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Radiopharmaceuticals play a critical role in modern medicine primarily for diagnostic purposes, but also for monitoring disease progression and response to treatment. As the use of image has been increased, so has the use of prescription medications. These trends increase the risk of interactions between medications and radiopharmaceuticals. These interactions which have an impact on image by competing with the radiopharmaceutical for binding sites for example can lead to false negative results. Drugs that accelerate the metabolism of the radiopharmaceutical can have a positive impact i. In some cases, for example in cardiac image among patients taking doxirubacin, these interactions may have a therapeutic benefit. The incidence of drug-radiopharmaceuticals adverse reactions is unknown, since they may not be reported or even recognized. Here,we compiled the medical literature, using the criteria of a systematic review established by the Cochrane Collaboration, on pharmaceutical-drug interactions to provide a summary of documented interactions by organ system and radiopharmaceuticals. The purpose is to provide a reference on drug interactions that could inform the nuclear medicine staff in their daily routine. Efforts to increase adverse event reporting, and ideally consolidate reports worldwide, can provide a critically needed resource for prevention of drug-radiopharmaceuticals interactions. Radiopharmaceuticals are used for two purposes. The most important, and most common, is their use as diagnostic tools in clinical medicine. Radiopharmaceuticals, in the form of a traced compound, are administered to a patient in order to observe physiological alterations or abnormal distribution in the body. Radiopharmaceuticals serve a purpose in research, both clinical and nonclinical, where they are used as tracers to observe or quantitate biochemical or physiological processes Tewson and Krohn There is a considerable body of evidence that biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of radiopharmaceuticals may be altered by a variety of drugs, disease conditions, and in some cases, surgical procedures Hesslewood and Leung Sampson and Hesslewood , state that these unknown and unrecognized interactions of radiopharmaceuticals with other compounds can lead to a state of total disorder. For example, interactions that result in poor organ visualization may require repeating the procedure, thus resulting in a excess unnecessary irradiation of organs or if the interaction is unrecognized, it may result in misdiagnosis. Such misdiagnosis could delay appropriate treatment e. Adverse drug reactions are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In the United States, an estimated number of , people are seen at emergency departments because of adverse drug effects Budnitz et al. Adverse event reporting database provides no information on incidence, as events may not be recognized, and in many countries reporting is not mandatory. The incidence of drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions is unknown. Unlike drugs given for therapeutic purposes, the literature suggests that radiopharmaceuticals rarely cause adverse reactions. A recently survey in Japan reported a rate of 1. These relatively low rates of adverse events may be explained, at least partially, by the usually small mass of drug injected or ingested. Additionally, radiopharmaceuticals are typically administered only once or at very limited number of times to any given patient Silberstein and Ryan limiting the potential for allergic reactions and events which might be caused by cumulative exposures. Finally, patients are typically screened prior to imaging for known risk factors. The possibility, however, of adverse reaction to a radiopharmaceutical does exist Hesslewood and Keeling , Cordova et al. Also, if a reaction is not serious or life-threatening, reporting by the manufacturer to regulatory authoritiesmay not be required Keeling Just as the incidence of adverse events associated with radiopharmaceuticals is unknown, so is the incidence of interactions between radiopharmaceuticals and prescription drugs. Any drug or chemical agent which alters the chemical identity of the tracer or alters the physiological status of the organ of interest could be expected to alter the disposition of the radiopharmaceutical Sampson Given the extent of prescription drug use, and particular trends toward polypharmacy, even if the individual risk of any interaction is low, the potential burden of drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions maybe substantial on a population basis. In this review, we summarize the available literature on drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions by organ class. Over articles have been published on incompatibilities between drugs and radiopharmaceuticals. Amongst the various factors that can affect biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals, ingestion of drugs e. As much of the literature is based on case studies and nonclinical laboratory experiments, there is little objective data to inform clinical decision-making Kvasz et al. When considering the potential for interaction in a clinical setting, Callahan and Rabito suggest that special attention be given to extrapolating experimental data to the clinical situation, as the observed effects may depend on the amount of drug present. Because much of the evidence is in the form of case studies e. Here, we do not make causal assessments of individual case reports, but instead provide an overview of what has been reported in the medical literature. Drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions may ariseas a result of a variety of factors including the pharmacological action of the drug, physiochemical interactions between drugs and radiotracers, and competition for binding sites for example. Diseases induced by drugs, which may be potentiated by a radiopharmaceutical, would also be considered an adverse event Hesslewood and Leung While we focus on drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions in situ , it is also important to consider that handling and processing may also cause or increase the risk of adverse reactions. For example, contamination during the dispensing or administration may alter the subsequent biodistribution o the radiopharmaceuticals. The most well known are interactions with the antiseptics povidone iodine and chlorhexidine. Iodine-based antisepsis, in presence of labeled compounds as 99 Tc, may release free pertechnetate Fisher et al. Similarly, chlorhexidine gluconate can react to form technetium-gluconate complex, which is taken up by the kidney Sampson and Hesslewood Although less commonly reported, radiopharmaceuticals may also interact with the syringe or catheter components Slater et al. Lifestyle factors, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and dietary habits e. A study carried out in Brazil showed that the concentration of 99m Tc-RBC Technetiumm labeling of erythrocytes and 99m Tc-PP Technetiumm labeling of plasma protein in blood can be decreased among cigarette smokers, even those whose habit is classified as light or moderate. The lack of a dose-response suggests that the effect may be ascribed to the generation of ROS reactive oxygen species. Regardless of the mechanism, this can interfere with the performance of nuclear imaging procedures that use labeled Technetium Vidal et al. Radioisotopes are used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Radiopharmaceuticals may be used in oncology for the initial staging, to assess response to treatment, residual disease, recurrent diagnosis and restaging, but specifically among the different types of tumor. Another field of study is that of large vessel vasculitis, granulomatous diseases and dementias Ruiz-Laiglesia et al. ADR's Adverse Drug Reactions are typically thought of as serious, isolated clinical events that may be related to patient characteristics, environment, and the particular exposure. However, an ADR is not always a readily detectable clinical event, but instead can be clinically silent Jones For example, subclinical elevations ofhepatic transaminases and blood urea nitrogen, or decrease in sperm count may go unrecognized, or may be detected only by chance. The possibility of clinically silent adverse events with radiopharmaceuticals,and particularly radiopharmaceutical-drug interactions, should be considered. Here we review the literature on reports of both overt and clinically silent adverse events associated with radiopharmaceutical-drug interactions by organ system. Interactions with adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla agents have been reported. In view of the difference in physiology of the two regions of the gland, it is not surprising that these interactions occur with different groups of drugs Solanki et al. Such interactions can have varying effects on the resulting image,depending on whether the drug increases or decreases the uptake of the radiopharmaceutical. In many cases the effect may be predicted based on the known pharmacological actions of the interacting drug Hesslewoodand Leung Spironolactone affects the uptake of Iodometil-nor-cholesterol by the adrenal cortex. It has been reported to both increase uptake Hladik et al. An increase in Iodomethyl-nor-cholesterol uptake by the adrenal gland is a result of the steroid synthesis from plasma. As such, it may result in false positive diagnosis of adrenocortical adenomas, adrenal incidentalomas and pheochromocytoma Fischer et al. Spironolactone can also decrease aldosterone synthesis by decreasing the uptake of radiolabeled cholesterol by the adrenal cortex. This also has the potential to interfere in tumor diagnosis Hesslewood and Leung , Fischer et al. Oral contraceptives have been found to increase the binding of adrenal cortex imaging agent Iodomethyl-nor-cholesterol by increasing plasma renin activity. This results in adrenocortical stimulation; increased cortisol secretion and hyperplasia. They may cause false positives or just uninterpretable results complicating the interpretation of adrenal scintigrams Gross et al. Yurekli et al. These results showed that amifostine may significantly attenuate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. They also show the potential for amifostine to impact radiopharmaceutical imaging of the adrenal gland. The uptake and secretion of 99m Tc-pertechnetate by the gastric mucosa may be affected by drugs, thereby interfering with the imaging of Meckel's diverticulum Hesslewood and Leung Moreno et al. The alteration of uptake was significant in the duodenum. Radiobiocomplexes as sodium pertechnetate Na 99m Tc0 4 are tracers widely utilized for scintigraphic studies mainly for thyroid, brain and stomach. Na 99m Tc0 4 has also been used to label blood constituents Early and Sodee Therefore, alterations in the uptake by the duodenum may be crucial for the hepatobiliary scintigrahy in the diagnosis of duodenogastric reflux and dysfunction of the Oddi's sphincter in post-cholecystectomy syndrome for example Pope and Bratke The major risk of drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions occurs with pharmaceuticals that can alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Verhoeff states that some pharmaceuticals may influence the receptor-bound neurotransmitters. This may cause false results and subsequently, misdiagnosis. Also, cytotoxic drugs such as cyclophosphamide, vincristine, bleomycin and cisplatin are reported to affect the pharmacokinetic response of radiopharmaceuticals, such as the tumor-seeking radiopharmaceutical 67 Ga-citrate. This radiopharmaceutical localizes in some neoplasms as well as other sites, including the liver and regions of infection or inflammation. That may result in a very high uptake of tracer in blood with little or no uptake by the tumor Lentle and Scott , Sampson Another study made by Van Leeuwen-Stok et al. This is thought to result from a decrease in extracellular sodium and fluid volume. As the tracer is often associated with the oedematous fluid, it creates the appearance of a tumor decreased in size in the scintigraph. This effect may be so pronounced that it suppresses all uptake of tracer into the tumor, causing the tumor to be missed completely, possibly resulting in misdiagnosis. Similarly, among patients treated with deferoxamine, a chelating agent used to treat iron overload and aluminum toxicity, there was diffuse tracer activity and poor tissue localization with complete absence of normal uptake by 67 Ga-citrate. This occurs because deferoxamine forms a complex with 67 Ga that is stronger than that of 67 Ga with tranferrin, thus interfering with 67 Ga-transferin binding and subsequent cellular uptake. Sampson , Hesslewood and Leung , Waxman et al. The constant remodeling of bone guides the choice of tracers, to identify anomalies in the bone structure or pathologies related to the remodeling process. Therefore, pharmaceuticals that have an impact in any ofthese processes have the potential to interact with radio-imaging of bone. Due to the complex process involving the uptake of phosphate by the bone, a number of pharmaceuticals may modify the biodistribution of the 99m Tc-labeled-diphosphate. For example, etidronate and pamidronate, which are diphosphonates used in the treatment of Paget's disease, compete with MDP 99m Tc-methylene-diphosphate due to structural similarity Sandler et al. Such competition may result in false negative images faulty diagnosis. Use of diatrizoate with 99m Tc-PYP has been shown to cause significant renal and liver uptake of the radiopharmaceutical, interfering with theperformance of nuclear imaging procedures Crawford and Gumeran In the worst case, this can result in a faulty diagnosis. There have been numerous reports of interactions between the intramuscular iron dextran and 99m Tc-MDP. Taken together, iron dextran modifies the biodistribution of 99m Tc-MDP, such that the tracer concentrates at the site of injection, instead of diffusing throughout the skeleton Forauer et al. It is thought that localized complexing occurs between reduced technetium and ferric hydroxide, as the latter is released from the iron dextran complex. This may impact the skeletal scintigraphy of tumors Mazzole et al. The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for visualizing the heart is labeled thallous Tl. In an experimental study, Tl uptake was significantly higher in the hearts of doxorubicin-treated rats compared to the control rats, indicating a slowwash-out of Tl from the myocardium Miyagawa et al. According to Narahara et al. When this occurs,the quality of the imaging is insufficient for accurateanalysis and in consequence, is of limited value fordiagnosis. The radiopharmaceutical 99m Tc-pyrophosphate is widely used to detect myocardial infarctions. Diminished cardiac activity and increased renal activity has been observed with the use of heparinised catheters for in vivo red cell labeling with 99m Tc-pyrophosphate. This results in increased renal elimination of the radiopharmaceuticals, which can adversely effect visualization of the organ Sampson , Lentle and Scott , Chacko et al. Mitomycin C has been shown to decrease the uptake of 99m Tc-DTPA by cardiac muscle, potentially interfering in the performance of the diagnostic procedure Gomes et al. Antimyosin labeled with Indium is specific for myocyte necrosis and is used in the detection of infarct, myocarditis and cardiac rejection. Chemotherapeutic drugs, notably doxorubicin, have been shown to cause increased myocardial uptake of the radiopharmaceutical Estorch et al. Reuland et al. One randomized trial investigated the value of cardiac radioimmunoscintigraphy with Indium antimyosin monoclonal antibodies in the early detection of cardiac damage. The results of these trials demonstrate that DEX dexrazoxane is able to ameliorate doxorubicin- and epirubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, even when high single drug doses are used Lopez and Vici Radioimmunoscintigraphy was very sensitive in detecting anthracycline cardiac damage, but its specificity is low and it cannot be considered a primary test for guiding anthracycline treatment. This suggests that Indium-antimyosin could potentially be used to monitor the degree of cardiotoxicity produced by doxorubicin Carrio et al. It can reduce the uptake of radiobiocomplex sodium pertechnetate inheart Moreno et al. Again, this may decrease the visualization of the organ, requiring a repeat procedure. There is also the potential for misdiagnosis. Recent studies showed that cardiac 18 F-FDG uptake was significantly lower among diabetics and also among patients taking either bezafibrate or levothyroxine. Cardiac F-FDG uptake was significantly higher in men, patients less than 30 years old, patients with heart failure, and those receiving benzodiazepines. The radiopharmaceutical, 99m Tc-iminodiacetic 99m Tc-IDA is used in the diagnosis of cholecystitis, focal nodular hyperplasia, degree of functional disorder in acute hepatic disease and to evaluate the severity of diffuse hepatic disease among others functions Alobaidi et al. As an acid, the 99m Tc-iminodiacetic acid is removed from blood by hepatocytes. Acids are subsequently transported to the gallbladder, where they are discharged through the cystic duct into the common bile duct and then into the intestines Feezer A variety of drugs have been reported to interfere with hepatobiliary imaging by affecting the movement of the radiopharmaceuticals through the hepatobiliary system Hesslewood and Leung These include isoniazid and pyrazinamide, which areanti tubercular drugs that have been shown to elevate liver enzymes and consequently hepatobiliary system is the most common system affected Pv et al. Technetium gluceptate is a radiopharmaceutical drug widely used to visualize renal structures, particularly kidney parenchyma. Concurrent administration with penicilamine, penicillin G potassium, penicillin V potassium, acetaminophen or trimetroprim-sulfamethoxazole, may substantially alter the biodistribution of 99m Technetium gluceptate. If the impact is large enough, abnormal gallbladder images may result. Affected images can mimic abnormal kidney localization on posterior views Hinkle et al. Appropriate imaging in uro-oncology is a crucial component at primary diagnosis, follow up and recurrence to achieve accurate assessment of the disease and determine the most effective treatment. As most drugs are metabolized in the kidney,there is great potential for drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions. Many drugs alter kidney function in a dose-dependent manner. In patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACE-Inhibitors decrease glomerular filtration in the affected kidney by the interruption of autoregulatory mechanism causing problems in the distribution of the radiopharmaceuticals Hesslewood and Leung A case report showed that calcium antagonists can cause false-positive captopril renograms. These medications should be stopped before captopril renography, andphysicians should be aware of this possible drug interaction if bilateral symmetrical renal function deterioration is seen in a patient's captopril renogram Claveau-Tremblay et al. The authors Latham et al. Diuretics as furosemide may improve renal function so that misleading good renograms and flow curves are obtained when using the renal imaging agent 9m Tc DTPA Sampson Labeled leukocytes are used to the diagnosis of lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, detection of inflammation and a variety of other diagnostic modalities Van Hemert et al. This drug-interaction has beenattributed to the use of antibiotics and corticosteroids. This occurs because of the reduction in the chemoattractant stimuli for the labeled leukocytes Hladik et al. However, Chung et al. An important case of false-positive reaction is related to the hip arthroplasty. A retrospective and prospective study conducted by Zhuang et al. Therefore, to minimize the number of false-positive results with PET studies, caution should be exercised when interpreting FDG uptake around the head or neck portion of prostheses. Drugsthat alter the transport in the reticuloendothelial may decrease the uptake of radiopharmaceuticals, such as 99m Tc-HIDA, in the liver and spleen Hesslewood and Leung As such, they can lead to misdiagnosis. The impact can be quite large. A case report has been published on the complete absence of 99m Tc-HIDA upon imaging, in a patient taking nicotinic acid Sampson Aluminum is present in a number of medications, most commonly in antacids. There is an increasing number of case reports of interactions between aluminum and radiopharmaceuticals. Aluminum-containing drugs can cause flocculation of colloidal particles of sulfur used in liver scanning , such that the particles get trapped in the microvasculature of the lungs decreasing the uptake of the radiopharmaceutical Bobinet et al. Labetalol, used for the treatment of pheocromacytoma, reduces the uptake of Iodine- metaiodobenzylguanidine Iodine- MIBG in liver and spleen Khafagi et al. Gomes et al. The most commonly used thyroid imaging radiopharmaceuticals are iodide and iodide. Thus, drugs or pharmaceuticals with iodide in their formulation, may affect directly in the absorption of these radiopharmaceuticals through competition for receptor sites. Somatostatin also interferes with thyroid imaging through the same mechanism, absorption by receptor sites Hesslewoodand Leung Competing anions, such as perchlorate and pertechnetate ions, act as competitive inhibitors of the iodine transport mechanism. This can lead to decreased uptake of I sodium iodide. This would also decrease uptake of radioiodine into the thyroid gland Sternthal et al. Radioiodinated meta-iodobenzylguanidine MIBG plays a role in both the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of tumors; phaeochromacytoma, neuroblastoma, carcinoid tumors and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid Sisson et al. Over 20 medicines have the potential to interfere with the biodistribution of MIBG, sometimes many hours after they have been taken. Among those, the most commonly encountered interacting agents are chlorpromazine; clomipramine, diltiazem, dopamine,fluphenazine, labetalol, mazindol, nifedipine, promethazine and salbutamol. This interference is enough to impact the efficacy of MIBG as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality because of the extremely low quantities of radiolabeled MIBG that are present in the radiopharmaceutical. Therefore, it is recommended that treatment with any potentially interacting drug be stopped one week prior to imaging with MIBG Solanki et al. Thyrostatic drugs have modified the kinetics of radioiodine in the thyroid and through this mechanism may also have a radioprotective effect. Pre-treatment with thyrostatic medication lowers the effective half-life and uptake of radioiodine. However, this interaction also reduces the effective dose of the thyrostatic medication in the thyroid. Discontinuation of such medications shortly before radioiodine administration can increase the absorbed energy dose in the thyroid. These drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions may also have a clinical role in lowering the effective dose of radioiodine while achieving an equally effective target dose in the thyroid Moka et al. While it does not impact imaging, administration of non-radioactive iodine within a few days after radioiodine administration can increase the effective half-life of radioiodine in the thyroid. Therefore, its use should be suspended until few days after imaging with radioiodine, to facilitate clearance of the radioisotope. There are a number of drugs which interact across arange of radiopharmaceuticals including those used for whole body e. Also, drug-induced disease states can alter the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals Sampson For example, cytotoxic drugs such as cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and cisplatin are reported to affect the pharmacokinetic response of radiopharmaceuticals, particularly the tumor-seeking radiopharmaceutical 67 Ga. Antimetabolites, such as cytarabine and methotrexate, have similar effects Sampson Analogues of somatostatin nonlabeled are used therapeutically in the Carcinoid Syndrome. There have been reports of false-negative results when patients using somatostain were imaged with In-pentetreotide due to a competition for the receptors sites Dorr et al. Open menu Brazil. Open menu. Abstract Resumo English Resumo Portuguese. Text EN Text English. Key words: radiopharmaceuticals, radiopharmacy, drug interaction, systematic review. BRAIN The major risk of drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions occurs with pharmaceuticals that can alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. BONE The constant remodeling of bone guides the choice of tracers, to identify anomalies in the bone structure or pathologies related to the remodeling process. KIDNEY Appropriate imaging in uro-oncology is a crucial component at primary diagnosis, follow up and recurrence to achieve accurate assessment of the disease and determine the most effective treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol Current trends in imaging evaluation of acute cholecystitis. Emerg Radiol Clin Endocrinol Lung uptake of tcm sulphur colloid in patients exhibiting presence of aluminium in plasma. J Nucl Med Imaging of carcinoid tumors with i-mibg. JNucl Med Urol The effect of atenolol on dipyridamole Tl myocardial perfusion tomography in patients with coronary artery disease. Nucl Med Commun Computerized tomography, magnetic resonance and nuclear medicine in the non-invasive diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Radiol Med Torino National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA Radiolabeling of erythrocytes with technetiumm: role of band-3 protein in the transport of pertchnetate across the cell membrane. Comparison of cardiotoxicity by In antymioyosin studies: bolus administration versus continuos infusion of doxorubicin. Eur J Nucl Med Myocardial imaging with Tc99m pyrophosphate in patients on adriamycin treatment for neoplasia. Indiumlabelled leukocyte scan in detection of synthetic vascular graft infection: the effect of antibiotic treament. False-positive captopril renography in patients taking calcium antagonists. Adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals. Alteration of body distribution of 99m Tc-pyrophosphate by radio-graphic contrast material. Clin Nucl Med 3: Effect of antobiotic therapy on the sensitivity of indiumlabelled leukocyte scans. Improved visualization of carcinoid liver metastases by indium pentetreotide scintigraphy matostatin analogue. Eurfollowing treatment with cold so-J Nucl Med Iron dextran: bone imaging patterns of aborption a case report. Am J Physiol Imaging 5: Indium antimyosin scintigraphy after doxorubicin theraphy in patientes with advanced breast cancer. Hepatobiliary imaging: general considerations. The view box, july issue, Dep. Med, WesleyMedical Centre, Kansas, p. Adrenal scintigraphy in primary aldosteronism. Spironolactona as a cause of incorrect classification between adenona and hyperplasia. Eur J Nucl Med 7: Radioisotopic therapy of pheochromocytoma. Nucl Compact Unbinding of Tcm by iodinated antiseptics. Clin Nucl Med Study of the toxicological effect of mitomycin c in mice: alteration on the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals used for renal evaluations. 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Yverdon: Gordon and Breanch Science Publishers, p. Labetolol reduces iodinemibg uptake by pheochromacytom and normal tissues. J NuclMed Clinical nuclear medicine. London: Chapman and Hall, p. Scintigraphy ofa neuroblastomas with i mibg. Adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a critique of a meta-analysis. Med Gen Med 2: Effects of dipyrdamole infusion on human renal function observed using technetiumm-dtpa. Contrast material iodides: potential effects on radioactive iodine thyroid uptake. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Iatrogenic alterations in radionuclide biodistribuition. Semin Nucl Med 9: European trials with dexrazoxane in amelioration of doxorubicin and epirubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Semin Oncol The clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management. Endocr Rev Accumulation of tcm-diphosphonate at sites of intramuscular iron therapy. J Nucl Med Tech 4: Failure in labelling of red cells with tc interaction between intravenous cannulae and stannous pyrophosphate. Eur JNucl Med 8: Scintigraphic evaluation of myocardial uptake of thallium and technetium 99m pyrophosphate utilizing a rat model of chronic doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Radioiodine therapy and thyrostatic drugs and iodine. Effect of oral ingestion of an extract of the herb uncaria tomentosa on the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res Experimental model to assess possible medicinal herb interaction with a radio-complex: Qualitative and quantitave analysis of kidney,liver and duodenum isolated from treated rats. Food Chem Toxicol The effect of beta-blockade on single emission computed tomographic SPECT thallium images in patients with coronary disease. Am Heart J Two Tcmhda cases with delayded emptying into the duodenum. Pattern of adverse drug reactions experienced by tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital in western Nepal. Pak J Pharm Sci Correlation of chemotherapy-induced kdneydisorder and antimyosin antibody uptake in kidneys. Diagnostic limitations of positron emission tomography. What are we seeking. Rev Clin Esp Drugs and chemicals wich affect the purity, biodistribuition and pharmacokinetics of radiopharmaceuticals. J Biopharm Sci 1: Adverse reactions and drug interaction with radiopharmacuticals. Drug safety 8: Altered biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals as a result of pharmacological or chemical interaction. J Biopharm 5: Duration of etidronate effect demonstrated by serial bone scintigraphy. Enhaced DNA repair, immune function and reduced toxicity of c-med, a novel aqueous extract from Uncaria tomentosa J Ethnopharmacol Prevalence of adverse reactions in nuclear medicine. Scintigraphic localization of pheochromocytoma. N Eng J Med Syringe extractables, effects on radiopharmaceuticals. Lancet A pharmacological guide to medicines wich interfere with the bio-distribution of radiolabelled meta-iodobenzyl-guanidine MIBG. Metasttatic medullary thyroid cancer, localisation with i-mibg. Supression of thyroid radioiodine uptake by various doses of stable iodine. N Engl J Med Pharmaceuticals in medical imaging. New York: Macmillan, p. Pet radiopharmaceuticals: state-of-the-art and future prospects. Influence of propranolol on uptake of radioiodinated heptadecanoic acid and thallium in the dog heart. Eur J Nucl Med 8: Nucl Med Biol Cell cycle dependency of67 gallium uptake and cytotoxicity in human cell lines of hematological malignancies. Leukemia Lymphoma Pharmacological implications for neuroreceptor imaging. Influence of tobacco on the labelling of red blood cells and plasma proteins with technetiumm. J Exp Clin Cancer Res Radiopharmaceutical model using 99mtc-mibi to evaluate amisfostine protection against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in rats. Ann Nucl Med Steroid induced supression of gallium uptake tumours of the central nervous system. Persistent non-specific fdg uptake on pet imaging following hip arthroplasty. History Accepted 25 Aug Received 30 July Sheila W. Ana Maria A. Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader. PDF English. Google Google Scholar. Radiopharmaceuticals drug interactions: a critical review.

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