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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe, although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ considerably between countries. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for cocaine in Europe, including prevalence of use, treatment demand, seizures, price and purity, harms and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. Other drugs. New psychoactive substances. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe. Although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ considerably between countries see Prevalence and patterns of cocaine use , the availability of this drug has been increasing for a number of years. Equally, concern has been growing that the health and social costs associated with this drug are rising significantly. The use of cocaine can result in dependent and compulsive patterns of use and is associated with a number of adverse health consequences, which can include agitation, psychosis, tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia, chest pain due to acute coronary syndrome and stroke. Chronic cocaine use is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy and stroke. Cocaine and synthetic stimulants can induce or precipitate psychotic states, such as stimulant-induced psychosis. Longer and heavier use of stimulants delays recovery and worsens the prognosis for recovery. Among those using the drug, the combined use of cocaine and alcohol is common. The presence of the two substances in the body creates cocaethylene in the liver, which is associated with greater health risks. The management of psychiatric comorbidity among people with drug use problems remains challenging, as integrated treatment and mental health service responses are often lacking. A recent review of mortality among people with regular or problematic cocaine use found that the risk of death by suicide, accidental injury, homicide and AIDS-related mortality were all elevated when compared with non-cocaine using peers. Cocaine is usually available in two forms in Europe. The most common is cocaine powder the salt form and less commonly available is crack cocaine a smokable freebase form. Cocaine is produced from the coca plant, grown in South America. In countries with large container ports known to be utilised for cocaine importation, rising levels of drug-related crime, including the corruption of staff along supply chains, intimidation and violence, have been observed. Elsewhere, there are concerns that competition within the cocaine market, both at the wholesale and retail levels, is now an important driver of drug-related crime, including gang-related violence and homicides in some countries. At the same time, cocaine use, and crack cocaine use in particular, appears to be becoming more common, especially among some marginalised communities. Taken together, this means that the growing availability and use of cocaine in Europe is resulting in greater costs, both in terms of its impact on public health and because of the criminality and violence associated with the cocaine market. In , for the sixth year in a row, EU Member States reported a record amount of cocaine seized, amounting to tonnes. Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands remain the countries reporting the highest volumes of seizures, reflecting their importance as entry points for cocaine trafficked to Europe. The volume of cocaine seized in Antwerp has increased annually since In , Spain reported its largest ever seizure of cocaine 9. The trafficking of illicit drugs is highly dynamic and quick to adapt to geopolitical developments, regional conflicts and changes in commercial trade routes. In this context, developments in Colombia, Brazil and Ecuador are all thought to have contributed to the increase observed in cocaine trafficked to the European Union by organised crime groups see the European Drug Market Report: Cocaine for an in-depth analysis. In addition to the use of commercial containers, a range of other methods are now used, often in combination, to evade detection see Figure 3. Show a text version of the above graphic. As interdiction measures have been scaled up at major known entry points for the drug, it appears that cocaine traffickers are increasingly targeting smaller ports in other EU countries and countries bordering the European Union, which may be more vulnerable to drug trafficking activities. Some northern European countries, including Sweden and Norway, reported record cocaine seizures at seaports in Together, these developments may help explain the fact that despite the large seizures, reported cocaine purity at the retail level remains high by historical standards and its price is stable. It is now well-established that the illicit processing of cocaine products takes place in several EU Member States, with 39 cocaine laboratories reported to have been dismantled in Cocaine processing in Europe usually involves the secondary extraction of cocaine that has been incorporated into other materials e. Some relatively large-scale facilities have been detected recently. For example, a cocaine processing laboratory dismantled in Spain in was reported to have a daily output capacity of kilograms of the drug see Figure 3. For a number of practical and methodological reasons cocaine-related health problems can be challenging to monitor, but there are increasing signals that the high availability of this drug is having a growing negative impact on public health in Europe. Cocaine is the second most frequently reported illicit drug, both by first-time treatment entrants and in the available data on acute drug-toxicity presentations to sentinel hospital emergency departments. European drug checking services, although not nationally representative, reported that cocaine was the most common substance they screened in The available data also suggest that the drug was involved in about a fifth of drug overdose deaths in As cocaine use can aggravate underlying cardiovascular problems, it is likely that the overall contribution this drug makes to mortality in Europe is not sufficiently recognised. Cocaine residues in municipal wastewater also increased in two thirds of cities with data for and This, together with other information, suggests that as cocaine has become increasingly available, so too has its geographical and social distribution. Of particular concern is that cocaine use appears to be becoming more common in more marginalised groups in some countries. Both the smoking and injection of cocaine are associated with greater health problems, and it is therefore worrying that cocaine injection and the use of crack cocaine are reported in a growing number of countries. Stimulants such as cocaine are associated with a higher frequency of injection and have been involved in localised HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs in 7 European cities over the last decade see Injecting drug use in Europe — the current situation. Treating people with problems associated with their cocaine use is challenging, whether they are clients that are more socially integrated and involved in casual or episodic use of powder cocaine, or more marginalised groups injecting the drug or smoking crack cocaine. Most of the chronic harms related to the use of stimulants such as cocaine are associated with intensive, high-dose or long-term consumption. Acute problems can also affect people who use stimulants experimentally, but they are likely to be less common when the stimulant use is infrequent and low-dose. Although our understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for stimulant problems is growing, it remains relatively limited. The current evidence available is indicative of the use of psychosocial interventions, including cognitive behavioural therapy and contingency management. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to strongly support any pharmacological treatment, although some potentially useful new pharmacotherapies are in development. Treating cocaine problems among more marginalised groups can be particularly challenging, as clients may also be experiencing problems with a range of other drugs, including opioids or alcohol. For injecting cocaine and smoking crack, existing harm reduction responses, to a large extent those originally developed for opioid problems, are likely to be appropriate to reduce route-specific harms. However, further work is needed to develop more comprehensive interventions, and greater investment is needed to ensure services are appropriate to the growing needs observed in this area in some countries. In the European Union, surveys indicate that almost 2. Of the 13 European countries that have conducted surveys since and provided confidence intervals, 5 reported higher estimates than their previous comparable survey and 8 reported a stable trend. This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cocaine use by recall period and age range. You can access data by country by clicking on the map or selecting a country from the dropdown menu. Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. For the latest data and detailed methodological information please see the Statistical Bulletin Prevalence of drug use. Graphics showing the most recent data for a country are based on studies carried out between and Prevalence estimates for the general population: age ranges are and for Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Hungary; and for Denmark, Estonia and Norway; for Malta; for Sweden. Cocaine residues in municipal wastewater increased in 49 out of 72 cities with data for both and , while 13 cities reported no change and 10 cities reported a decrease see Figure 3. Mean daily amounts of benzoylecgonine in milligrams per population. Sampling was carried out over a week between March and May Analysis of 1 used syringes by the ESCAPE network of 12 cities in 11 EU Member States between and found that, overall, a third of syringes contained residues of two or more drug categories, indicating frequent polydrug use or re-use of injecting paraphernalia. The most frequent combination was a mixture of a stimulant and an opioid. Apart from the trends, data are for all treatment entrants with cocaine as the primary drug — or the most recent year available. Trends in first-time entrants are based on 25 countries. Only countries with data for at least 5 of the 6 years are included in the trends analysis. Missing values are interpolated from adjacent years. Because of disruptions to services due to COVID, data for , and should be interpreted with caution. Missing data were imputed with values from the previous year for Spain and France and Germany Price and purity: mean national values — minimum, maximum and interquartile range. Countries vary by indicator. Show source tables. The complete set of source data for the European Drug Report including metadata and methodological notes is available in our data catalogue. A subset of this data, used to generate infographics, charts and similar elements on this page, may be found below. Prevalence of drug use data tables including general population surveys and wastewater analysis all substances. Other data tables including tables specific to cocaine. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Trafficking methods Infiltration of logistical supply chains Intermodal shipping containers Container switching, code fraud, extraction teams Corruption, intimidation of officials and vessel operators More use of smaller ports Floating GPS-tagged drops Collection from mother ships by small vessels Speedboats, pleasure craft Semi-submersibles narco subs, torpedoes Chemical concealment or masking of shipments More use of general aviation, small airfields. Prevalence and patterns of cocaine use In the European Union, surveys indicate that almost 2. Figure 3. Prevalence of cocaine use in Europe This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cocaine use by recall period and age range. The latest European data reveal a time lag of 13 years between first cocaine use, on average at the age of 22, and first treatment for cocaine-related problems, on average at the age of Cocaine users entering treatment. In , EU Member States reported 84 cocaine seizures, amounting to tonnes up from tonnes in ; a record amount for the sixth year in a row. Belgium tonnes , the Netherlands In , EU Member States reported dismantling 39 sites related to cocaine production 34 in In spite of a decrease in seizures of the essential chemical potassium permanganate in kilograms compared with 1 kilograms , it is likely that the large-scale processing of cocaine hydrochloride from imported intermediary products continues to take place in the European Union. For example, in , a cocaine processing laboratory dismantled in Spain was reported to have an estimated daily output capacity of kilograms. In addition, some large seizures of unusual substances containing cocaine that must be chemically extracted have been reported, suggesting that secondary extraction of cocaine occurs at significant levels in Europe. For example, in , chemically concealed cocaine was detected in a shipment of 22 tonnes of sugar in France and in kilograms of coal, part of a larger load of coal shipped to Croatia. After cannabis, cocaine was the second most frequently cited drug in offences related to use or possession. Among the 18 drug checking services across 8 EU countries that reported testing more than 10 samples, cocaine emerged as the substance most commonly detected by 5 services during the first half of and by 4 services during the first half of Over the same period, the purity of cocaine samples analysed by the 18 drug checking services remained high. Cocaine market in Europe. Hidden tables for page Term Colour increase f stable fbaa19 decrease b3d no previous data 7da7d9 ID Term 0 Close 1 Substance 2 Recall period 3 Age 4 Gender 5 Prevalence of drug use 6 Percent 7 Breakdown by substance 8 Prevalence all available countries 9 Trends 11 Males and females 14 Country 15 Years 16 About the data 17 Currently not available for individual countries 20 Notes Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page.