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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. People may face unique issues when it comes to substance use, as a result of both sex and gender. Sex differences result from biological factors, such as sex chromosomes and hormones, while gender differences are based on culturally defined roles for men and women, as well as those who do not identify with either category. Gender roles influence how people perceive themselves and how they interact with others. Sex Difference: Women have a harder time quitting smoking than men do. Women metabolize nicotine, the active ingredient in tobacco, faster than men. Differences in metabolism may help explain why nicotine replacement therapies, like patches and gum, work better in men than in women. Men appear to be more sensitive to nicotine's pharmacologic effects related to substance use disorder. Gender Difference: Although men are more sensitive than women to nicotine's addiction-related effects, women may be more susceptible than men to non-nicotine factors, such as the sensory and social stimuli associated with smoking e. Additionally, substance use disorders can manifest differently in women than in men. A substance use disorder occurs when a person continues to use drugs or alcohol even after experiencing negative consequences. Some of the unique issues women who use drugs face relate to their reproductive cycles. Some substances can increase the likelihood of infertility 3—5 and early onset of menopause. Pregnant women using drugs, including tobacco and alcohol, can pass those drugs to their developing fetuses and cause them harm. Similarly, new mothers using drugs can pass those to their babies through breast milk and cause them harm. Unfortunately, it can be difficult for a person with a substance use disorder to quit, and some women with such disorders fear that seeking help while pregnant or afterward could cause them legal or social problems. Communities can build support systems to help women access treatment as early as possible, 7 ideally before becoming pregnant. If a woman is unable to quit before becoming pregnant, treatment during pregnancy improves the chances of having a healthier baby at birth. Effective treatment should incorporate approaches that recognize sex and gender differences, understand the types of trauma women sometimes face, provide added support for women with child care needs, and use evidence-based approaches for the treatment of pregnant women. Despite the many differences between men and women, for many years most animal and human research has traditionally used male participants. To find out more about sex and gender differences to inform better treatment approaches, federal agencies have developed guidelines to promote the inclusion of women and analyses of sex and gender differences in research. Research Topics. More Research Topics. Quick Links. About NIDA. Research Report. April

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PDF version. Kabbash: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Background : Drug abuse is a global challenge with harmful effects on health, wealth and wellbeing of nations. University students report more habitual use of marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens and illicit drugs than noncollege students report. Aims : To identify the prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol and drug abuse and to identify some factors associated with drug abuse. Methods : A cross-sectional study recruiting students from all faculties hosted by Kafr El-Sheikh University during the academic year — Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Results : The prevalence of current drug abuse was 8. Men reported significantly greater use of cigarettes, alcohol, tramadol, hashish and bhang than women. Students of practical colleges were found to smoke cigarettes and abuse hashish significantly more than their peers in other colleges. Risk factors associated with drug abuse were mainly related to gender and college type. Conclusion : There is a need to design and implement programmes to raise awareness and provide supportive services for prevention and management of drug abuse among university students tailored according to their needs. Keywords: alcohol consumption, Egypt, hashish, smoking, substance abuse, tranquilizers, university students, adolescent. Substance use among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates. East Mediterr Health J. Open Access. Some rights reserved. Substance abuse refers to the detrimental or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, as well as alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome, which is a group of behavioural, cognitive and physiological phenomena that arise after repetitive use. This incorporates: a strong desire to take the substance; trouble with controlling its use; continued use in spite of harmful consequences; a higher priority given to substance use than to other activities, in addition to obligations; increased tolerance to the substance; and sometimes a state of physical withdrawal 1. Drug abuse by adolescents has become one of the main causes of health-related problems in several parts of the world, making some students to experience mental health problems, while some become maladjusted to school circumstances and finally drop out of school 4. Drug abusers who display symptoms of nervous tension, anxiety, depression, behavioural changes, tiredness, and loss or increase in appetite should be treated by medical specialists and counsellors to save them from fatal illness 4. Marijuana is the most broadly used, with a prevalence of 3. Other popular drugs used by students in the last 30 days were amphetamines 4. There is some evidence from American national surveys that university students are at greater risk of drug use than other young people of comparable age. The Core Alcohol and Drug Survey for demonstrated that college students reported more frequent use of marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens and designer drugs in the last 30 days than noncollege students reported 5. Tobacco and alcohol are the most commonly used drugs among South African adolescents despite the health and social problems associated with them. This may be because they are both legal and many consider them tolerable and mild. A national survey of drug use among university students in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in found that The least commonly used drugs were heroin, methadone, crack, methamphetamine and steroids all A study among Egyptian university students in reported the lifetime prevalence of drug abuse as Multiple drug abuse is not uncommon. Among Mansoura University students in , a study of opioid-using students found that 88 reported tramadol use and 12 heroin use 9. Another study conducted at Zagazig University in reported alcohol and sedative abuse prevalence as Drug dependence is considered an important problem in Egypt that is of concern both to the community and government Peer pressure and negative life events are mentioned as the most common reasons for substance abuse. Conversely, rigorous parenting and religiosity are among the factors perceived to prevent substance use or help with cessation Different reports have indicated a progressive rise in drug abuse among Egyptian university students over time. However, only a limited number of published studies have demonstrated the magnitude of and the factors affecting this problem. No studies were conducted among Kafr El-Sheikh university students in spite of their large number. This information gap motivated us to perform the present study to identify the prevalence and correlates of drug abuse among Kafr El-Sheikh university students. We also aimed to study gender differences in the magnitude of the problem and the consequences of the problem on the students. A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months in the academic year — Kafr El-Sheikh University was founded in April and includes 19 faculties and 3 higher institutes. The survey included 13 faculties that were grouped into 3 strata: 1 medical faculties medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, physical and veterinary medicine ; 2 practical faculties engineering, agricultural, education, physical education, and specific education ; and 3 academic faculties commerce, arts and languages. In practical and medical faculties, students were divided into groups for practical training. In academic faculties, 1 day and 1 lecture hall were chosen randomly and all attending students in that lecture hall were included in the study sample. A total of questionnaires were distributed. A pilot study was conducted before starting data collection to test the adequacy and time needed to fill the designed questionnaire, and to determine the potential obstacles that might be met during execution of the study. Data were collected using a validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire that included items regarding the following data: sociodemographic factors; current and past history of smoking, alcohol intake and drug abuse; and problems related to drug abuse. The collected data were coded, double-checked for completeness, entered into Microsoft Excel, and analysed using SPSS version SPSS Inc. Means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables. The c2 test was used to compare differences in the distribution of variables among suited groups. Informed consent was obtained from the participants after explanation of the study purpose and benefits, and participation was voluntary. The study included students from different faculties of Kafr El-Shiekh University, aged 17—25 years \[mean Students who ranked first among their siblings represented Students living with their parents represented Family size showed a mean of 5. Students who had ever smoked tobacco represented The most frequently abused drugs were tranquilizers 8. The second most frequently abused drug was alcohol 6. The third most frequently abused drug was hashish 6. The least frequently abused drugs included crack 0. Table 2 shows the drugs that were abused in the last month. Tranquilizers ranked first 4. Injecting drugs were ever reported by 1. Cigarette smoking was significantly more prevalent among students in practical faculties Hashish abuse was significantly more prevalent among students in practical faculties 4. Abuse of tranquilizers was more prevalent among students in theoretical faculties compared with other faculties, but the differences were not significant. Prevalence of abuse of other drugs did not differ significantly among students in different faculties. Number of abused drugs was significantly associated with male sex Table 4. Trying 1 drug was reported by Those who tried 2 drugs represented 4. The number of drugs abused was significantly associated with smoking habit. Among smokers, A significantly high percentage of medical students The highest percentage of single drug abuse Among problems related to alcohol abuse, sex without a condom 3. Drug abuse, especially among adolescents, is an important public health and social problem internationally and in Egypt. University students are at an increased risk of substances abuse. Tobacco smoking is the most commonly reported substance used by Egyptian adolescents In the present study, current i. However, it was higher than the prevalence found among medical students in the Nile Delta, which was This lower prevalence among female students can be attributed to the shameful perception of smoking among women according to community norms in Egypt Tranquilizers ranked as the most frequently abused illicit drugs ever and current abuse by 8. These results are higher than those reported among students at Zagazig University 10 and Sohag University 18 , in whom the prevalence of abuse of sedative drugs was 5. In contrast, Al-Sayed et al. Alcohol was the second most frequently ever-abused substance by our study participants 6. This is in agreement with Loffredo et al. Similar results 6. A lower prevalence of alcohol abuse 4. These results also coincide with those of Hamdi et al. The third most frequently ever-abused drug was hashish 6. This is in line with Hamdi et al. Mwaheb et al. This high percentage may have been because their study was conducted among male students only and included secondary schools and colleges. It could also be attributed to the fact that cannabis is common in Egypt with a lower price than other drugs. The most frequent currently abused substance was bhang 1. Tramadol ranked second among the most frequent currently abused drugs among study participants. A lower prevalence 0. In the current study, drug abuse was significantly associated with male students. This was also supported by a community-based study among Egyptians 20 , which concluded that male gender was significantly positively correlated with substance abuse, which may be attributed to cultural and social contexts. Similarly, Meray et al. Smoking carries a high risk of drug abuse, and our study revealed a significant association between smoking habit and the number of abused drugs. This was in agreement with the study of Amin et al. Similarly, Morrison et al. In the current study, a significantly high percentage of medical students This was consistent with the findings of Shalaby and Soliman 22 , who reported a 9. This lower prevalence of drug abuse among medical students compared to students at other colleges may be attributed to their satisfactory level of awareness regarding health hazards of addiction owing to their curriculum. The current study reveals a need for the development of interventions for substance abuse among university students and the increased attention of local authorities and families, in addition to implementing effective addiction counselling and prevention programmes to support university students. This study is the first report of the problem of substance abuse in Kafr El-Shiekh University. The sample size was high and reflects well the magnitude of the problem. However, the study had some limitations. First, the self-reporting nature of the drug abuse allowed recall bias. Second, the stigma associated with drug abuse among university students might have led to under-reporting and underestimation of the prevalence. This study highlighted the magnitude of drug abuse among Kafr El-Shiekh university students, the commonly abused drugs, and the factors associated with drug abuse, in addition to some consequent problems that result from it. The abused substances were mainly cigarettes, tranquilizers, alcohol and hashish. Students in academic and practical faculties are at higher risk than those in medical faculties. There are many risk factors for substance abuse but the main factors are age, sex, residence, parental educational level, and smoking habit. We would like to express our appreciation to 4th year medical students participated shared in data collection. Finally, we would like to thank all university students who participated in the study. Subscribe via RSS. Volume 30, number 8 August WHO Bulletin. Pan American Journal of Public Health. Main Search Contact. YouTube Rss feeds Twitter Facebook. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal All issues Volume 28 Volume 28 issue 1 Substance abuse among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates. Substance abuse among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates. Keywords: alcohol consumption, Egypt, hashish, smoking, substance abuse, tranquilizers, university students, adolescent Citation: Kabbash I; Zidan O; Saied S. Methods Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months in the academic year — Data collection and analysis Data were collected using a validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire that included items regarding the following data: sociodemographic factors; current and past history of smoking, alcohol intake and drug abuse; and problems related to drug abuse. Results The study included students from different faculties of Kafr El-Shiekh University, aged 17—25 years \[mean Discussion Drug abuse, especially among adolescents, is an important public health and social problem internationally and in Egypt. Conclusions This study highlighted the magnitude of drug abuse among Kafr El-Shiekh university students, the commonly abused drugs, and the factors associated with drug abuse, in addition to some consequent problems that result from it. Acknowledgement We would like to express our appreciation to 4th year medical students participated shared in data collection. Funding : None Competing interests : None declared. References Okpye, N. The adolescents and hard drugs: a psychological concern. The Nigerian adolescent in perspective. Nigerian Society for Education; Fourteenth report. World drug report Fareo DO. Drug abuse among Nigerian adolescents strategies for counselling. J Int Soc Res. Monitoring the future: national survey results on drug use: — Volume II: college students and adults ages 19— Soul City Institute for Social Justice. Drug use among college and university students: findings from a national survey. J Subst Use. Addressing prevalence and correlates among a sample of Egyptian university students who suffer from substance use disorders. Addict Disord Their Treat. A study of opioid dependence among Mansoura University students. Egyptian J Psych. Drug abuse in Zagazig University students, Egypt: cross sectional study, Occup Dis Environ Med. Gender differences in risks and pattern of drug abuse in Egypt. Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg, ;47 1 —8. JRSM Open. Substance use by Egyptian youth: current patterns and potential avenues for prevention. Subst Use Misuse. Perception and practices of tobacco smoking among medical students in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Women and waterpipe tobacco smoking in the eastern Mediterranean region: allure or offensiveness. Women Health ;53 1 — Sedative drug use among King Saud University medical students: a cross-sectional sampling study. Depress Res Treat. Alcohol use among college students: an international perspective. Curr Opin Psychiatry. J Forens Toxicol Medicolegal Anal. Goreishi A, Shajari Z. Sociodemographic indicators for substance use and abuse in Egypt. J Addict Prevent. Drug abuse among students in schools and colleges in Fayoum City \[thesis\]. Fayoum University; Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical students regarding smoking and substance abuse, Cairo University, Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. Prevalence updates of substance use among Egyptian adolescents. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. Public Health Rev. Tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drug use among Finnish adolescent twins: causal relationship or correlated liabilities?. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. Current issue Volume 30, number 8 August

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