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Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff. Cannabis, or marijuana, is a psychoactive herb that comes from the cannabis plant. Many states across the nation have either legalized marijuana, regulated its medical use, or have a low tetrahydrocannabinol THC program. THC is the main active chemical in marijuana. Marijuana is a mixture of dried, shredded flowers, as well as leaves of the plant Cannabis sativa. Stronger forms of cannabis include sinsemilla, hashish or hash, and hash oil. Marijuana is usually smoked and can be found in electronic cigarettes as well as in cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana, known as blunts. Marijuana cigarettes or blunts sometimes include crack cocaine, and some users mix marijuana in food or brew it in tea. All forms of cannabis are mind-altering, psychoactive drugs, and all forms contain THC. Marijuana's effect on the user depends on the amount of THC in which the person is exposed. The potency of the drug is measured by the average amount of THC in test samples confiscated by law enforcement agencies; these samples show the following:. The Monitoring the Future Survey, conducted yearly, includes students from middle through high school. A finding from a recent survey shows that marijuana vaping by adolescents has remained steady between and Daily or near-daily marijuana vaping has decreased overall among teens, with the highest decrease among 10th graders. However, daily marijuana use has remained nearly the same. According to the CDC, Signs and symptoms as cataloged by the DSM-5 :. A problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a month period:. As with other substances, experienced users of cannabis develop behavioral and pharmacological tolerance such that it can be difficult to detect when they are under the influence. Signs of acute and chronic use include red eyes conjunctival injection , cannabis odor on clothing, yellowing of fingertips from smoking joints , chronic cough, burning of incense to hide the odor , and exaggerated craving and impulse for specific foods, sometimes at unusual times of the day or night. With adolescent users, changes in mood stability, energy level, and eating patterns are commonly observed. Cannabis use disorder among adults typically involves well-established patterns of daily cannabis use that continue despite clear mental health or medical problems. Many adults have experienced repeated desire to stop or have failed at repeated cessation attempts. Milder adult cases may resemble the more common adolescent cases in that cannabis use is not as frequent or heavy but continues despite potential significant consequences of sustained use. Meanwhile, the rate of use among middle-aged and older adults appears to be increasing. Such early onset is likely related to other externalizing problems, most notably conduct disorder. However, early onset is also a predictor of internalizing problems and probably reflects a general risk factor for the development of mental health disorders. There is cross-sensitization between different substances—meaning that, after being exposed to one drug, there is heightened responsiveness to another drug. But according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse , most people who use marijuana do not progress to hard drugs, such as heroin or ecstasy. Another possibility, however, may be that individuals more at risk for hard substances find marijuana more readily available, and therefore start with marijuana. Research that appeared in The Lancet Psychiatry has found that people who smoke cannabis regularly, or those who smoke it with a high THC potency, are more at risk for first psychotic episodes. In one large-scale study, subjects who used high-potency cannabis daily were almost five times more likely to experience an episode of psychosis. Marijuana use can intensify the experience of psychotic symptoms for those who have schizophrenia. The use of cannabis can have both positive and negative impacts, due to the different cannabinoids in the drug. People who suffer from schizophrenia and who smoke marijuana regularly appear to develop the disease earlier than individuals with schizophrenia who do not use marijuana. The onset of symptoms is, on average, three years earlier for the marijuana users. The cannabinoid THC can trigger psychosis in individuals with and without schizophrenia. However, many people with schizophrenia self-medicate with cannabis. This is because marijuana also contains cannabidiol CBD , a cannabinoid that differs from THC and can have an antipsychotic effect. Because CBD can diminish symptoms of psychosis, it is currently under investigation as a treatment for schizophrenia. Associated features, development, and course as cataloged by the DSM Individuals who regularly use cannabis often report that it is being used to cope with mood, sleep, pain, or other physiological or mental health problems, and those diagnosed with cannabis use disorder frequently do have other concurrent mental disorders. Careful assessment typically reveals reports of cannabis use contributing to exacerbation of these same symptoms, as well as other reasons for frequent use to experience euphoria, to forget about problems, in response to anger , as an enjoyable social activity. An important marker of a substance use disorder diagnosis, particularly in milder cases, is continued use despite a clear risk of negative consequences to other valued activities or relationships school, work, sports activity, partner or parent relationship. The onset of cannabis use disorder can occur at any time during or following adolescence , but onset is most commonly during adolescence or young adulthood. Although much less frequent, the onset of cannabis use disorder in the preteen years or in the late 20s or older can occur. Acceptance of the use and its availability may increase the rate of onset of cannabis use disorder among older adults. Generally, cannabis use disorder develops over an extended period of time, although the progression appears to be more rapid in adolescents, particularly those with pervasive conduct problems. Most people who develop a cannabis use disorder typically establish a pattern of cannabis use that gradually increases in both frequency and amount. Cannabis, along with tobacco and alcohol , is traditionally the first substance that adolescents try. These factors likely contribute to the potential rapid transition from cannabis use to cannabis use disorder among some adolescents and the common pattern of using throughout the day that is commonly observed among those with more severe problems. Each individual is different, and treatment is tailored to a person's needs. First, individuals need to acknowledge whether they have a problem, which will make controlling their cravings easier. People in treatment can learn behavioral strategies to change habits. Sometimes, medications are part of the treatment regimen. Find a Treatment Program here. There are currently no medications for treating marijuana dependence. Drug treatment researchers are identifying which characteristics of users are predictors of treatment success and which approaches to treatment can be most helpful. A diagnosis often brings relief, but it can also come with as many questions as answers. The potency of the drug is measured by the average amount of THC in test samples confiscated by law enforcement agencies; these samples show the following: Most ordinary marijuana contains, on average, 7 percent THC. Sinsemilla, from buds, contained 12 percent THC on average but ranged from less than 1 percent to 27 percent. Hashish, the sticky resin from female flowers, had an average of 10 percent THC but ranged from 1 percent to 26 percent. Contents Symptoms Causes Treatment. Signs and symptoms as cataloged by the DSM-5 : A problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a month period: Cannabis is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control cannabis use. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use cannabis. Recurrent cannabis use resulting in a failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home. Recurrent cannabis use in situations in which it is physically hazardous. Cannabis use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by cannabis. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following: A need for markedly increased amounts of cannabis to achieve intoxication or desired effect. Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of cannabis. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for cannabis; cannabis is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms. Is marijuana a gateway drug? Created with Sketch. Is there a link between marijuana and psychosis? Is there a link between schizophrenia and marijuana? Treatment should enable patients to reduce drug use. Improve the person's ability to function. Minimize complications for people with additional medical problems such as heart disease or others. Adopt healthier lifestyles. Treatments for marijuana dependence can include: Detoxification Behavioral therapies Counseling Support groups Find a Treatment Program here. Are there medications for marijuana dependence? National Institutes of Health - U. National Library of Medicine. The Lancet Psychiatry. Back Psychology Today. Back Find a Therapist. Back Get Help. Mental Health. Passive Aggression Personality Shyness. Personal Growth. Low Sexual Desire Relationships Sex. Family Life. Child Development Parenting. View Help Index. Do I Need Help? Talk to Someone. Back Magazine. September Back Today. Essential Reads. Trending Topics in South Africa. See All.

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It consists of two main town centres, Vereeniging and Vanderbijlpark www. Westonaria Local Municipality is situated approximately 60km from the economic hub of Gauteng, namely Johannesburg. The municipality is one of the six local municipalities within the District. It is the largest municipality within the district in terms of the geographic area coverage. The municipal boundary runs along the coast for a short strip between Mthwalume and Hibberdene and then balloons out into the hinterland for approximately 60km. This municipality is located on the south-western boundary of the Ugu District, adjacent to the west of the Hibiscus Coast Municipality and east of the uMuziwabantu Municipality. The Ezinqoleni Local Municipal offices are situated within the Ezinqoleni settlement that is located some 40 kilometres west from Port Shepstone along the N2 national highway. The Ezinqoleni municipal area is km2 64 hectares in extent with the major land uses in the area being tribal settlements, smallholdings and commercial farming. The Ezinqoleni Local Municipality constitutes a Category B municipality as determined by the Demarcations Board, falling within the ambit of a collective executive system municipality as described in the KwaZulu-Natal Determination of Types of Municipality Act, The Ezinqoleni Local Municipality consists of 5 wards with 9 councillors i. Source: www. To the north is the uMngeni which is closely tied to Impendle in terms of agriculture and potential tourism Midlands Meander , and to east the Msunduzi Municipality which is the capital of the province and the economic hub of the District. There are different forms of work, these include work as employment work to generate income , unpaid work which includes volunteer work and domestic work for own final household consumption. Statistics South Africa measures all forms of work including work which should be abolished like child labour. Work as employment is measured from two sources, establishment surveys and household based surveys. The two sources differ in coverage, scope, unit of measurement and method of collection. Because of these differences, the two sources yield different figures. However, the two sources should be regarded as complementary rather than competitive. Each source has advantages and limitations in terms of statistics yielded. The QLFS can also provide information on demographic characteristics of the labour force employment and unemployment which the QES cannot provide. Stats SA collects completed death notification forms from the DHA head office for data processing, analysis, report writing and dissemination. Causes of death statistics are compiled in accordance with the World Health Organization WHO regulations that require that member nations classify and code causes of death using the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD Statistics from civil registration are the only national source of information on mortality and causes of death in South Africa. Such information is invaluable for the assessment and monitoring of the health status of the population and for planning of adequate health interventions. Accordingly, these statistics are also essential in tracking progress and monitoring key development objectives outlined in the National Development Plan NDP adopted by the South African government in Crime affects all people irrespective of their background, and it is a topic that attracts a lot of media attention. Analysis will show that some groupings are affected by certain types of crime more than others. Crime statistics are essential in order to understand the temporal and spatial dynamics of crime. Such understanding is vital for planning targeted interventions and assessing progress made towards achieving a crime free nation where 'people living in South Africa feel safe at home, at school and at work, and they enjoy a community life free of fear. Women walk freely in the streets and children play safely outside'. The other smaller sources such as the Institute for Security Studies ISS and the Medical Research Council MRC are by no means insignificant, as they provide statistics for types of crime not adequately covered by the major players, such as domestic violence. While the methodologies used by the SAPS and Stats SA are very different, the two institutions produce crime statistics that complement each other. The SAPS produces administrative data of crime reported to police stations by victims, the public and crime reported as a result of police activity. Stats SA produces crime statistics estimated from household surveys. Crimes that are feared most are those that are most common. South Africa has a history of exclusion and discrimination on all kinds of grounds, such as race and gender. For this reason we have developed one of the most inclusive constitutions in the world, with a Bill of Rights that specifically refers to equal treatment for all regardless of race, age, disability status, socio-economic status and gender Section 9. Our National Development Plan envisions an inclusive society and economy, free from unequal opportunities through capacity building, redress and increased interaction. Through a combination of legislation, monitoring and accountability, significant progress has been made in this regard, especially in the public sector. Gender and gender statistics are not just about women. Gender stereotypes form the basis of sexism, or the prejudiced beliefs that value males over females or vice versa. Even though there are instances where discrimination occurs against men, more often than not women are at a disadvantage. While great strides have been made towards equality for women, there still remains great challenges; there is a need for continued measurement and policy and programmatic interventions. This is achieved when people are able to access and enjoy the same rewards, resources and opportunities regardless of whether they are male or female. Perhaps you should try again with a different search term. Search for: Search. Publication Schedule Updated! My Municipality Municipal Profiles. Careers Vacancies Internship Bursaries. Stats SA is in the process of updating its database of all users. Kindly participate in this short survey and provide your details. All details will be kept confidential and is for the use of Stats SA only. What information do you want to receive from Stats SA and how often? Do you prefer the information emailed to you or downloading it online? Close Submit. Patrick Kelly Chief Director patrickke statssa. Marietjie Bennett Director marietjieb statssa. Elizabeth Makhafola Director elizabethma statssa. Malibongwe Mhemhe Director malibongwem statssa. Michael Manamela Chief Director michaelm statssa. Bontlenyana Makhoba Chief Economist bontlenyanam statssa. Litshani Ligudu Director litshanil statssa. Gerhardt Bouwer Chief Director gerhardb statssa. Riaan Grobler Director riaang statssa. Hlabi Morudu Chief Director hlabim statssa. Nicolai Claassen Director nicolaic statssa. Keshnee Naidoo Director keshneen statssa. Joyce Essel-Mensah Director joycee statssa. Sagaren Pillay Chief Director sagarenp statssa. Amukelani Ngobeni Director amukelanin statssa. Krisseelan Govinden Director krisseelang statssa. Structural industry statistics large sample surveys of industries every 3 to 5 years; agriculture. Tshepo Pekane Director tshepop statssa. Christine Khoza Chief Director christinek statssa. Angela Ngyende Chief Statistician angelan statssa. Diego Iturralde Chief Director diegoi statssa. Chantal Munthree Chief Statistician chantalMu statssa. Desiree Manamela Director DesireeM statssa. Matlapane Masupye Acting Director matlapanem statssa. Brenda Mosima Director BrendaMo statssa. Joseph Lukhwareni Director JosephL statssa. Niel Roux Director NielR statssa. Solly Molayi Director SollyMol statssa. Tshepo Mabela Director TshepoMab statssa. Thabo Molebatsi Director thabomol statssa. Ramadimetja Matji Director ramadimetjaM statssa. Nozipho Shabalala Chief Director Noziphos statssa. Werner Ruch Director wernerr statssa. Access to information.

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