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According to police, by the end of , Tri connected with Vietnamese people residing in France to order ingredients for ecstasy. They used international express postal and door-to-door delivery services to send the ingredients to Ho Chi Minh City to make synthetic drugs. Tri and his accomplices were arrested by police on April According to the investigative agency, the process of uncovering the entire criminal ring encountered many difficulties. The suspects used sophisticated methods and tricks, frequently changing the location of drug production and packaging. To date, Ho Chi Minh City Police have arrested 21 suspects, seized more than 18, synthetic drug pills, grams of ketamine, packages of 'fun water', 21 packages containing colourless crystal sand tablets of all kinds which are being tested, together with means, equipment, and materials to serve the production of ecstasy. After that, this group sold them at many places in many provinces and cities for dozens of billions of Vietnamese dong. The case is under further investigation and dozens of other related suspects are being searched for. Tel: Fax: Email: evnn vietnamnet. Aa Aa. Ring bringing ecstasy materials from Europe to Vietnam cracked down. Two Lao nationals arrested for cross-border drug trafficking Drug trafficking ring from Laos to Vietnam busted Large drug trafficking ring busted in north-western Vietnam. Topic: drug trafficking.

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Harm Reduction Journal volume 17 , Article number: 13 Cite this article. Metrics details. Participants were eligible if they reported drug use, confirmed by a urine test. A cluster analysis was conducted, taking into account risk behaviors and confirmed HIV-positive status. Seven hundred and three YPUD aged 16—24 were recruited between October and February , of whom were included in the final analysis. Median age was 21 The second high-risk group included most of the MSM and all transgender people and frequently reported mental health disorders. Injecting YPUD are the most exposed to risk and need immediate attention. Sexual exposure to HIV is very common. Mental health is a major concern. Interventions need to be integrated in a differentiated but holistic approach. This population is the most affected by the global epidemic of HIV. Drug use is closely associated with HIV exposure, through unsafe injection practices or sexual risk behaviors associated with drug use e. Both early 12—14 and late adolescence 15—17 years old are a critical risk period for the initiation of substance use, which tends to peak among young people aged 18—25 \[ 2 \]. In East and Southeast Asia, Drug use during adolescence poses a high risk because it may seriously impact neurodevelopment, causing cognitive, social, and psychiatric consequences \[ 2 \]. Furthermore, services for drug users are rarely designed to meet the specific needs of this population and some even restrict access to those under 16 or 18 \[ 1 \]. And lastly, young people who use drugs are more likely to have experienced early childhood adversity such as psychiatric disorders in their family or an unstable environment, leading to marginalization and risk behaviors \[ 4 \]. According to WHO and UNODC, screening and brief interventions are effective in preventing progression to substance use disorders for young people who have initiated substance use. But family context, socioeconomic environment, and mental health condition need to be addressed \[ 2 \]. An estimated , people were living with HIV in Vietnam in with around 14, new cases reported yearly from to Disaggregated data on 15—year-old drug users are lacking and this population is poorly represented in the existing surveys. Methamphetamine use is associated with different high-risk behaviors, including unprotected sex with multiple partners, marathon sex, and polydrug use \[ 6 \]. The median age of the population sample was 39 9 SD and only 60 4. The aim of this study is to identify those among a sample of young drug users 16—24 in 3 major cities of Vietnam Hanoi, Haiphong, and HCMC , who are most exposed to HIV, by examining their sexual- and drug use-risk behaviors. The objective is to design a tailored community-based intervention for HIV prevention adapted to their specific needs. Considering the difficulty of reaching YPUD in the community, participants were recruited using two procedures. The first was a respondent-driven sampling RDS strategy \[ 8 , 9 \] and the second was a system of peer recruitment \[ 10 \]. It was expected to recruit participants, in each city. Each seed first participated in study procedures and then was given three coupons to distribute to potentially eligible participants. Persons presenting coupons at the research site were invited to participate in the study; after participating, they were given coupons to recruit new participants. RDS recruiting continued until the target sample size was reached. An additional recruitment procedure was introduced when the RDS numbers were diminishing, and some direct recruitment by CBO members was initiated. Thus, the number of coupons distributed was increased until the expected number of participants was reached. After eligibility was confirmed and informed consent was obtained, a structured questionnaire was administered by a trained interviewer. Data were collected on socio-demographic and family characteristics, drug use, risk behaviors related to drug use, access to health services, alcohol use, tattooing, internet use, and knowledge about HIV and HCV. The sexual behaviors and adverse childhood experience \[ 14 \] were assessed through a self-completion questionnaire ACE questionnaire. To identify profiles of respondents with specific patterns of HIV-transmission risk, multiple correspondence analysis was first carried out on the active variables. Values of the main dimensions obtained from multiple correspondence analysis MCA were then used as continuous variables in hierarchical ascendant classification. Descriptive variables included in the final analysis to characterize the different subgroups of YPUD with HIV-infection risk included socio-demographic characteristics including city of residence, current and past patterns of drug and alcohol use with the exception of drug-related risk behaviors , sexual behaviors with the exception of inconstant condom use , mental health status, and tattoo. From October to February , YPUD were recruited, completed the survey, and were eligible for data analysis 20 were identified as older than Four hundred and twenty-six were recruited through RDS and through peer recruitment Table 1. Among this population sample, 37 6. The main characteristics of the sample are presented in Table 2 and Fig. These profiles were constructed using self-reported variables on the sharing of needles and syringes, condom use, and on independently confirmed HIV sero-status. The 4 profiles are 1 multiple high risks, 2 high sexual risks, 3 moderate risks, and 4 low risks. Distribution of risk variables by profile is presented in Table 3 and a comparison of the descriptive variables among the different population profiles is presented in Table 4. A summary of the characteristics of the different profiles of HIV exposure and risks is presented in Table 5. Among this sample of YPUD Methamphetamine is often the first drug used, and it is nearly exclusively inhaled. Cannabis is the second drug of choice, followed by heroin, which is mainly injected. Polysubstance use is common, frequently associated with alcohol use. Methamphetamine use is a major concern, being associated with increased sexual risk behaviors \[ 7 , 16 , 17 \] and psychiatric disorders, including depression, psychosis, and suicide \[ 18 \]. It is noteworthy that in HCMC, this rate has remained very high over time compared to previous IBBS, in contrast with other provinces where it has decreased \[ 19 \]. However, it must be pointed out that in our study, the recruitment strategy may have influenced the sample profile, as the use of peer recruitment in HCMC was the highest compared with the 2 other cities and may have included more long-term injectors known to the peer recruiters median age of the population sample in HCMC is higher compared to Hanoi and Haiphong. However, it suggests that in this province, interventions to prevent HIV transmission should target first YPUD injecting drugs, highly exposed to HIV due to injection practices in the context of polydrug use and high-risk sexual behavior. It emphasizes the need for specific and early interventions targeting young people initiating drug use, and particularly sexual risk behaviors associated with drug use. In our sample, a large proportion of YPUD was suffering from depression and many reported psychotic symptoms. But they also often reported that they often used methamphetamine to cope with sadness and loneliness, emphasizing the complexity of the relationship between mental health and drug use. Many other factors may be related to impaired mental health, including stigma associated with HIV, drug use, homosexuality or transgender status, social impairment, dysfunctional family, and sexual abuse. Many YPUD reported a need for help, particularly mental health support. Thus, psychiatric intervention is crucial, as part of a comprehensive approach but should be designed to reach the needs of this young drug-using population. Mental health disorders play a critical role in HIV acquisition, increasing the risk of HIV acquisition by four to ten-fold and leads to negative health outcomes at each step in the HIV care continuum \[ 20 \]. Programs targeting people who use drugs are frequently not designed to respond to overlapping vulnerabilities of young people who use drugs, which requires responses that may go beyond the harm reduction programs that are recognized as effective for adults \[ 1 \]. The number of stimulant users who are seeking treatment is usually extremely low in comparison to the number of individuals with opioid use disorders, due to the lack of a medical model of treatment that includes medication in combination with psychosocial interventions \[ 21 \]. Innovative interventions, via task-shifting community-based and stepped-care interventions, adapted to the existing system of care, particularly in low-middle-income countries are needed \[ 20 , 22 \]. Peers may play a crucial role \[ 23 , 24 , 25 \]. HIV transmission through sexual intercourse with a regular partner who himself uses drugs cannot be excluded \[ 26 \], and partners of the HIV-infected women in our population sample are probably themselves drug users and HIV-infected. The second risk group for HIV transmission is identified through high-risk sexual practices. This group reports more multiple partners, commercial sex but also sex abuse, and includes most of the MSM and all transgender people. Methamphetamine and alcohol are more regularly used and are often associated with sexual activity. They are more exposed to not only mental health impairment through regular methamphetamine and alcohol use \[ 18 \] and hyper-stigmatization due to their MSM and transgender status \[ 27 , 28 \], but also sexual abuse and dysfunctional family relationships. The third profile describes those with low transmission risk which centers, only on sexual unprotected sex but with a unique partner. This group presents a low level of drug use and lives in a stable situation. The fourth profile can be currently considered as nearly free of any risk of HIV transmission: these YPUD nearly never injected drugs and very few had sex, none with inconsistent condom use. They are the youngest YPUD and are mainly using cannabis. It is difficult to know if this group of YPUD is really different from the other groups or the same population but at an earlier stage of drug use initiation. A longitudinal survey would help to better understand this aspect. They present a high median score of psychotic experience that could be related to their regular cannabis use \[ 29 \] or regular use of methamphetamine for a few of them but with a higher vulnerability due to their young age \[ 30 , 31 \]. Despite the limited size of the population sample which limits conclusions, the heterogeneity of HIV exposure profiles in our study probably reflects the real heterogeneity of YPUD population, at least in the urban environment in Vietnam. This dimension needs to be taken into account when designing interventions for this population. There are several public health implications resulting from this study see Table 6. It would allow them to appropriately assess the needs of YPUD according to the local context and population and define and implement adapted interventions. Mental health interventions are critical considering the rate of mental health disorders in our population sample, their multiple social impairments including deteriorated family relationships, stigmatization of their status, and history of sexual abuse. Psychosocial interventions are necessary for all regular drug users, particularly frequent methamphetamine users. For profile 3, harm reduction should focus on methamphetamine use. For the youngest ones, the question of the potential damages related to early and regular drug use has to be raised. For the profile 4 population, targeting HIV prevention is probably less crucial than preventing mental health complications. Above all, quick and easy access to medical treatment methadone for all opioid-dependent YPUD and antiretroviral treatment for all HIV-positive YPUD should be offered, including support for administrative procedures. There are several limitations to this study. The data collected on sexual and injection risk behaviors were based on self-report. As there may be stigma related to reporting specific injection and sexual risk behaviors, particularly among YPUD, there may be underreporting of these risk behaviors. However, the problem associated with the validity of self-reports by drug-using individuals has already been widely documented \[ 32 , 33 \] but it is very difficult to assess risk-related practices in ways other than through self-reporting. However, self-report of risky practices in our survey is congruent with data collected at the national level through IBBS. Drug use was assessed through self-report and urine testing. Ketamine was not screened in our survey. The study was cross-sectional in nature and does not permit causal inference. Another point is that due to the difficulty in reaching this population, the RDS strategy had to be adapted at some point to enlarge recruitment through peers. It may also have had an impact on the representativeness of our population sample. As three fourths of the HIV-positive YPUD reported that they never had been screened for HIV before or had been screened but did not know their status, they were finally all included in the data analysis. HIV exposure among YPUD in these three major cities of Vietnam is important but varies considerably according to age, city, and population group to whom they belong. Our results highlight also the need to address sexual-related risks to prevent HIV and develop adapted interventions including PrEP. HIV and young people who inject drugs: a technical brief. World Drug Report United Nations publication; Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. Article Google Scholar. Risk factors for methamphetamine use in youth: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. J Food Drug Anal. Epidemiology of HIV among injecting and non-injecting drug users: current trends and implications for interventions. Increased methamphetamine use among persons who inject drugs in Hai Phong, Vietnam, and the association with injection and sexual risk behaviors. J Psychoactive Drugs. Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Social Problems. Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations. Latkin CA. Outreach in natural settings: the use of peer leaders for HIV prevention among injecting drug users' networks. Public Health Rep. BMC Psychiatry. The Community Assessment of Psychic Experience CAPE questionnaire as a screening-instrument in the detection of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res. Mark W, Toulopoulou T. Psychometric properties of 'Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences': review and meta-analyses. Schizophr Bull. PubMed Google Scholar. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. Am J Prev Med. Volz E HD. Probability based estimation theory for respondent driven sampling. Journal of Official Statistics. Int J Drug Policy. Amphetamine-type stimulant use among men who have sex with men MSM in Vietnam: Results from a socio-ecological, community-based study. Drug Alcohol Depend. Marshall BD, Werb D. Health outcomes associated with methamphetamine use among young people: a systematic review. Ministry of Health. Results from round III and trends accross three rounds of survey. Hanoi, Vietnam; Treatment of stimulant use disorders: current practices and promising perspectives. Treatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries. Peering into the literature: A systematic review of the roles of people who inject drugs in harm reduction initiatives. Ann Glob Health. Peer communication in online mental health forums for young people: directional and nondirectional support. Health Care Women Int. Trauma symptoms, internalized stigma, social support, and sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive gay and bisexual MSM who have sought sex partners online. AIDS Care. Operario D, Nemoto T. HIV in transgender communities: syndemic dynamics and a need for multicomponent interventions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe EU-GEI : a multicentre case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry. Predisposition to and effects of methamphetamine use on the adolescent brain. Mol Psychiatry. A systematic review of the symptom profile and course of methamphetamine-associated psychosis. Substance use and misuse. Subst Use Misuse. The reliability and validity of a scale to measure HIV risk-taking behaviour among intravenous drug users. Darke S. Self-report among injecting drug users: a review. Download references. The authors would like to thank Edna Oppenheimer for revising the English language and editing the manuscript. Linh T. Nguyen, An K. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. LM wrote the first draft of the manuscript. JPE conducted the statistical analysis. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Oanh T. All participants provided informed consent to participate in the study. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Michel, L. Harm Reduct J 17 , 13 Download citation. Received : 05 September Accepted : 11 February Published : 24 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Nguyen 2 , An K. Nguyen 2 , John P. Results Seven hundred and three YPUD aged 16—24 were recruited between October and February , of whom were included in the final analysis. Material and methods Recruitment procedure Considering the difficulty of reaching YPUD in the community, participants were recruited using two procedures. Data collection After eligibility was confirmed and informed consent was obtained, a structured questionnaire was administered by a trained interviewer. Statistical analysis To identify profiles of respondents with specific patterns of HIV-transmission risk, multiple correspondence analysis was first carried out on the active variables. Results From October to February , YPUD were recruited, completed the survey, and were eligible for data analysis 20 were identified as older than Full size image. Discussion Among this sample of YPUD Methamphetamine is often the first drug used, and it is nearly exclusively inhaled. Article Google Scholar Heckathorn D. Article Google Scholar Ministry of Health. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Edna Oppenheimer for revising the English language and editing the manuscript. View author publications. Consent for publication The participants consented to the use of their data for research publications. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. About this article. Cite this article Michel, L. Copy to clipboard. Contact us Submission enquiries: journalsubmissions springernature.

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