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The estimated price of the contraband in the international street market is about Rs 7 crore per kg. ThePrint examines recent drug smuggling episodes in India, how they are brought into the country, distributed across states, and peddled. The list of hauls also includes opium, morphine, hashish, ketamine, cocaine, methaqualone, ephedrine, and other pharma drugs including codeine-based cough syrups. According to sources across agencies Customs, DRI and police , heroin is the most consumed and in-demand contraband in India. An opioid drug, heroin is made from morphine, taken from seed pods of various opium poppy plants that are cultivated across parts of South-East and West Asia, Mexico and Colombia. Cocaine, meanwhile, is made from the leaves of the coca plant. Both cocaine and heroin can be injected, snorted, or smoked. Methylenedioxy-Methamphetamine MDMA or ecstasy , amphetamines, mephedrone also known as Meow Meow are synthetic recreational party drugs popular in rave parties in India. These drugs are taken in the form of tablets, or snorted as powders, much like heroin and cocaine. Also read: Punjab govt to reward those who provide information that lead to drugs recovery. The smuggling by land happens in small quantities, he added. The narcotics are later ejected or extracted from their bodies by operation. Some stitch the drugs into their luggage or seal them into their garments, gadgets, and other items. However, sources said the sea route is the easiest way for smugglers to bring in high quantities of narcotics into the country. Some of the ports from where seizures were made in recent months include Mundra and Nhava Sheva in Maharashtra. The curb on international flights and other restrictions on movement during the Covid lockdown earlier this year had affected smugglers. Once the drug enters the country undetected, it is taken to makeshift factories in Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and other states for extraction, sources said. The distribution is no longer done in stolen cars, as it once was. The drug trade also gives rise to other petty crimes by addicts, the severity of which may increase with time. In order to support the addiction, addicts become peddlers or distributors themselves or be employed in the extraction process as well, the officials quoted above concurred. Also read: Mumbai couple acquitted in drug case in Qatar, to return after 2 yrs with baby born in jail. India needs fair, non-hyphenated and questioning journalism, packed with on-ground reporting. ThePrint — with exceptional reporters, columnists and editors — is doing just that. Whether you live in India or overseas, you can take a paid subscription by clicking here. Support Our Journalism. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Sunday, October 13, ThePrint Essential. How drugs are brought into India: In weddings cards, by drones and hidden in sea cargo. A 3, kg heroin catch last week at Gujarat's Mundra port and other recent big seizures have raised questions on the flow of narcotics and their availability in India. Bismee Taskin. Representational photo of narcotics being seized Commons. Follow Us :. Show Full Article. Support Our Journalism India needs fair, non-hyphenated and questioning journalism, packed with on-ground reporting. Sustaining this needs support from wonderful readers like you. Comment: Please enter your comment! Most Popular. Follow us. All rights reserved.

How drugs are brought into India: In weddings cards, by drones and hidden in sea cargo

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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Imported heroin has historically been available in Europe in two forms, the most common being brown heroin its chemical base form , originating mainly in Afghanistan and other countries in south-west Asia. Less common is white heroin a salt form , which historically came from south-east Asia but is now also produced in Afghanistan and probably in neighbouring Iran and Pakistan. This region, sometimes referred to as the Golden Crescent, dominates production for the European market. Although signs of a decrease in heroin use have been observed recently in some European countries with longer-established heroin use problems, there is also evidence of an increased diversity of opioids appearing on the market. There has also been a marked increase in opium production in Afghanistan, and there is evidence to suggest diversification of heroin and morphine production and innovation in trafficking methods and routes. In the light of these changes, which are impacting on European opioid markets, this analysis reviews the latest evidence on the multiple ways heroin is now trafficked to Europe. Many European countries have a long history of problem opioid use. Alongside this there appears to have been a decline in heroin use in Europe in recent years, accompanied by a considerable decline in both the number of heroin seizures and the quantity seized from onwards. Trends for heroin prices and heroin supply offences in Europe have also been decreasing, although in the most recent data heroin purity shows an overall increase and some countries report the growing availability of the drug. There is also evidence of a wider range of opioids being used and seized. In a number of countries opioids other than heroin, such as methadone, buprenorphine or fentanyl, are reported by significant numbers of treatment clients EMCDDA, a. Most of the heroin trafficked to Europe originates in Afghanistan, where significant cultivation of opium poppies takes place. The rise in opium poppy cultivation can be traced back to the s, when conflict engulfed the country. Despite fluctuations from year to year, cultivation has increased to record levels; in cultivation in Afghanistan was estimated at about ha, by far the largest in the world. In order to produce heroin from opium poppies, the latex from the seed capsules of the poppy is harvested and dried, resulting in opium. This is then dispersed in an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide slaked lime , and ammonium chloride is added to adjust the alkalinity so that the morphine base is precipitated. The separated morphine base is then boiled with acetic anhydride and sodium carbonate, causing the diamorphine base brown heroin to separate. Brown heroin can be the end-product or it can be further refined into the hydrochloride salt white heroin. In the past, it appears that most of the opium produced in Afghanistan was transformed into heroin and sent to Europe. However, production of morphine for export now appears to be increasing in the Golden Crescent see ' 4. Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran '. Historically, most of the heroin trafficked to Europe from Afghanistan came overland via what has become known as the Balkan route. Now, although the Balkan route probably remains the main heroin trafficking route into the EU, there is evidence of an increase in the diversity of routes and modes of transport being used. A route linking Afghanistan to Iran then passing through Turkey represents the shortest distance and most direct land route to European consumer markets. This route has been used to traffic heroin into the EU since the s or earlier, and is well established. Turkey is crucial to the Balkan route, owing to its extensive trade and travel links with Asia, the Middle East and Europe. According to Europol, Istanbul is a key location used by organised crime groups OCGs to arrange heroin transports with Turkish facilitators and store heroin for transport to the EU. From Turkey there are multiple possibilities to ship heroin either overland or by sea. Three branches of the Balkan route depart from Turkey and lead into western Europe:. Some heroin is also trafficked from Turkey to Europe by air. An analysis of cases involving Europe where heroin was trafficked by air showed Turkey as the most cited country of origin, followed by Pakistan and Kenya UNODC, a. Since Turkey has become the country reporting the largest annual seizures of heroin to the EMCDDA, with a peak of 16 tonnes in In Turkey intercepted more than three times as much heroin as the entire EU, whereas in the quantity seized was only one-third of the amount confiscated in the EU. The size of individual heroin shipments sent along the Balkan route seems to have increased in recent years; large individual seizures have increased from a few dozen kilograms to over kilograms nowadays. Since record-breaking heroin seizures have also occurred in other countries located on the Balkan route, including Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and the Netherlands. There are also a number of routes by which the heroin may reach Turkey. In recent years a branch of the Balkan route seems to have developed that passes through Iraq before entering Turkey, either directly or through Syria. However, it is probable that some of the heroin that enters Iraq is either destined for the domestic consumer market or is in transit to destinations in the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula. It should be noted that Iraq is also used as a transit or destination country for shipments of acetic anhydride, a key chemical for the manufacturing of heroin see below. Another branch of the Balkan route goes through Iran, and possibly Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, by land or over the Caspian Sea, to the countries of the Caucasus Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia and then into Turkey by land or through the Black Sea. From Turkey the heroin may be transported west into the EU along one of the traditional branches of the Balkan route, or it may be shipped north on one of the ferries plying the Black Sea between Turkey and Ukraine or Moldova see the comments on the Caucasus route, below. The traditional method of transport on the Balkan route was to conceal heroin shipments in lorries, buses and cars. While these methods are still in use, a recent trend seems to be the use of shipping containers to hide heroin consignments. Heroin traffic by maritime containers to Europe is linked primarily with Pakistan and the Southern route see below , but the increased use of containers, especially through Turkish ports, could help to explain the increase in very large heroin seizures in Turkey and elsewhere on the Balkan route. Europol intelligence suggests that OCGs located at strategic points between Europe and Afghanistan are well rehearsed in facilitating large consignments of acetic anhydride. Mostly, this precursor is diverted out of the EU, despite stringent control mechanisms; OCGs use their own front companies or infiltrate existing businesses to order acetic anhydride from companies registered in the EU. In recent years large heroin consignments shipped from ports in Iran and Pakistan on the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, especially from a region of Baluchistan known as the Makran Coast, have attracted international attention. Some of this heroin is destined for Europe. Initially, heroin consignments depart Iranian and Pakistani container terminals and fishing ports on the Makran Coast either concealed in commercial containers placed on cargo ships or on local vessels known as dhows. Seizure data indicate that the weight of the individual heroin shipments trafficked can range from 20 to kilograms, with consignments of about a tonne occasionally found. The heroin seems to be of relatively high purity, according to data released by the Combined Maritime Forces CMF , a US-led multinational naval task force based in Bahrain. Searches carried out by the CMF between and March found 15 heroin consignments totalling 4. Other drugs such as cannabis resin and some synthetic drugs, particularly methamphetamine, are also trafficked along this route, but for the most part these are probably not destined for Europe UNODC, b , d ; CMF, The heroin shipped in this way is destined for countries in the Arabian Peninsula and east Africa. Some may travel further north into the Red Sea as far as Egypt. The heroin trade also seems to have destabilising effects in east Africa, with drug profits reportedly funding armed groups in the area. However, significant and reportedly growing amounts are trafficked onward to destinations including Europe. Heroin shipments may be broken down in smaller batches and sent by air to Europe directly or via southern and west Africa. Alternatively, some consignments are trafficked to South Africa, especially by sea but also by land rail , before on-shipment to Europe. Criminal organisations from several European countries, including the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Ireland, have used South Africa as a departure and trans-shipment point for drug consignments for some time. Recently, Turkish traffickers have relocated to South Africa or travel to the region to broker the supply of heroin to the EU from Pakistan via southern Africa. Other criminal organisations active on the Southern route include west African, especially Nigerian, and east African OCGs, and criminal organisations from Pakistan. Some heroin is trafficked in containers from the Makran Coast directly to Europe, or via the Arabian Peninsula and east, southern or west Africa, especially Nigeria. Seizure data suggest that ports in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are the main targets, although the drug may also be for distribution to neighbouring countries. Large amounts of heroin have been seized from maritime containers and occasionally air freight in these countries in recent years UNODC, d. However, large maritime heroin shipments may also be destined for southern Europe; for example, a record-breaking consignment of 2 tonnes of heroin was seized near Athens in June Hellenic Coast Guard, The Southern route may also involve smaller amounts of heroin shipped by air couriers and freight, and postal parcels, from Pakistan directly to Europe, especially the United Kingdom. These may also travel via airports in west and east Africa. Heroin is trafficked by air and postal parcels between Pakistan and Nigeria, some of which is then shipped to Europe. Italy seems to be a significant destination for heroin shipped by air from east Africa, while France and Belgium have incoming air traffic mainly from other parts of Africa. Most consignments cross from Afghanistan into Tajikistan and are then trafficked northwards through Kyrgyzstan or Uzbekistan to Kazakhstan before entering Russia. The fact that these four Central Asian countries and Russia rank among the top 20 countries seizing the largest quantities of heroin at world level confirms that significant quantities of the opiate are shipped along the Northern route UNODC, a. For instance, some heroin seized in Ukraine and Belarus in the last few years was reported as originating from Central Asia and intended for western European markets. An example of this is the emergence of a possible new Caucasus route. This route came to light due to three notable seizures in , including kilograms of heroin seized from a lorry in Armenia, the seizure of 2 litres of an unusual liquid mixture containing among other things kilograms of heroin in Georgia and apparently destined for Moldova, and 70 kilograms of heroin seized in Azerbaijan. These cases suggest that the Caucasus are now being used to smuggle large amounts of opiates from Iran to Turkey via Georgia. This could be yet another branch of the Balkan route that is being used in order to avoid the heavily policed Iranian—Turkish border. However, it is possible that a proportion of the opiates trafficked through the Caucasus are intended to be smuggled on either to the lucrative western European and Scandinavian markets, or to the large Russian market. From the Caucasus there are numerous possible links to these consumer markets by land or across the Black Sea. For example, either could have been the final destination of a consignment of 83 kilograms of heroin concealed in a lorry heading from Georgia to Latvia that was seized in March by Belarus customs at the border with Lithuania. Trafficking routes connect drug production regions and drug consumer markets and may vary over time due to a series of factors. Three factors seem to be of particular importance. First, instability and armed conflict may push traffickers to avoid specific areas or countries and seek alternative routes if the conflict is such that the safety of drug consignments cannot be guaranteed. Importantly, armed conflicts create a need for funds, especially in order to buy weapons, and trafficking drugs may become a source of finance for one or several of the factions. Finally, fighters often use drugs for stimulation or to stay awake for long periods of time, and in order to alleviate pain. One example of this is the ethno-linguistic area of Baluchistan, where instability results from a mix of factors including weak governance, the activities of armed groups including Islamic radicals and others, compounded by drug production and trafficking activities and law enforcement against them. Similarly, in Africa there are many areas of instability or weak governance that organised crime can exploit for drug trafficking Schuberth, Second, changes in law enforcement activities and positioning, or the introduction of new equipment e. Indeed, the identification of drug trafficking routes is heavily dependent on law enforcement actions, especially drug seizure cases in which the origin and the destination of the drugs can be identified. Third, globalisation has facilitated rapid connection and transportation between drug production and drug consumer markets. Recent international developments in transport infrastructure, courier services and containerised shipping have offered a range of new opportunities to traffickers to conceal drug consignments while hampering the efforts of law enforcement to intercept them. Afghanistan is the source of most of the heroin consumed in Europe. Large quantities of heroin are produced from Afghan opium in Afghanistan itself and in neighbouring Iran and Pakistan. This is then trafficked to Europe by a variety of land, sea or air routes. Fishing and container ports along this coast, such as Gwadar in Pakistan or, further west, Bandar Abbas in Iran, are departure points for large maritime heroin shipments destined for Europe, either directly or via the Arabian Peninsula and East, Southern and West Africa. The Arabian Peninsula, especially Oman, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments from the Makran Coast. The heroin may then be re-exported to Europe by sea or by air, either directly or via Africa. East Africa, especially Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania, is a landing and transhipment point for large heroin consignments originating from the Makran Coast. Smaller heroin consignments may also reach East Africa by air, especially from Pakistan. Some heroin is also trafficked by rail and road to Southern Africa. Southern Africa, especially South Africa and Mozambique, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments originating in the Makran Coast, and for consignments trafficked by land from East Africa. West Africa, especially Nigeria, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments originating in the Makran Coast and for smaller ones trafficked by air from Asia, especially Pakistan, or East Africa. Large consignments of opiates are trafficked by land from Iran into countries in the Caucasus such as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Heroin may then be exported to Turkey or Russia by sea or by land, or to the Ukraine and Moldova across the Black Sea. Turkey is a key transhipment and storage point for heroin shipments trafficked mostly by land from Iran along the Balkan route and, to a lesser extent, by sea, for instance from the Caucasus. From Turkey, heroin may be trafficked to Europe, by land, sea or air. Istanbul is a key location used by criminal organisations to arrange heroin transports to the EU. Belgium and the Netherlands are key landing points and distribution hubs for heroin consignments travelling by land, sea or air along the Balkan and Southern Routes. Large heroin consignments are broken down in smaller batches and trafficked in multiple ways to other countries of Western Europe and to Scandinavia. Tajikistan is a key transit country on the Northern Route for opiates leaving northern Afghanistan and destined for the Russian Federation. From Tajikistan, large quantities of opiates are smuggled by land into Kazakhstan via either Uzbekistan or Kyrgyzstan and then into Russia. Data include all types of heroin seized except liquid heroin. In the years to some tonnes of illicit morphine were seized in Afghanistan, 22 tonnes in Iran and 12 tonnes in Pakistan. During the same three years, seizures of opium totalled tonnes in Afghanistan, 1 tonnes in Iran and 73 tonnes in Pakistan see Figure 2. While fairly large quantities of opium are consumed as opium in Iran and Pakistan, where markets for the drug exist, it is probable that a proportion is used, together with morphine, in the manufacture of opiate products. A number of hypotheses may be put forward. A proportion of the opium and morphine is used to manufacture heroin in Pakistan and Iran, and probably in other countries further afield, including European countries. For instance, two facilities processing morphine into heroin were dismantled in Spain in late and early A proportion is used to licitly or illicitly manufacture medicinal products including injectable morphine and codeine-based cough syrups in Pakistan and Iran. It is likely that large amounts of these products are sold in these countries. For instance, there are large numbers of unregulated pharmacies and stores in Pakistan, where controlled drugs including morphine can be bought without a prescription UNODC, These products may also be exported to neighbouring countries. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Update date : PDF version. Analysis: opioid trafficking routes from Asia to Europe. The European heroin market Many European countries have a long history of problem opioid use. The evolution of opium production in Afghanistan Most of the heroin trafficked to Europe originates in Afghanistan, where significant cultivation of opium poppies takes place. How heroin gets to Europe: three main routes Historically, most of the heroin trafficked to Europe from Afghanistan came overland via what has become known as the Balkan route. The traditional Balkan route A route linking Afghanistan to Iran then passing through Turkey represents the shortest distance and most direct land route to European consumer markets. Three branches of the Balkan route depart from Turkey and lead into western Europe: The southern branch runs through Greece, Albania and Italy, mostly by sea ferries. The Southern route In recent years large heroin consignments shipped from ports in Iran and Pakistan on the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, especially from a region of Baluchistan known as the Makran Coast, have attracted international attention. Conclusion: factors influencing trafficking routes Trafficking routes connect drug production regions and drug consumer markets and may vary over time due to a series of factors. Schuberth, M. Loading interactive feature… please wait. Afghanistan Afghanistan is the source of most of the heroin consumed in Europe. East Africa East Africa, especially Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania, is a landing and transhipment point for large heroin consignments originating from the Makran Coast. Southern Africa Southern Africa, especially South Africa and Mozambique, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments originating in the Makran Coast, and for consignments trafficked by land from East Africa. West Africa West Africa, especially Nigeria, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments originating in the Makran Coast and for smaller ones trafficked by air from Asia, especially Pakistan, or East Africa. The Caucasus Large consignments of opiates are trafficked by land from Iran into countries in the Caucasus such as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Turkey Turkey is a key transhipment and storage point for heroin shipments trafficked mostly by land from Iran along the Balkan route and, to a lesser extent, by sea, for instance from the Caucasus. North-west hub Belgium and the Netherlands are key landing points and distribution hubs for heroin consignments travelling by land, sea or air along the Balkan and Southern Routes. Tajikistan Tajikistan is a key transit country on the Northern Route for opiates leaving northern Afghanistan and destined for the Russian Federation. Notes: All data refer to Heroin drug profile EU drug markets report: a strategic analysis Monitoring the supply of heroin to Europe

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