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Abstract Drugs trafficking needs to press because give effect big losses either directly or indirectly. BNN National Narcotics Agency reported that the loss of national economic and social aspects as a result of drugs abuse peaked at Developments in the National Survey on Drugs Abuse conducted BNN mentioned that the Central Java included in the 5 largest province in terms of wealth and drugs consumption. This does not rule out the possibility that the Yogyakarta area both administratively and in fact very close to the regional Central Java also has the possibility to be part of that list. Therefore this study will try to assess the social and economic impacts of drugs trafficking in the region of Yogyakarta. The methodology used in this study is descriptive statistical analysis of primary and secondary data related to drugs trafficking and economic data in Yogyakarta. Assessment of the activities carried out are known patterns of drugs trading in Yogyakarta district, which can be seen from the number of cases of drugs abuse in the region. While the views of users, the biggest drugs trading patterns are among the productive age of years. As a result of this drugs trafficking, both the total economic losses and social costs borne by users reached Keywords: Economy, drugs, trading, pattern. Indonesia is one of the 7 largest drugs consumers in the world. Indonesia is known as a number one producer of ecstasy in the world. Indonesia has many laws and regulations to limiting drugs abuse. There have been at least 6 six laws and regulations local regulations which are used as a basis for the investigation of drugs offenses Act No. It has however been ineffective in reducing the number of drugs abuse cases and the amount circulation of illicit goods always show increase from year to year. Data on the Indonesian National Police said drugs cases handled by the Police during the period of is as many as 23, cases. In the figure rose by 2, cases to 26, cases amounting to an increase of According to BNN National Narcotics Agency number of drugs users in Indonesia is expected to reach 5 million people or approximately 2. Especially for Yogyakarta, according to the BNN Agency, in BNN recorded the number of drugs users in the province reached 69, people and increased to 78, people in In figures are expected to reach 87, people. In the number is estimated to reach , people BNN Report, The dangers of drugs use were not make illicit goods users deterrent or stop their consumption. The impact of drugs abuse on health, among others, is disorders of the heart, brain function, bone, blood vessels, skin, nervous system, lungs, digestive system and others. Even worse drugs misuse can cause death. BNN mention the number of deaths from drugs misuse in Indonesia reached 15, people per year, or an average of about 40 people dying every day. Another danger of improper drugs use is an indirect danger, which includes many economic costs including health issues and damage to the body, then exclusion from social life, and social damage as people feel ashamed for having family members who use illicit substances. Sanctions for students are expelled from school or college which impacts their future Adi, According to the National Survey on Drugs Abuse Developments in Indonesia in which was released by BNN, losses due to the national economic costs of drugs abuse are estimated at around Rp This number has increased compared to which was around Rp The funds include, among others, for the cost of drugs consumption, treatment, and rehabilitation overdose which means only limited to the cost of financing and the private cost does not include the cost to fund the social costs. The social cost incurred in reached Rp 3. Social costs may include the completion of legal cases, crime, premature death and. So that the total economic cost incurred due to drugs abuse in is Rp. Add more, according to the National Survey of Drugs Abuse in Central Java development including Yogyakarta entered the ranks of the largest of the 5 provinces the amount of money in circulation to drugs consumption. The underlying reason a person uses drugs has 3 factors, there are individual factors, environmental factors and drugs factors. Individual factors include the psychological aspects such as self-confidence to overcome the problem, trial and error, an inability to manage stress and others. Environmental factors, among others, motivated by family problems or due to incorrect association. While factors such as drugs due to the belief that drugs can help boost confidence and reduce stress because of the nature of narcotics and psychotropic drugs classes the nature of addiction and tolerance Nasution, Other cause which should be very wary and must be fought together is because drugs trafficking are becoming increasingly insidious. To prevent the spread of drugs abuse can be done in several ways, one of which is to cooperate with other countries in the fight against drugs. In fact, the target is the shortest Drugs-Free Indonesia in , announced by the President in To support these activities, and as a material consideration in policy making handling of drugs abuse then reviews the development of drugs trading will be very beneficial. This activity can also be used as a monitoring and evaluation tool to achieve the Drugs-Free Indonesia especially in Yogyakarta. The objectives this study is to analyze the economic aspects of drugs trading in Yogyakarta. The term narcotic is derived from the Greek word narkotikos meaning sleeping. While common sense explains that narcotics are substances or drugs derived from plant or not plant either synthetic or semi-synthetic which can cause degradation or alteration of consciousness, loss of taste, reduce to relieve pain and can lead to dependence. At first narcotics used only as a tool for religious rituals and in addition it is also used for treatment, while the first type of drugs used in the beginning is commonly known as opium. The use of narcotics without rules and levels of exposure can cause health problems for its users. This figure continues to climb each year despite many efforts to eradicate targeting perpetrator, dealers, and manufacturers UNODC, Drugs abuse in Indonesia is very worrying. Now, drugs are goods that are no longer illicit goods that are difficult to get, but the goods are very easy to get because people experience pleasure under the effects of opium. Drugs addicts will justify any means to obtain illicit goods because drugs have strong opiate effects which makes people extraordinary dependence. Dependence is experienced by users of this drugs followed by withdrawal symptoms. This causes circumstances in which a person has a sense of anxiety or mental disorders or psychological effect on drugs addicts. The macro perspective of drugs use can lead to a great loss in terms of the social and economic point of view Ackerly et al. Drugs abuse is also a crime and a violation that threatens the safety, physical and mental of users and wearer and also to the people around socially Atmasasmita, Socio-economic aspects in component cost estimates used in dealing with drugs problems no standardization between each of the studies that have been conducted. Data availability is an important keyword in shows component costs. Developed countries rely more on data sources of collate data from each ministry or agency reports related to drugs abuse. Perspective study also provides a major influence which shows components and socio-economic aspects that will be assessed. Perspective study consisted of perspective clients users , and the perspective of the state or social perspective society. In many studies conducted used the perspective of the state. Many people have affected by commercial drug development. The government should encourage the development of anti drugs and not be commercially viable. Meanwhile, according to Singer there are two approaches to analyze the social and economic costs through the use of the cost approach and or policies. Cost of the policy is divided into crime costs court costs and arrests and other direct costs cost of prevention policy, harm reduction policy costs due to drugs. National Survey on Drugs Abuse Developments in Indonesia , which calculated the cost components, can be divided into 2 parts: the direct costs associated with drugs abusers and expenses incurred indirectly related to drugs abuse Table 1. The costs are then referred to as the economic costs will be divided into individual costs and social costs Brodszky et al. Individual costs are costs attached to drugs abusers, including the cost of drugs consumption. Social costs are the costs due to the consequences of drugs abuse which indirectly impact on society. Table 1. Rehabilitation and detoxification Time lost due to rehabilitation and detoxification Traffic accidents Time lost due to accidents Associated with the law Time lost due to associated with the law Prison Time lost due to prison Death due to drugs Source: National Survey on Drugs Abuse Developments in Indonesia, 3. This research considers focusing on the qualitatif approach which is conducted using primary and secondary data. The primary data are obtained by interviewing selected respondents who have had experience of using drugs. Otherwise, some secondary data were collected from several credible intitutions. This study used descriptive statistical analysis in order to elaborate the behaviour of drugs abusers in Yogyakarta. We also attempt to analyze the economic and social cost of drugs consumption around Yogyakarta. For this purpose we estimate economic and social cost using productivity loss analysis. In order to describe financial aspects of drugs trading, we compere these costs to government budget indicators. Analysis of Economic and Social Aspects of Drugs 4. Number of drugs abuser The result of a survey conducted by BNN found a variety of information that needs attention. The median age of first drugs use was 16 years; participants began injecting one average aged 15 years old. There are many other types of drugs traded. This indicates very little supply heroin market that drugs abusers substitute with other types of cover levels to prevent cravings sakau. In addition, instead of injecting addicts they took drugs, namely methamphetamine and ecstasy. Median cost of drugs consumption per person per year for the group regularly use around Rp thousand, instead of injecting addicts around Rp. This survey also found that only a third of respondents who know the existence of the detox and rehab, but more than half junkies know. Unfortunately only 1 of 10 abusers had done detox and rehabilitation. This caused junkies who have been exposed to a lot of programs from various parties, especially NGOs and family so they can find a solution through rehab. Of those who do the detox and rehab, there are about one-third that attended or assisted by family members. Median costs per person per year by Rp1. Furthermore, about one-fifth of the respondents had done their own treatment. Of those who had, half of the respondents still continue to do their own treatment in the last year, especially in the group instead of injecting addicts. The median number of treatment efforts conducted 3 times the median costs per person per year is about Rp. There is a 1 in 4 people have experienced drugs abusers traffic accident when he was under the. In the group of addicts injecting much larger, which had an accident, more than a third occurred in the last year, especially in the group instead of injecting addicts. Median cost during the process of accidents per person is about Rp. There are about 1 in 5 abusers had been arrested by the police, even in groups of junkies there is 1 between 2 people. Those who had been arrested, about one-third experienced in the last year. The incident was mostly group instead of injecting addicts. In an effort to avoid further processed by law enforcement officers, abusers try to peace. Almost half of the respondents admitted to peace efforts with law enforcement agencies, particularly in regular use. Median cost to business per person per year is around Rp 3. BNN also reported that there are about 1 in 7 respondents have been imprisoned, especially in group junkies. Of those who had been imprisoned, less than one-fifth lived in the last year of the time of the survey. Drugs abusers account for approximately half of the cost associated with the business in prison. Median time was days in jail. Cost incurred per person per year is about Rp 3 million. About 1 in 3 people say they have been forced to miss school or work, especially in the group of junkies. From which they were once admitted, more than half had an incident last year, and were forced to miss work. The average time lost was 2 days. About 1 in 5 respondents reported having friends who died because of drugs. In the group of addicts injecting is much higher, 1 of 2 people. Those who died were estimated median age of 30 years. Median number of friends who died was 7, while those died in this year there are 2 people. Referring to these figures, it is estimated that there are as many as 13, premature deaths per year resulting from drugs abuse. East Java Province is a province that has the highest level of economic losses reaches 9. Yogyakarta ranks 10th in total economic cost of the drugs, it reached trillion rupiah. The lowest economic cost is in the province of West Irian 65 billion rupiah. Table 2. Total Costs of economic and social losses due to abuse drugs in Indonesia, and million rupiah Year Components of economic loss Consumption of drugs 15,, 17,, Treatment due to drugs 7,, 6,, Overdose 22, , Rehabilitation and detoxification 1,, 1,, Private Treatment 19, , Accidents , 2,, Associated with the law , 11,, Prison , 2,, Activity disrupted , 1,, Private Cost 26,, 44,, Loss Productivity. The increase was fuelled by medical expenses in an effort to halt drugs abuse and the cost of dealing with law enforcement officers, and maintenance costs as a result of overdoses. The second largest cost component is dealing with law enforcement officers costs which reach 11 trillion rupiahs in the year , increased 12 fold since This has been attributed to higher processing and court costs following the detention of drugs abusers. Often pursued by peaceful means or family and so there are unscrupulous abusers who exploit this situation from the time the arrest until the trial. The higher the process through which it passes, the greater the cost to be incurred. Further costs are uncured due to illness waiting respondents, when overdosed, during detoxification and rehabilitation, in the aftermath of the accident while dealing with law enforcement officers, while dealing with the prison authorities, in the event of death due to drugs premature death and criminal action. Social costs tend to decrease for all component costs from to except for correction authorities. Total economic loss and social costs are estimated at approximately 3. Drugs abuse in Yogyakarta is inseparable from his image as a city of students that make this region as a destination for young children students Yogyakarta outdoor area as a place of learning. The results of survey say that youth is a potential consumer of drugs seller that is why Yogyakarta into an attractive market for drugs trafficking. From the results of Yogyakarta National Anti-Narcotics Movement investigation can be seen how the map of drugs trafficking in the province during the period January to June Drugs trading based on region shows that sub district of Sleman seems to have been targeted for drugs trafficking; it can be seen from the number of cases of drugs abuse in the region. This is most likely due to many of youth predominantly students who stay in this region, the location that is close to their campus. The number of drugs cases in Yogyakarta, from January to June based on the investigation conducted by Yogyakarta National Anti-Narcotics Movement Yogyakarta region can be viewed in detail on Table 3. Table 3. Number of drugs cases in Yogyakarta, in January-June Num. Sub-district Regency. The amount varies slightly with age range years where the amount is Just like on the national level and income factors appear to be the main factor why the freedom of age 30 years and older is the highest contributor to the number of drugs abusers in Yogyakarta Table 4. Table 4. Number of drugs abusers by age in Yogyakarta, Num. Matter of concern is the discovery of drugs abusers and unemployed workers with jobs where they amount respectively reached 8. In average conditions of economic hardship they still have entangled in drugs abuse. If this is allowed then the potential social problems in society will be greater. Table 5. Number of drugs abusers in Yogyakarta by occupation, Num. It is certainly encouraging, but when looking at the category of dealers, turns the number has increased from year to year. From these data there are some opinions that can be drawn, such as the intensity of the suspect drugs use is increasing and perhaps also because of the difficulty of uncovering drugs trading network in the province. Whatever it together with the Yogyakarta government officials must be constantly vigilant in monitoring the territory of the dangers of drugs trafficking. Table 6. Number of suspects in the Yogyakarta, Suspect Categories 1. Users 2. Dealers 48 52 57 25 3. Loss ratios of drugs on economic indicators Drugs loss ratio compared to the economic indicators is used to see how much influence drugs trading to the economic conditions of a region. The discussion will begin with the influence of drugs trafficking at the national level to the national economy, further discussed the effects on the circulation in the region of Yogyakarta. GDP growth is shown by the figure below. In the total value of GDP excluding oil and gas reached Table 7. Billion Rp. Billion Direct Indirect Total. Cost incurred to finance drugs trafficking has absorbed a total GDP of Indonesia averaged about 0. Although during the last 5 years has decreased, but it turns out that the decrease does not indicate a significant number because it still remains around 0. This means that the rate of GDP growth was followed also by the increase in total costs due to drugs. Government revenue reached highest rate of Development of government revenue is shown by the following figure. High government revenues are required to finance government expenditure. Besides operational costs of government the revenue is required to finance government programs for drugs abuse prevention and rehabilitation. Government re is also burdened by the cost of another, one of which is costs due drugs abuse. The largest ratio is shown in in which the cost of drugs in Yogyakarta reached number Table 8. Billion Revenue Rp. Government expenditure in reached The highest ratios occurred in the year reached 5. Development cost ratio due to drugs abuse to Yogyakarta spending reached a very high i. Table 9. Developments in the country of its deficit in is expected to continue to show improvement even rupiah value reached Development of the national budget deficit is more fully illustrated by the graph below. The ratio of the economic costs of drugs to the national deficit in the period was relatively constant even decreased. The graph below shows the development of the ratio over the past five years. Total debt guaranteed by the government for arrested last 5 years seem constant at an average rate of trillion rupiah. Indonesia boasts the achievements reached in in which government debt was reduced from trillion to Rp Expense ratios due to drugs against GOI debt showed an increase over the last 5 years with the highest rate in is equal to 8. This reflects the growing confidence of investors both domestic and foreign as the place to develop its capital. Recorded in , investment in Indonesia reached The investment will be greater if the costs due to drugs abuse be allocated as investment funds. Foreign Investment was Dependence on foreign capital could be reduced if the actual costs of drugs abuse can be allocated for investment. Foreign Investment in Yogyakarta in reached Other data related to economic indicators also show that the presence of drugs trafficking is very detrimental to this nation. Here are presented some data that shows this. In Table 10, it can be seen that the total economic cost of drugs per user compared to income per capita in Indonesia is always greater economic cost. So it can be said that drugs losses caused by one person with the same income drugs users Indonesia 1 person for 1 year. The number of unemployed during the period of is estimated at 7. If only the economic costs of the drugs is able to be allocated properly to combat unemployment of course it will help the government to solve social problems such as unemployment in Indonesia. Table Trilion Years percapita Rp. Drugs abusers estimated growth rate higher than the rate of population growth. Similarly, the region where the rate of drugs abusers Yogyakarta 6 estimated time of population growth rate Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta population growth rate is 1. Yogyakarta public consumption food and non-food in per capita per month is Rp. In the same year the economic cost of drugs is the average monthly cost of Rp. In other words, the costs of drugs in the province caused by the consumption of 1 person 2 people can afford each month without having to work. As a whole our results is not deviate with previous research which generally present a side effect of drugs trafficking Findlay, ; Mathews Jr. Government should strongly prevent people using drugs to save next generation and to reduces its cost. This study concludes that there are as many as 9. One in 17 people aged in Indonesian have used drugs throughout their life prior to the survey. Thus, an increase in the prevalence of drugs abuse in is 1. From the data obtained, the highest rate of drugs abuse is in the Java area, both in absolute terms and prevalence. Drugs trafficking are rampant in the Java region as drugs are more accessible, there is a larger population, and the socio-economic level and standard of education is generally higher. Fifty nine per cent of the population in the region is aged between 10 and Drugs abusers are four times more likely to be male than female with 1 in 28 men abusing drugs and only 1 in women abuse drugs. The sub district Sleman is targeted by drugs sellers, which has caused direct and notable increases in the number of drugs abuse cases in the region. People aged between years, are targeted and the largest consumers of. People are most productive between these ages therefore the economic impact is exacerbated. As a result of this drugs trafficking, both the total economic losses and social cost borne by users reached Governments need to create intensive policies that capable to fight drugs. Crime prevention policies through drugs abuse can be expected to state the purpose concrete steps to protect the public, both morally and materially. Of the number of people involved, it is necessary to stratify policy of drugs abuse prevention. The potential for lower age more and more people involved in drugs abuse require assertive preventive measures in that age group. It is time that the matter of drugs abuse became compulsory subject at all levels of school. The government needs to increase spending allocations for drugs abuse prevention program, cross-regional and cross-age as the target of a government program. For implementing this program is also required higher education for government officials, particularly with regard to drugs abuse prevention knowledge. Huge drugs potential has become a field of business for certain parties as a source of investment shows that the industrialization of drugs in Indonesia is very large. For the enforcement and prevention of personally not enough, but must be followed by preventive measures and law enforcement aspects of financial transactions. References Ackerly, D. Economic content in medical journal advertisements for medical devices and prescription drugs. PharmacoEconomics, 28, pp. Adi, K. Atmasasmita, R. Economic assessment of drugs in Spain. PharmacoEconomics, 5, pp. Brodszky, V. Challenges in economic evaluation of new drugs: experience with rituximab in Hungary. Drummond, M. Assessing the economic challenges posed by orphan drugs. International journal of technology assessment in health care, 23, pp. Humphreys, B. Journal of Socio-Economics, 40, pp. Levitt, S. Quarterly Journal of Economics, , pp. Mathews Jr. Beef Production. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 34, pp. Nasution, Z. Seddon, T. Drugs, crime and social exclusion: Social context and social theory in British drugs-crime research. British Journal of Criminology, 46, pp. Singer, M. Drugs and development: the global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development. The International journal on drug policy, 19, pp. The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing. Paper version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. Turn static files into dynamic content formats. Economic aspects of drugs trading in yogyakarta. Create a flipbook. Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios , online yearbooks , online catalogs , digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.
The state of tailored harm reduction services for women globally is notoriously poor, with the situation in Indonesia providing a snapshot of the barriers.
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Section for Global Development. Description Abstract This paper comprises preliminary analyses of my on-going research that empirically seeks to reveal the problems of water infrastructure development in Jakarta access to clean water, water sanitation and environmental health. Discerning the incongruences of development strategies at the neighbourhood scale, I aim to understand how flooding, commodified water services and lack of environmental sanitation affect poor communities. Their everyday narratives about household needs disappear, drowned among development discourses attached to mega projects of water infrastructure. The government believes that rivers need space for the banjir floods to flow fast to the sea and hence, river banks need to be cleaned from slum communities. While the communities are under pressure to pay for water pumped into the multi-storey buildings, development investments are flushed towards glossy parts of the city pampering the privileged class. This paper aims to disentangle the highly contested water narratives around disparate yet intermingling urban governance practices in Jakarta through the cases of Kampung Bukit Duri and Rusunawa Rawa Bebek, to which the whole evicted households in that area supposed to be relocated. From the total households evicted in January and September , 93 households rejected the relocation and instead sued the government asking for compensations. Through the court, the narratives of evicted communities are also contested.
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Abstract: Drug abuse as an extraordinary crime is carried out by involving many countries and a very large network, including Indonesia and especially in.
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Page J. Brian, “Plan Colombia: An Ineffective Policy” Political Science Major. Carleton College, November 24, Pat Peterson and Katy Robinson.
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