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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Corresponding author: Richard A. The mechanism of action of these synthetic cathinone analogs has not been well investigated. Whereas mephedrone was found to have the signature of a dopamine releasing agent similar to methamphetamine or methcathinone, MDPV behaved as a cocaine-like reuptake inhibitor of dopamine. The s witnessed investigations of the pharmacological actions of racemic cathinone and its individual optical isomers and confirmed its amphetamine-like character e. Glennon and Showalter, ; Kalix, , , , ; Kalix and Braeden, ; Kalix and Glennon, ; and references therein. Shortly thereafter, the N -monomethyl analog of cathinone, methcathinone Figure 1 , was described and investigated as the methamphetamine counterpart of cathinone Glennon et al. Methcathinone, as do amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cathinone, produced locomotor stimulation in mice Glennon and Showalter, ; Glennon et al. In both assays, as with the other three agents, the S -isomer of methcathinone was more potent than its R -enantiomer, and methcathinone was found to be at least as potent as methamphetamine. S -Methcathinone has been employed as a training drug in drug discrimination studies with rats as subjects; S -methcathinone-stimulus generalization occurred to several other central stimulants including amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine, and the S -methcathinone-stimulus was potently antagonized by pretreatment of the animals with the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol Young and Glennon, Consistent with possible involvement of a dopaminergic mechanism, cathinone, and later methcathinone, were shown to behave as dopamine releasing agents Glennon et al. Both cathinone and methcathinone now are controlled substances. In the past few years, a number of new synthetic cathinone and methcathinone analogs have appeared on the clandestine market and have attracted considerable attention Iversen, ; Spiller et al. That is, depending upon their substitution pattern, phenylisopropylamines can act as central stimulants e. Yet others produce no behavioral effect. Hence, cathinone analogs or, more correctly, phenylpropanonamines , should be no more pharmacologically homogeneous than their parent phenylisopropylamine counterparts. Although some phenylpropanonamines might produce effects analogous to those of their structurally-corresponding phenylisopropylamines e. Thus, we have suggested that individual cathinone analogs i. This same single dose of MDPV also increased mouse locomotor behavior to an extent comparable to administration of methamphetamine Fuwa et al. As with cathinone and methcathinone, the findings were consistent with what might be expected of a methamphetamine-type stimulant. Here, we report the acute electrophysiological effects of mephedrone and MDPV alone, as a readout for stimulant or blocker, and in successive application, at hDAT expressed in Xenopus oocytes. S- Methamphetamine and S- methcathinone were examined for comparison. Oocytes were harvested and prepared from adult Xenopus laevis females following standard procedures Iwamoto et al. Then experimental substrates were then perfused until stable currents were obtained for time periods indicated. The extracellular solution contained in mM : NaCl, 7. Mephedrone and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone MDPV were prepared as their hydrochloride salts and purified to homogeneity as previously described de Durnaga and Sanchez, ; Koppe et al. Cocaine hydrochloride was obtained from the NIDA drug supply program. The shelf current is defined as the current remaining after external removal of substrate. The shelf current produced by S -methcathinone or mephedrone is proportionately larger than that elicited by S -methamphetamine when the shelf is compared with the peak. The persistent leak is a depolarizing current which would, during normal synaptic transmission, increase the probability of synaptic vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane. Furthermore, once exposed to methcathinone or mephedrone, the dopaminergic synapse would be expected to respond differently to the next release of dopamine, as shown previously Rodriguez-Menchaca et al. In sum, the existence of a methcathinone- or mephedrone-induced shelf current is consistent with a prolonged release of dopamine at dopaminergic synapses, which perhaps underlies the effects of these drugs in humans DeFelice and Goswami, Mephedrone was examined as its racemate because this is the form found on the clandestine market whereas methamphetamine and methcathinone were examined as their more behaviorally potent S -isomers Glennon et al. That is, both MDPV and cocaine examined at six different concentrations ranging from 0. The inhibitory effect at all MDPV concentrations persisted maximum inhibition is reached for the lowest concentrations, 0. A similar curve for MDPV was unattainable because at the low concentrations 0. Mephedrone produced a signature depolarizing current similar to other dopamine releasing agents with a potency similar to S -methamphetamine, but several times less than that of S -methcathinone; however, whereas the efficacy of mephedrone is nearly comparable to that of S -methcathinone, it was only about half that of S -methamphetamine. In contrast, MDPV behaved more as a cocaine-like dopamine reuptake inhibitor. That is, rather than the depolarizing effect produced by methamphetamine, methcathinone or mephedrone, MDPV elicited a hyperpolarizing current as seen with cocaine. The findings of the present investigation can be compared with those of several recent studies. Repeated s. While this manuscript was being prepared, Baumann et al. Even though mephedrone was not without effect at the serotonin transporter in each of the above studies, it is evident from these and the present findings that mephedrone potently influences dopaminergic function. In agreement with these observations are the results of several rat studies showing that mephedrone is self-administered Hadlock et al. In contrast, MDPV behaves similar to a cocaine-like dopamine reuptake inhibitor. This is not inconsistent with what is known about bupropion and structurally related aminophenones, some of which behave as dopamine reuptake inhibitors Meltzer et al. Like cocaine, MDPV was able to reverse the current produced by mephedrone when applied in succession. However, until their pharmacokinetic properties have been further investigated, it might be speculated that MDPV potentially blocks the reuptake of the dopamine that is initially released by mephedrone leading to a likely additive or synergistic effect. This is currently under investigation. Presented at the 56th Annual meeting of the Biophysical Society. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Psychopharmacology Berl. Published in final edited form as: Psychopharmacology Berl. Find articles by Krasnodara Cameron. Find articles by Renata Kolanos. Find articles by Rakesh Verkariya. Find articles by Louis De Felice. Find articles by Richard A Glennon. Issue date Jun. PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's version of this article is available at Psychopharmacology Berl. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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Emergency Consular Number 24x7 for Indian Citizen only : Untitled Document Taking baby steps towards reusable space shuttle. Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO , since its inception in , has been experimenting with various fields associated with space sciences and rocket technologies. The key focus of the organisation is to ensure that India derives maximum benefits from its space programmes for its socio-economic development. As the country is essentially an agricultural economy, the emphasis of Indian space programmes is more towards receiving meteorological inputs, tracking various weather systems from Indian monsoon to movement of tropical storms, getting correct and relevant information for land and water resources management and knowing more about forest and other resources. Also, for all these years, India has been launching satellites for communications purposes and recently established its own regional navigational system. Apart from focussing on core areas like meteorology, remote sensing, communication and navigation, ISRO focusses on areas with long-term scientific, technological and strategic relevance. To understand more about the planetary system, India has successfully undertaken missions to moon and Mars. Similarly, to know more about galaxies, the country has launched an astronomical satellite. Apart from this, India is keen on developing systems which would allow reducing the cost for launching satellites, to have the capability to launch satellites on demand and to prepare themselves for human missions to space. This launch could be considered a step in the direction of launching a winged body, a spacecraft with delta wings, in future. It is the first step towards realising the dream of developing an indigenous space shuttle. It may take around 10 years more to have a usable and operational space shuttle. The RLV — 6. It took five years for the team of scientists at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram to build this body that weighed around 1. It is to be noted that normal space shuttles are around 55 m long and weigh more than 2, tonnes. Indian RLV was flown up to 70 km and made to fall in the ocean land on a virtual runway in the Bay of Bengal on its return. Theoretically, such vehicles should land on runways and for any fully developed space shuttle, a 5 km long runway is required. ISRO had three main objectives for this RLV launch: to test the characterisation of the aero-thermo dynamics of hypersonic flights; to test the autonomous mission management of hypersonic vehicles; and to test the necessary re-entry technology for the vehicles. All these objectives were achieved. During this test, ISRO tested guiding and navigational techniques and collected information that would assist them to design future missions. ISRO is expected to move in a systematic fashion for actual realisation of this idea. Also, a separate runway, along with a standby runway at a different location, would be required to be built. However, the time period for realisation of this programme is too long. It may take more than a decade to have an operational RLV available. The question is, can India afford to wait? Today, privatization of space is happening in a big way. There are a few private players who have support of agencies like NASA and European Space Agency, and are making quick inroad in the space sector. The global demand for launching of satellites is rapidly increasing. ISRO has made remarkable progress in the area and launched 74 satellites on commercial terms for various countries. However, this would cater only partially. It is important to have RLV technology in place at the earliest. For this purpose, the Government would be required to increase the budget of ISRO and the organisation needs to engage international partners and develop a model for active participation of domestic industry. To help scientists intensify space exploration efforts by studying distant celestial objects and conduct deeper analysis of star systems, India launched its maiden dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, Astrosat, on September 28 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on board a PSLV-XL vehicle. The mission took 11 years of dedicated research and aims to gather fresh data on the evolution of the universe. Astrosat marks a new era in astronomical research. Astrosat had a liftoff mass of around 1, kg and was launched into a km orbit inclined at an angle of 6 degree to the equator by PSLV-C After injection into the orbit, the two solar panels of Astrosat automatically get deployed in quick succession. While the primary strength of Astrosat is in observing high energy events and objects through its strong X-ray toolkit, the instruments aboard Astrosat can observe a wider spectrum - from visible light to the ultraviolet and X-ray bands. This has been a limitation in most other telescopes set up in space by NASA also. The Astrosat telescope is not only more powerful but capable of gathering data within the X-ray bands - making it a perfect multi-tasker. Astrosat may only be one-tenth in size compared to Hubble but it makes India only the fourth country after USA, Russia and Japan to have an operational space observatory for astronomical observations of its own. The giant 45 m high and tonne telescope will enable scientists to closely study exotic objects like super nova remnants, active galactic nuclei and pulsars as also offer a unique insight into extreme phenomena of the universe. The other two gamma ray telescopes are in Spain and the US. The diamond-turned mirrors have been developed in India for the first time and will prove beneficial in strategic applications like defence and space sectors. Meanwhile, the high resolution camera will help application in sectors like healthcare. The MACE Telescope consists of a large area tessellated light collector of sq m, made up of indigenously manufactured mirror panels. A high resolution imaging camera weighing about 1, kilos for detection and characterisation of the atmospheric Cherenkov events forms the focal plane instrumentation of the telescope. The telescope is supported on six wheels which move on a 27m diameter track. It has an integrated imaging camera that contains 1, photo multiplier based pixels and all signal processing and data acquisition electronics. The camera communicates the acquired data to the computer system in the control room over optical fiber. Key features of the telescope include safe and secure operation remotely from anywhere in the world. With this, India will join the elite scientific community working in field of gamma ray study. Dr Tessy Thomas has sky-rocketed to unparalleled success in the field of missile technology. She gets up at 6 am, goes for a walk, watches TV serials and cooks. In her spare time, she plays badminton and chess and one of her favourite hobbies is gardening. Sounds like the life of any ordinary Indian woman? But Dr Tessy Thomas is definitely extraordinary. She spends hours in office, working on some of the most powerful weapons of mass destruction. Popularly known as agniputri daughter of fire , she was the project director for 5, km range Agni V in , based at the Advanced Systems Laboratory, Hyderabad. Her childhood fascination for math and science charted her future course of action with a school trip to Thumba Rocket Launching Station in Thiruvananthapuram serving as the perfect inspiration. As part of the Agni missile team, she was involved in modelling and simulation of missile systems. Inspired by Dr. Despite her demanding career, she has managed to find the right worklife balance. While family support has played a major role in her success, she admits facing difficult times on personal front when her son was in school and husband posted out of station. Tejas, my son, has been understanding and cooperative. Among other recognitions, she recently won the Y Nayudamma Memorial Award for her contribution in the field of missile technology. The Mangalyaan, or Mars craft, was fine tuned on December 11 in the interplanetary space to stay on course on way to Mars. The spacecraft was 2. Prasad, two of the three phases of the Mars mission have been accomplished. As the fourth planet from sun and behind earth, Mars is the second smallest celestial body in the solar system. Named after the Roman god of war, Mars is also known as red planet due to the presence of iron oxide in abundance. India launched its first inter-planetary mission to Mars with a two-fold objective—technological and scientific. It will also enable deep space communication, navigation, mission planning and management and incorporate autonomous features to handle contingency situations. What he did not compare is the cost incurred in both the missions. The mission is soon to be followed by the launch of German, French, British and Canadian satellites by the organisation. Tonnes of plastic buckets, mugs, toothpaste caps and other waste material is guzzled up by a giant machine which, in turn, produces the cleanest grade of diesel. And the Indian Railways will use it as fuel for its trains soon. Apart from this, CSIR-IIP has announced a breakthrough in technology to make low carbon jet fuel from inedible droughtresistant jatropha plant. The major aim of the programme is to ensure sustainable growth where the expansion of the manufacturing sector is not at the cost of the environment. The new plant built by Indian Railways aims to score big on three counts: innovation, as it uses a technology that CSIR-IIP will hold the patent for; domestic manufacturing and sustainability for producing cleaner diesel. Made in India, Rotavac is expected to help significantly reduce infant deaths in the country and other parts of the world. The most common cause of severe diarrhoea among children has found an indigenous solution in the form of the Rotavac vaccine which was launched by Prime Minister Mr Narendra Modi in March. Developed by Hyderabad-based Bharat Biotec India Limited, it is expected to help significantly reduce infant deaths due to Rotavirus diarrhoea in India and other parts of the world. The deadly Rotavirus causes over 4,50, deaths worldwide and 1,10, deaths in India annually, including 80, children. A result of the partnership among the department of biotechnology, Bharat Biotech and several Indian and international organisations, the successful launch of the first indigenously developed and produced vaccine is the result of an effort spread over 25 years. Bharat Biotech India Limited was involved in the development and production of the vaccine and was selected in by the India-US Vaccine Action Programme and the standard government procedures. This is the third such vaccine available globally against Rotavirus and, at the current prices, the cheapest. The Prime Minister remarked that India is characterised by large size and diversity and continues to face a number of socio-economic challenges. He hoped that the development of the vaccine would inspire higher levels of research, development and manufacturing activities in India, not just in medical science but also in other advanced areas of science and technology. Bharat Biotech has filed four global patents around the technology of Rotavac in more than 20 countries. Their facility in Genome Valley in Hyderabad has an installed manufacturing capacity of million doses per year. The best way to reduce carbon emission is to popularise clean energy technologies among the rural population. Did you know that over three billion people in developing countries are dependent on burning of firewood, crop residue and cattle dung to prepare daily meals on traditional mud stoves, open fires and three stones? Studies have revealed that indoor air pollution significantly increases the risk of pneumonia in children and chronic bronchitis and other ailments in women. The smoke emanating during cooking procedures consists of short-lived but high impact climate change agents like black carbon which are light-absorbing carbon particles and much more potent in the short-term than greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. To provide sustainable, effective, incentive-based action plans, infrastructure and new technologies to enable rural communities to switch over to improved cooking technologies, Project Surya was introduced. The uniqueness of cookstove intervention project lies in its science focus: undertaking the most comprehensive and rigorous scientific evaluation to date on the efficacy of reducing biomass-fuelled cooking on climate warming, air pollution, health and human wellbeing. Project Surya aims to expand access to truly clean energy technologies among poor rural households in developing countries. In this process, the project consortium seeks to monitor measurable climate benefits of clean cooking technologies, and through this, empower rural users with climate finance. To meet the socio-cultural and economic objectivity of the rural Indian population, The Energy and Resources Institute TERI developed a series of prototype clean cookstoves. These included a top-loading single-pot stove, a front-loading single-pot stove and a front-loading doublepot stove. Each of these sources employs a fan-driven forced draft to aid combustion as well as a standardised stove combustion chamber that can be fitted with additional components to meet local requirements. Wherever possible, all the components of the stove system were based on nut-and-bolt systems and used parts commonly available even in the village markets. The stoves provided options such as a solar charging unit and adding additional stove heads for larger families. The concept behind it was that the stoves adapted to people and traditional cooking habits and not vice versa. Project Surya deployed improved cooking technologies in rural communities and rapidly cut down emission levels of major pollutants like black carbon. The project aims to use two low-cost sensor technologies to estimate black carbon emission savings due to improved stove usage. Temperature is recorded through the sensor attached to the stove and transmits real-time temperature readings through an adapter circuit and thermistor to an attached mobile phone through its headset jack. This technology can be accessed on a Java-enabled phone too. The second option is utilising a miniature aerosol sampler wherein a filter is exposed to the indoor air particles. If a person has a cell phone with the facilities of GPRS and camera, a photograph of the filter can be clicked and transmitted to a centralised server wirelessly. A complex computer algorithm then takes an estimate of the black carbon emissions from the blackness of the filter in the photo. The wireless technology not only reduces the transaction costs considerably, it also provides verifiable, technology-centric and costeffective monitoring of the usage of the stove. The project helped in identifying forced draft stoves as a superior option among improved stove technologies, developed low-cost cell phone technologies that make it possible to measure black carbon on the ground with unprecedented spatial resolution for the first time, identified socioeconomic barriers and drivers related to cookware adoption and demonstrated the link between indoor and outdoor concentrations of black carbon in and around Surya pilot village with cooking activities. The pilot phase of Surya Project was completed successfully in More recently, Project Surya is working towards exploring new streams of channeling finance to improved cookstoves users, such as postal payments and mobile-based payments in association with various partner organisations. An Indian NGO has found productive use of pine needles, once the cause of many a fire in the hills, by generating electricity from them. When I was a kid, my Almora home in the Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand, was surrounded by a thick cover of pine trees. Anytime a southward breeze blew, we could smell the familiar whiff of resins. On some summer nights, the forest would come ablaze in circular patterns. Years passed and the green cover began to reduce, so much so that on a recent visit, I was shocked to be able to count them. It took some growing up to realise that the pine needles or pirul , as we call them, were to blame. They are highly inflammable due to a high calorific value and low density. And their carpet on the forest floor causes rainwater to drain down the slope rather than be absorbed in the soil. Sometimes villagers set them on fire to get rid of unwanted shrubs and at others, fire spreads uncontrollably due to negligence. Whatever the case may be, they pose a huge threat to the jungles and ecological system. The NGO dreamt of developing a technology that utilised the abundance of pine needles in keeping with the motto of capacity building and sustainable rural development. They are known as Saur Urja in the area because of their extensive work with solar energy which saw electrification of 25 villages. Jain travelled places with his hypothesis of using pine needles as fodder for creating electricity but was turned down everywhere on grounds of impracticality. Without a background in scientific research, he continued to experiment on his own and finally managed to overcome the density problem by chopping pine needles into smaller pieces, and developing a technology which is in final stages of being patented. With this success, it was proved that pine needles could be used as feedstock for a biomass gasifier to produce electricity. But the work had only begun. Out of the 9 kW of electricity produced, 1. Taking it a step further, the NGO set up Avani Bio Energy Pvt Ltd in in order to commercially utilise the electricity thus produced and get connected with existing power grids. Finally, a kW commercial plant was setup at Chachret village in Pithoragarh district. As of now, a couple of thousand units have been dumped in the grid. This aims to generate clean energy, jobs and restore biodiversity by stopping forest fires. During the shedding season, forests are covered with a huge number of them. The proposition has given options to the unemployed and women of the area. There is a team of local technicians handtrained by Jain himself who carry out the operations with dexterity. The process of gasification also produces a by-product — high-quality charcoal in powder form which, in turn, is converted into charcoal briquettes. These work as top-level fuel for rural kitchens, easily replacing wood, saving forests. The use of briquettes ensures better health for women who would then cook in a smokeless environment. They come cheaper than other fuels and may be purchased for cash or in lieu of pine needles. Where localites welcomed the enterprise by donating lands, there are many challenges. The biggest among them is a lack of industrial culture in the area due to which people are discouraged from being actively involved. The idea is to get local entrepreneurs involved, who can control and manage the supply chains, operations and retail of the charcoal. Aero India show witnessed enthusiastic participation of Indian and foreign aerospace companies. Bengaluru in southern India is the hub of information technology, but for a few days, all eyes in this hi-tech city were peeled towards the skies away from computer screens. High-speed low flying runs, rolls, somersaults and formation flying enthralled spectators. Airplanes of all shapes and sizes dazzled audiences as part of the 10th edition of the Aero India show held from February , Fighter jets, large cargo planes, helicopters, vintage propeller driven planes and unmanned aerial vehicles all danced in the skies to enthrall enthusiastic crowds. According to the Ministry of Defence, Government of India, aerospace companies and nearly CEOs from India and abroad including delegates from 42 nations participated. Hundreds of stalls displayed their hi-tech wares. Not to be left behind were impressive displays by an American fighter jet F and the French Rafale jet fighter. Aerial stunts were performed by few foreign aerobatic teams like the Breitling Wingwalkers from the UK performed atop the wings of flying airplanes. For the first time, two women officers also participated. In a first, Indian Prime Minister Mr Narendra Modi inaugurated the mega event which in a way was kick-starting his pet programme of Make in India, making the country the hub for manufacturing defence equipment. To many of you, India is a major business opportunity. We have the reputation as the largest importer of defence equipment in the world. That may be music to the ears of some of you here. But this is one area where we would not like to be Number One! Our security challenges are well known. Our international responsibilities are evident. We do need to increase our defence preparedness. We do have to modernise our defence forces. As part of the alliance, we hope to develop military applications based on our own proprietary technologies. Make in India is immensely important and this is an important time for ensuring that business deals are struck. It has asked HAL to manufacture about 70 Pilatus trainer aircraft while acquiring 38 of these planes from the Swiss company. It supports a large pool of small and medium enterprises. Our defence industry in private sector is still small. But it employs thousands of people. This is despite the fact that nearly 60 per cent of our defence equipment continues to be imported. And we are spending tens of billions of dollars on acquisitions from abroad. Studies show that even a per cent reduction in imports could directly create an additional ,, highly skilled jobs in India. If we could raise the percentage of domestic procurement from per cent in the next five years, we would double the output in our defence industry. Imagine the impact in terms of jobs created directly and in the related manufacturing and services sector. Think of the spin-off benefits on other sectors in terms of advanced materials and technologies. This is why it is at the heart of our Make in India programme. We are reforming our defence procurement policies and procedures. There would be a clear preference for equipment manufactured in India. Our procurement procedures will ensure simplicity, accountability and speedy decision making. We have raised the permitted level of Foreign Direct Investment to 49 per cent. This can go higher if the project brings stateof-the art technology. We have permitted investments up to 24 per cent by Foreign Institutional Investments. And there is no longer a need to have a single Indian investor with, at least, a 51 per cent stake. Industrial licensing requirements have been eliminated for a number of items. Where it is needed, the process has been simplified. We are expanding the role of private sector, even for major platforms. Our goal is to provide a level playing field for all. While big ticket deals eluded this air show, over 3. Major opportunities exist for global giants to make India the low cost reliable hub for manufacturing aerospace equipment as the Government gives this sector the wings it needs to fly. The larger aim is to unite India on a common virtual platform. To bridge the ever-widening gap between government departments and people of India to ensure effective governance, make available government services to citizens electronically by minimising paperwork and to integrate rural India under high-speed network, the Government of India embarked upon the Digital India initiative. It comprises three components: digital infrastructure, delivering services digitally and digital literacy, with a project deadline of Digital India plans to integrate and synchronise all digital initiatives, including the national broadband plan and domestic manufacturing policy, to ensure timely execution with maximum impact for a better future. It is for the poor. You can imagine what a quality education the children in villages will get, if all the villages of India are connected with broadband connectivity and if we are able to give long distance education to schools in every remote corner of the villages. Today, information technology has the potential to connect each and every citizen of the country and that is why we want to realise the mantra of unity with the help of Digital India. The Digital India initiative is expected to create 17 million direct and 85 million indirect jobs, considerably reducing Indian imports of electronic goods. All information will be available in real time on mobile phones and online, in Indian languages. It is likely to be ready by March By June-end last year, total tele-density in India was In January , Idukki in Kerala became the first district in the country to be linked to the National Optic Fibre Network NOFN , connecting eight block offices and 53 gram panchayats to the network under the ambitious plan. Through the Digital India initiative, plans aim net-zero electronics import target by through a number of moves to incentivise, promote and develop manufacturing facilities. An electronic development fund may be set up to create Indian intellectual property for electronic goods. In the next three years, the Government intends not only bringing all departments across the country online but also ensuring necessary storage of certificates among others. The electronic delivery of services, including health, education, security, justice, financial inclusion and information to farmers, termed e-kranti, aims to provide broadband connectivity to over two-and-a-half lakh schools, including free wi-fi and massive online open courses. Meanwhile, e-healthcare aims to ensure access to online medical consultations, records, supplies and pan-India patient information. Farmers will get real-time access to price Information financial help and mobile banking. The plan will include a geographic information system-based social network for citizens called MyGov. McKinsey is bullish over adoption of mobile Internet, cloud technology, digital payments, digital identity, Internet of Things IoT , intelligent transportation, advanced geographic information system and next generation genomics. We take you down the history lane that set many like Christopher Columbus to sail. And in doing so, help one understand the everevolving story of spices: How once spices ruled the world? How spices became the reason for wars, treaties, pacts and colonisation? And why spices were considered costlier than gold? An important part of the plan comprises developing 25 museums to create a timeline of the spice route in Kerala, and how under the Roman influence, the state became the epicenter of spice trading — each country wanting a bigger piece of the pie. Why Kerala? Because it is in this naturerich state where the real spice story began. In fact, it was an established spice trade port as early as BC. Such was the spice market offering that it pulled traders from far and wide. Nomadic Arabs and ancient Phoenicians were among the first to arrive here for spice trade. And by BC were transporting pepper, cinnamon, incense and oils from the East through the Persian Gulf to Arabia and beyond. It is said that on one of their visits, the Arabs were short of cash and paid the tax with pepper, calling it the black gold of Asia. Such was the effect of this sweet-fiery spice that by the turn of that year, its consumption grew astonishingly and it became a status symbol of fine cookery. A proof of this are recipes for pepper sauces in Roman novels of 1st century AD. In fact, Roman emperor Domition designated an area in the heart of the city as Ahorrea piperataria, pepper sheds, exclusively for pepper merchants. This influenced the lives of Kerala natives as the state became the melting pot of trading communities. This is why Kerala has the maximum churches, mosques, guest houses, forts and Shiva temples close to water shores including the first-ever mosque Cheraman Juma Masjid, built by King Cheraman Perumal and Vypeekotta Seminary which became the centre of Christian teachings. Make in North-East initiative is a comprehensive, multi-layered plan to integrate the region, its people and economy with the rest of the country. Make in North-East , however, is much more than just a regional version of the national programme. At one level, it looks to nurture areas in which the North-East has already gained expertise such as the tea processing industry. Assam tea is cherished by connoisseurs across the globe and there was a time when Guwahati was one of the largest tea auctioning centres of the world. Regional proficiency is the organic farming industry. Sikkim and Mizoram, national leaders in organic farming, are already on their way to becoming per cent organic while Meghalaya also made similar progress. Globally, organic farming has become the holy grail of sustainable living and the global organic foods market is worth several billion dollars today. India, however, does not even have one per cent share in this lucrative market. Another important plank of the Make in North-East programme is to boost tourism. From adventure and wildlife to religious and cultural tourism, the seven sister states have something for everybody. The region is dotted with hill stations known for their virgin beauty. All the eight states offer great mountaineering and trekking opportunities, Sikkim is best for whitewater rafting. The Central Government is making a concerted effort to bring Bollywood to the North-East and is hopeful about the many options that will open up. It will have to improve regional infrastructure, especially in the transport, communication and hospitality sectors. It is heartening to know of the financial support allocated for new roads, highways, rail lines and cell phone towers. Have you ever wondered what happens to the husk of coconut trees? If not, then it is time you plan a trip to the International Coir Museum in Alappuzha in the state of Kerala. Lately, the Central Government is planning to give a boost to the coir sector by sanctioning around 1, franchisees to sell coir products and by marketing them through expos within India and foreign countries. Under the Coir Udyami Yojana, the Government has been imparting training to youth and entrepreneurs for augmenting production and thereby attracting the new generation to the sector. When you walk in to the compound of the museum, it has five halls that enlighten visitors about coir. The hall takes you to the bygone era of James Darragh and Henry Smail whose busts are placed alongside a wall that signifies the first coir factory established by the duo in Visitors also get to know that ropes made from coconut fibre were used in ancient times and Indian navigators who sailed the seas to China, Java, Malaya and Gulf of Arabia used coir for their ship ropes. Not many are aware that a coir industry in the United Kingdom was recorded before the second half of the 19th century. The traditional method of natural retting practised in India consists of soaking the husk in backwaters for around a year. This hall showcases the traditional methods of fibre extraction by retting of coconut husk and fibre extraction by rural women. The spinning of coir fibre was earlier carried out by hands or charkhas spinning wheels. This hall displays traditional spinning as well as spinning units known as ratts. The latest version of motorised ratts are also exhibited here. The hall showcases all the equipment used for extraction of coir fibre from coconut husk, spinning into coir yarn and weaving into coir products. Coir fibre, when impregnated with phenol formaldehyde resin, produces composite boards which can be used as wood substitutes are displayed here. The products are cheaper than commercial plywood, are fire retardant, boiling waterproof and can be sawed and drilled. A Coir Wood House has been erected in the museum which makes use of the coir composite panels and has been furnished with furniture using coir composite boards. An array of products have been displayed along with traditional Kettuvallom which informs of the diversification and commercialization potential of coir. A short audio-video film takes visitors through the world of coir over the ages and gives information on latest research and development. The shop displays an array of products for tourists which they can carry as souvenirs from their visit to the Coir Museum. Indian women pilots lead world statistics with You will be surprised to know that out of 5, pilots in India, are women. While women pilots are not yet allowed to fly fighter jets, they have been flying helicopters and transport aircraft in IAF for over a decade. Of around women IAF officers, around 70 are pilots. For the first time ever, IAF is preparing two of its women pilots for combat roles. Ft Lt Alka Shukla and MP Shumathi, trained at the Yelahanka station in flying twin-engine Mi-8 an assault helicopter , are continuing with their armament and special heli-operations training. They will be trained in bombing, rocket attack, combat search and rescue, and special heli-borne operations. Women have earned wings in the commercial sector as well. Saara Hameed Ahmed, 24, has been flying for over two years. Visitors: Page last updated on: Designed by Jadon Webtech Pvt Ltd. Articles on Development in India Back Print. Eye in the sky Astrosat satellite mission endeavours for a detailed understanding of our universe To help scientists intensify space exploration efforts by studying distant celestial objects and conduct deeper analysis of star systems, India launched its maiden dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, Astrosat, on September 28 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on board a PSLV-XL vehicle. When sky is the limit Dr Tessy Thomas has sky-rocketed to unparalleled success in the field of missile technology She gets up at 6 am, goes for a walk, watches TV serials and cooks. First indigenous Rotavirus vaccine Made in India, Rotavac is expected to help significantly reduce infant deaths in the country and other parts of the world The most common cause of severe diarrhoea among children has found an indigenous solution in the form of the Rotavac vaccine which was launched by Prime Minister Mr Narendra Modi in March. Going carbon free The best way to reduce carbon emission is to popularise clean energy technologies among the rural population Did you know that over three billion people in developing countries are dependent on burning of firewood, crop residue and cattle dung to prepare daily meals on traditional mud stoves, open fires and three stones? Taming the spirit of pine An Indian NGO has found productive use of pine needles, once the cause of many a fire in the hills, by generating electricity from them When I was a kid, my Almora home in the Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand, was surrounded by a thick cover of pine trees. The larger aim is to unite India on a common virtual platform To bridge the ever-widening gap between government departments and people of India to ensure effective governance, make available government services to citizens electronically by minimising paperwork and to integrate rural India under high-speed network, the Government of India embarked upon the Digital India initiative. Coir: The revolutionary fibre The International Coir Museum in Alappuzha, Kerala acquaints visitors about coir and its uses Have you ever wondered what happens to the husk of coconut trees? History hall The hall takes you to the bygone era of James Darragh and Henry Smail whose busts are placed alongside a wall that signifies the first coir factory established by the duo in Retting hall The traditional method of natural retting practised in India consists of soaking the husk in backwaters for around a year. Spinning hall The spinning of coir fibre was earlier carried out by hands or charkhas spinning wheels. Machinery hall The hall showcases all the equipment used for extraction of coir fibre from coconut husk, spinning into coir yarn and weaving into coir products. Coir Wood house hall Coir fibre, when impregnated with phenol formaldehyde resin, produces composite boards which can be used as wood substitutes are displayed here. Product Display An array of products have been displayed along with traditional Kettuvallom which informs of the diversification and commercialization potential of coir. Theatre A short audio-video film takes visitors through the world of coir over the ages and gives information on latest research and development. Souvenir Shop The shop displays an array of products for tourists which they can carry as souvenirs from their visit to the Coir Museum. Indian women Leaders of the skies Indian women pilots lead world statistics with All Rights Reserved. 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