetic used in certain medical procedures. Narrowed blood vessels; enlarged pupils; increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure; headache; abdominal pain and nausea; euphoria; increased energy, alertness; insomnia, restlessness; anxiety; erratic and violent behavior, panic attacks, paranoia, psychosis; heart rhythm problems, heart attack; stroke, seizure, coma. Loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, nasal damage and trouble swallowing from snorting; infection and death of bowel tissue from decreased blood flow; poor nutrition and weight loss; lung damage from smoking. Pregnancy: premature delivery, low birth weight , deficits in self-regulation and attention in school-aged children prenatally exposed. Depression, tiredness, increased appetite, insomnia, vivid unpleasant dreams, slowed thinking and movement, restlessness. Euphoria, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, unconsciousness, slowed heart rate and breathing, lower body temperature, seizures, coma, death. Insomnia, anxiety, tremors, sweating, increased heart rate and blood pressure, psychotic thoughts. Collapsed veins; abscesses swollen tissue with pus ; infection of the lining and valves in the heart; constipation and stomach cramps; liver or kidney disease; pneumonia. Pregnancy: miscarriage, low birth weight, neonatal abstinence syndrome. Restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps 'cold turkey'. Methadone Buprenorphine Naltrexone short- and long-acting forms. Various household products Amyl nitrite a prescription solution is used to relieve pain of angina attacks chest pain. Paint thinners or removers, degreasers, dry-cleaning fluids, gasoline, lighter fluids, correction fluids, permanent markers, electronics cleaners and freeze sprays, glue, spray paint, hair or deodorant sprays, fabric protector sprays, aerosol computer cleaning products, vegetable oil sprays, butane lighters, propane tanks, whipped cream aerosol containers, refrigerant gases, ether, chloroform, halothane, nitrous oxide, prescription nitrites. Nitrites: enlarged blood vessels, enhanced sexual pleasure, increased heart rate, brief sensation of heat and excitement, dizziness, headache. Liver and kidney damage; bone marrow damage; limb spasms due to nerve damage; brain damage from lack of oxygen that can cause problems with thinking, movement, vision, and hearing. Nitrites: increased risk of pneumonia. Pregnancy: low birth weight, bone problems, delayed behavioral development due to brain problems, altered metabolism and body composition. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat inhalant addiction. When misused: Injected, snorted, smoked powder added to tobacco or marijuana cigarettes , swallowed Prescription formulas are injections or nasal sprays. Problems with attention, learning, and memory; dreamlike states, hallucinations; sedation; confusion; loss of memory; raised blood pressure; unconsciousness; dangerously slowed breathing. Sometimes used as a date rape drug. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to ketamine or other dissociative drugs. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to dissociative drugs. Euphoria, increased alertness and arousal, increased blood pressure and heart rate, depression, paranoia, headaches, loss of appetite, insomnia, fine tremors, loss of short-term memory. Gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation, ulcers, and stomach inflammation; and increased risk of heart attack. In rare cases associated with heavy use: psychotic reactions such as fear, anxiety, grandiose delusions fantastical beliefs that one has superior qualities such as fame, power, and wealth , hallucinations, and paranoia. It is not known whether khat is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to khat. More research is needed to find out if khat is addictive and, if so, whether behavioral therapies are effective. Nausea, dizziness, itching, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, increased urination, loss of appetite. Low doses: increased energy, sociability, alertness. High doses: sedation, euphoria, decreased pain. Anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, skin darkening, dry mouth, frequent urination, constipation. Hallucinations with long-term use at high doses in some users. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to kratom. Tablet; capsule; clear liquid; small, decorated squares of absorbent paper that liquid has been added to. Frightening flashbacks called Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder \[HPPD\] ; ongoing visual disturbances, disorganized thinking, paranoia, and mood swings. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to hallucinogens. Lowered inhibition; enhanced sensory perception; increased heart rate and blood pressure; muscle tension; nausea; faintness; chills or sweating; sharp rise in body temperature leading to kidney failure or death. Long-lasting confusion, depression, problems with attention, memory, and sleep; increased anxiety, impulsiveness; less interest in sex. Alcohol can increase plasma concentrations of MDMA, which may increase the risk of neurotoxic effects. There is conflicting evidence about whether MDMA is addictive. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat MDMA addiction. Enhanced perception and feeling; hallucinations; euphoria; anxiety; increased body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure; sweating; problems with movement. Increased wakefulness and physical activity; decreased appetite; increased breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature; irregular heartbeat. Anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood problems, violent behavior, paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, weight loss, severe dental problems, intense itching leading to skin sores from scratching. Pregnancy: premature delivery; separation of the placenta from the uterus; low birth weight; lethargy; heart and brain problems. Masks the depressant effect of alcohol, increasing risk of alcohol overdose; may increase blood pressure. Cough relief; euphoria; slurred speech; increased heart rate and blood pressure; dizziness; nausea; vomiting. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to dextromethorphan. Controls diarrhea symptoms. In high does, can produce euphoria. May lessen cravings and withdrawal symptoms of other drugs. Fainting, stomach pain, constipation, loss of consciousness, cardiovascular toxicity, pupil dilation, drowsiness, dizziness, and kidney failure from urinary retention. The same behavioral therapies that have helped treat addiction to heroin may be used to treat addiction to loperamide. Contingency management, or motivational incentives. Low doses: slight increase in breathing rate; increased blood pressure and heart rate; shallow breathing; face redness and sweating; numbness of the hands or feet; problems with movement. High doses: nausea; vomiting; flicking up and down of the eyes; drooling; loss of balance; dizziness; violence; seizures, coma, and death. PCP has been linked to self-injury. Restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps 'cold turkey' , leg movements. The same behavioral therapies that have helped treat addiction to heroin are used to treat prescription opioid addiction. Increased alertness, attention, energy; increased blood pressure and heart rate; narrowed blood vessels; increased blood sugar; opened-up breathing passages. High doses: dangerously high body temperature and irregular heartbeat; heart disease; seizures. Masks the depressant action of alcohol, increasing risk of alcohol overdose; may increase blood pressure. Behavioral therapies that have helped treat addiction to cocaine or methamphetamine may be useful in treating prescription stimulant addiction. No commercial uses; being researched as therapy for treatment-resistant depression under strict medical supervision. Hallucinations, altered perception of time, inability to tell fantasy from reality, panic, muscle relaxation or weakness, problems with movement, enlarged pupils, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness. It is not known whether psilocybin is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to psilocybin or other hallucinogens. More research is needed to find out if psilocybin is addictive and whether behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to this or other hallucinogens. Drowsiness, sedation, sleep; amnesia, blackout; decreased anxiety; muscle relaxation, impaired reaction time and motor coordination; impaired mental functioning and judgment; confusion; aggression; excitability; slurred speech; headache; slowed breathing and heart rate. Headache; muscle pain; extreme anxiety, tension, restlessness, confusion, irritability; numbness and tingling of hands or feet; hallucinations, delirium, convulsions, seizures, or shock. Not Scheduled but labeled drug of concern by DEA and illegal in some states. It is not known whether salvia is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to salvia or other dissociative drugs. More research is needed to find out if salvia is addictive, but behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to dissociative drugs. Builds muscles, improved athletic performance. Acne, fluid retention especially in the hands and feet , oily skin, yellowing of the skin, infection. Kidney damage or failure; liver damage; high blood pressure, enlarged heart, or changes in cholesterol leading to increased risk of stroke or heart attack, even in young people; aggression; extreme mood swings; anger 'roid rage' ; extreme irritability; delusions; impaired judgment. Males: shrunken testicles, lowered sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts. Females: facial hair, male-pattern baldness, enlargement of the clitoris, deepened voice. Adolescents: stunted growth. Mood swings; tiredness; restlessness; loss of appetite; insomnia; lowered sex drive; depression, sometimes leading to suicide attempts. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat steroid addiction. No commercial uses, but new formulations are sold under various names to attract young adults. Many formulations have been outlawed. Increased heart rate; vomiting; agitation; confusion; hallucinations, anxiety, paranoia; increased blood pressure. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat synthetic cannabinoid addiction. No commercial uses for ingested 'bath salts. White or brown crystalline powder sold in small plastic or foil packages labeled 'not for human consumption' and sometimes sold as jewelry cleaner; tablet, capsule, liquid. Increased heart rate and blood pressure; euphoria; increased sociability and sex drive; paranoia, agitation, and hallucinations; violent behavior; sweating; nausea, vomiting; insomnia; irritability; dizziness; depression; panic attacks; reduced motor control; cloudy thinking. Increased blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate. Exposes lungs to a variety of chemicals. Vaping also exposes lungs to metallic vapors created by heating the coils in the device. Greatly increased risk of cancer, especially lung cancer when smoked and oral cancers when chewed; chronic bronchitis; emphysema; heart disease; leukemia; cataracts; pneumonia. Nicotine : in teens it can affect the development of brain circuits that control attention and learning. Tobacco products: Use while pregnant can lead to miscarriage, low birth weight, stillbirth, learning and behavior problems. Vaping products : Some are mixed with the filler Vitamin E acetate and other chemicals, leading to serious lung illnesses and deaths.

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