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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The range of tablets weight was 96— mg and the range of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA hydrochloride content in these tablets was 60— mg. No good correlation was found between the tablets weight and their MDMA contents. All of the tablets containing MDMA had this compound in hydrochloride form. Ketamine, phenmetrazine and ephedrine or pseudoephedrine were found in some of the tablets along with MDMA. Some of these tablets contained compounds such as caffeine or tramadol as their active ingredient. Ecstasy is the popular or street name for a substance identified chemically as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA 1. MDMA is a ring-substituted amphetamine analog commonly taken as a recreational drug of abuse. It was first synthesized in by Merck pharmaceuticals and patented in 2. There has been a growing tendency among Iranian youth for the abuse of ecstasy tablets during the past decade. ATS active ingredients and tablets are produced in clandestine laboratories without any supervision and quality control over their production which results in impure and bad quality products which may be dangerous in many cases. As a consequence, illicitly manufactured drugs often contain by-products and intermediates stemming from impure starting materials, incomplete reaction and inadequate purification of the final synthetic products 4. The presence or absence of specific impurities can be useful in determining the synthetic route employed and the starting materials used for the production of ecstasy tablets 5. Chemical profiling has been widely employed as a tool for intelligence purposes such as establishing geographic origins, synthetic routes and distribution routes 6. One common method of gathering useful information on the source of illicitly—made tablets is by comparison of their physical appearances, e. Nevertheless, tablets having the same physical characteristics are not necessarily associated with the same chemical compositions, since tablets with different chemical compositions could be manufactured with the same dye and have the same markings, sizes and shapes. Therefore, in addition to physical characterization of ecstasy tablets, profiling of chemical compositions with respect to active ingredients, other drugs and the impurities present could yield valuable information for drug intelligence 7. In the present study 50 samples of ecstasy tablets seized in Iran were provided by antinarcotics police and their physical and chemical characteristics were determined. Physical characteristics of each tablet including shape, imprint description, break line, color, weight, diameter and thickness were determined. One tablet of each variant was photographed from the front, back and side. For color test in brief mg of the powdered tablet was placed in a depression on a spot plate. The proper reagent was then added and the developed color was observed and recorded. For each anion test a separate solution was used which had been obtained by dissolving 10 mg of the powdered tablets in 1 mL of distilled deionized water followed by filtration. To the filtrate was added either a few drops of 1. Stationary phase was silica gel 60 F with the layer thickness of 0. Solvent systems included: system A External standard method was used to construct the calibration curve. Flow rate was 0. Nitrogen was used as drying and nebulizing gas. The electrospray voltage was set at 4 KV for the capillary and V for the end plate. Mass detector was adjusted for isolation and selected monitoring of as the hydrogen adduct ion for MDMA. Tablets were carefully weighed prior to their grinding. Identification was accomplished by comparing the retention time and mass spectrum of the analyte with that of the reference library. In order to avoid missing any impurity, two chromatographic system were used:. Hp-5 or HP-1 30 m, i. Carrier gas was helium at flow rate of 1. EI was used as ionization mode at 70 eV and mass range was amu. The solution was mixed 10 min and centrifuged at rpm. The ether layer was then separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated until totally dried. One tablet and 0. A septum containing screw cap was used to close the vial and the vial was vortex mixed for 5 min. Cyanopropyl column Reastek, 30 m, i. Mass detector was adjusted on full scan over the mass range of amu. Photographs, selected physical and chemical characteristics of ecstasy tablets seized in Iran during the period of through This may be due to the low amount of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine in the tablets. Gallic acid test provides a simple means for the distinction of MDMA, MDA and MDEA from amphetamine or methamphetamine, because it reacts specifically with methylenedioxy-substituted aromatic compounds. For all tablets containing MDMA a dark green color was developed in response to the addition of Gallic acid reagent. Anion tests were conducted to determine the presence of chloride, sulfate and phosphate. All of the tablets containing MDMA and two tablets tablets 48 and 49 containing tramadol tested positive for chloride anion. TLC has become one of the most commonly used techniques for the separation and identification of illicitly manufactured drugs. Solvent systems included system A, B and C. We found that the system C is the most suitable system for ecstasy tablets. In this study, the range of tablets weight was 96— mg and the range of MDMA hydrochloride content in these tablets was 60— mg. Figure 1 shows the distribution of tablets weight and MDMA content of the tablets together. As it appears in this figure, all the tablets without MDMA tablets 2, 3, 4, 20, 42, 44, 46, 48, 49 and 50 had much lower weights compared to those with MDMA except for tablets 46, 48 and Tablets 48 and 49 contained tramadol as their active ingredient. Since tramadol tablet is one of the official dosage forms of this drug in Iran, it could be speculated that tablets 48 and 49 were commercially made and are legitimate tablets. Although it does not mean that the tablets with regular thickness always contain less MDMA. No strong correlation was found between the amount of MDMA and tablets weight. Therefore, due to the importance of baby food and infant formula, more researches are to be conducted for designing quality improvement and safety of food stuff such as milk, infant formula and animal tissues from any drug residues. Ten tablets out of 50 contained no MDMA. All the tablets without any specific imprint tablets 2, 3, 44, 48, 49 and 50 contained no MDMA without any exception. In other words, all the MDMA containing tablets had specific imprints on one of their sides. Meanwhile not all the tablets which had specific imprints contained MDMA tablets 4, 20, 42 and One tablet tablet 37 contained MDMA and ketamine. One tablet tablet 38 contained MDMA, ketamine and a compound which was identified as phenmetrazine by library search. This compound appeared at the same retention time as ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. According to the report by Wille and Lambert a formaldehyde contamination in solvents such as methanol can result in conversion of ephedrine to phenmetrazine in the injection port of GC 8. Due to the unavailability of phenmetrazine reference standard, reconfirmation of this finding using the difference in retention time for ephedrine and phenmetrazine was not performed. Interestingly tablets 4, 20, 42 and 46 which had no MDMA, had the same imprint. Tablets 4, 20 and 42 were also similar in their diameters, thicknesses, weights and shapes. One tablet tablet 4 contained caffeine. Some of the tablets contained ephedrine or pseudoephedrine , salsoline, 3,4-methylendioxybenzylmetylketoxime, 3, 4-methylendioxyphenylacetone, m-tert-butylphenol and N -formyl MDMA. The most frequently found imprints among the tablets were heart tablets 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 40 and 43 , Mercedes tablets 9, 14, 25, 32, 35 and 39 and mickey mouse tablets 13, 21, 28, 30 and Although no decisive conclusion could be drawn about the origin of the tablets based on their shapes and imprints in most cases, in certain cases such as the tablets with mickey mouse imprint it appears that they have similar shape, weight and MDMA content and thus they could be considered from the same origin. Dimethyl formamide was the most frequent solvent 9 cases found in the tablets. This could be due to the high boiling point and thus low volatility of this solvent. No plausible correlation was found between the type of residual solvent found in the tablets and their other characteristics. Tablets 24 and 26 had the same appearance and both contained similar amounts of MDMA and yet were different in their residual solvent, suggesting that these tablets may have been made in the same place but they are from different batches. However they could be distinguished from each other by mass spectrometery based on their mass difference. If d5-MDMA is added to the ATS samples before starting the extraction process, it could serve as a quality control system to verify the efficiency of extraction process. If d5-MDMA peak appears in chromatogram, it could be concluded that the extraction procedure has been efficient and thus if any ATS derivative had existed in the sample they would have been extracted too and if d5-MDMA does not appear in the chromatogram, it would be concluded that somewhere in the extraction process, there has been a mistake or defect and the process of extraction needs to be repeated or modified accordingly. In the present study d5-MDMA was added to the sample prior to the start of extraction process mainly for two reasons:. The authors would like to Thank Dr. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Iran J Pharm Res. Find articles by Ali Reza Khajeamiri. Find articles by Farzad Kobarfard. Find articles by Reza Ahmadkhaniha. Find articles by Gelareh Mostashari. Received Feb; Accepted Apr. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. 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Out with the old, in with the old: Iran’s revolution, drug policies, and global drug markets

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A former Israeli minister is accused of spying for Iran. A new law allows workers to request a Shabbat break, regardless of religious observance. Read more. Knesset passes law giving secular workers a Shabbat break.

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