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Socio-demographic characteristics of the addicted inmates of Qom and Tabriz prisons in Iran
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD is a disorder that has become better recognized in adults during the past few years, with a reported prevalence of 1. Adults with ADHD suffer from attention and concentration disabilities, hyperactivity or internal restlessness, and impulsive behavior. Many people with ADHD also suffer from rapidly changing moods and irritability, resulting in academic and occupational underachievement and recurrent failures. Moreover, comorbidity is common among adults with ADHD. Substance use is particularly troublesome during this period as it often manifests in serious social, legal, academic, behavioral, and family-related problems 6. Adolescents with substance use disorders SUDs are also more likely to have co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses compared with adolescents without SUDs. For SUD more broadly ie, combining abuse and dependence , the lifetime prevalence in the same age range varied from In fact, there is a sizable body of research suggesting that ADHD is associated with elevated substance use and related disorders 8 , 9. Thompson et al. Similarly, ADHD was associated with severe substance dependence in a sample of clinic-referred male and female adolescents However, null associations between ADHD and substance problems have also been reported. In a sample of , 11 - 15 years old adolescents, ADHD was unrelated to substance use and related problems Similarly, in a prospective study of adolescents diagnosed with ADHD when they were 7 — 11 years old, maltreatment, but not childhood ADHD, independently predicted substance problems There are several reasons that ADHD and substance problems may be related. MPH, by virtue of activating positive attention networks and distilling task-irrelevant stimuli, improves attention, vigilance, and motivation Second, a recent review of neuroimaging studies of humans with ADHD and SUD found replicated evidence of blunted striatal DA release and disrupted neural circuitry between the anterior cingulate cortex and striatum with the prefrontal cortex Rodent and non-human primate models suggest the centrality of deficits in response inhibition, including dysfunctional circuitry in the ventro lateral frontal, cingulate cortices, and basal ganglia regions, in both ADHD and SUD Elevated substance use problems have also been frequently reported in parents of children with ADHD Finally, the prevalence of psychopathology, including SUD, is higher in first degree relatives of ADHD inclined than in healthy controls The research questions were as follows:. The aim of the present study was to predict tendency to use drugs accepting drugs l and alcohol potential by child and adult ADHD symptoms among adult students of Tabriz University. The method of this research is descriptive-correlational. Multivariate regression was used for the statistical analyses. The statistical population of this research was students in faculties of Tabriz University, the sample was selected from this population. The sample for the present study consisted of male students from the Tabriz University who were selected by stratified random sampling. The short form consists of only 26 items which are rated on a Likert scale from 0 not at all to 3 severe. A validation study tested internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, criterion validity, and the diagnostic utility of the CAARS in a clinical sample of adults 97 males and 70 females. All subjects were referred to an outpatient ADHD clinic for diagnostic assessment. Their mean age was All psychometric quality criteria reached highly satisfactory values Arabgol et al. In the current study, the reliability coefficient of the inventory with a sample size of subjects was 0. First a 61 item five-point Likert type self-assessment scale questioning ADHD symptoms in childhood was developed. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability after one month of WURS were reported to be high in university students Sarami-Froushani 32 obtained the coefficients of reliability of the scale 0. A high MAC-R Scale score is associated with substance abuse potential and other addictive problems such as pathological gambling. The scale seems to be effective with both men and women, as well as inpatients and outpatients Khodayarifard et al. Fourteen such items were found. Items not contributing to internal consistency were dropped and replaced by two items that improved scale internal consistency. The AAS is made up of 13 items. Research has shown that the AAS discriminates well between substance abuse samples and samples of either psychiatric patients or normal In this study Khodayarifard et al. In order to answer this question, the Pearson correlation and analysis of regression methods were used. Abbreviation: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The second research question was examined by regression analysis, and the results are presented in Table 2 and Table 3. In Table 3 , which shows that child ADHD was the strongest predictor and entered the model first, followed by impulsivity. In explaining these findings we can say; child ADHD is a reliable predictor of negative outcomes across academic, social, neuropsychological, and affective domains. Hence, multi finality, where multiple negative outcomes share a common developmental origin, area defining features of ADHD To quantitatively characterize the association of ADHD on SUD and to strengthen a potential causal inference by establishing temporal ordering, we focused on prospective longitudinal studies That is, the reported effect sizes for ADHD and substance problems did not differ significantly by, average age at follow-up, gender, race, sample source clinic-referred vs school-population-based , or the DSM version used to determine ADHD. In addition to the statistical significance of the association between ADHD and substance problems, we emphasize the size of the effects; children with ADHD were at least 1. The association between adult ADHD symptoms and substance use disorders may reflect impulsivity, deviant peer groups, comorbid conduct or antisocial personality disorder, and self-medication of individuals with ADHD symptoms, in addition to shared genetic risks among subjects with both disorders It is uncertain whether early successful treatment of childhood ADHD reduces the subsequent risk of psychiatric disorders in adulthood, or whether treatment of adult ADHD affects the severity and course of comorbid disorders, although there is evidence that successful treatment of childhood ADHD reduces the risk of substance abuse 11 as well as childhood symptoms of comorbid disorders. Further studies are required to assess whether the treatment of childhood and adulthood ADHD affects the risk of comorbid conditions during adulthood. Internal and external validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adults. Psychol Med. Am J Psychiatry. Kooij JJS. ADHD bij volwassenen: inleiding in diagnostiek en behandeling. Central Boekhuis; Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The prevalence of self-reported problems in young adults from the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. Hawkins EH. A tale of two systems: co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders treatment for adolescents. Annu Rev Psychol. Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. The ADHD spectrum and everyday life: experience sampling of adolescent moods, activities, smoking, and drinking. Child Dev. Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled year follow-up study. A community-based case-control study. Contribution of ADHD symptoms to substance problems and delinquency in conduct-disordered adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol. Influences on adolescent substance dependence: conduct disorder, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and gender. Drug Alcohol Depend. Psychiatric disorder and substance use in adolescence. Can J Psychiatry. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. Dopamine transporter gene variation modulates activation of striatum in youth with ADHD. Polymorphisms of the mu-opioid receptor and dopamine D4 receptor genes and subjective responses to alcohol in the natural environment. J Abnorm Psychol. Mechanism of action of methylphenidate: insights from PET imaging studies. J Atten Disord. Understanding the effects of stimulant medications on cognition in individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a decade of progress. Frodl T. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Psychopathology in preadolescent sons of fathers with substance use disorders. Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Behavioral disinhibition: liability for externalizing spectrum disorders and its genetic and environmental relation to response inhibition across adolescence. Weiss M, Murray C. Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. J Attention Disord. Adv Cogn Sci. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Retrospective self-reported symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: reliability of the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Psychol Rep. Sarrami-Foroushani P. Isfahan: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; MMPI characteristics of alcoholics: a review. J Consult Clin Psychol. Soc Welf. J Pers Assess. Cicchetti D. Development and psychopathology. Developmental psychopathology. How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. Clin Psychol Rev. Barkley R A. Child psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press; We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Objectives: This study aimed to predict the tendency for drug use from child and adult ADHD symptoms in adults among male students from Tabriz University, Iran. Patients and Methods: For this purpose, students were selected via a stratified random sampling from different faculties of Tabriz University. Results: To analyze the data Pearson correlation and multiple regressions step by step were used. Conclusions: According to this result behavioral disorders, especially ADHD, have an effect on the tendency to use drugs and therefore the primary treatment of behavioral disorders could prevent future drug abuse. Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD is a disorder that has become better recognized in adults during the past few years, with a reported prevalence of 1. The research questions were as follows: 1 Is there any relationship between adult ADHD inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity subtypes, problems with self-concept and child ADHD via addiction acknowledgment and alcohol potential? Objectives The aim of the present study was to predict tendency to use drugs accepting drugs l and alcohol potential by child and adult ADHD symptoms among adult students of Tabriz University. Patients and Methods The method of this research is descriptive-correlational. Research Instruments Four questionnaires were used in this study. Results Results are presented according to the research questions posed above. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. 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Socio-demographic characteristics of the addicted inmates of Qom and Tabriz prisons in Iran
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Socio-demographic characteristics of the addicted inmates of Qom and Tabriz prisons in Iran
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