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Decolonising drugs in Asia: the case of cocaine in colonial India

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For thousands of years, indigenous people in the Amazon Rainforest and Andes Mountains have chewed coca leaves to get an energetic high. European scientists first isolated cocaine from coca leaves in the s. The coca plant is one of the oldest cultivated plants in South America. Botanists think its cultivation may have started in the Amazon Rainforest and spread to the Andes Mountains. Because users felt an exhilarating sensation and an increase in energy, the indigenous people of South America have chewed the coca leaf for centuries. Coca leaf was also included in Inca cultural and religious ceremonies. The Catholic Church in colonial South America saw use of the coca leaf as undermining the spread of Christianity. In , Catholic bishops urged the Peruvian government to prohibit the use of coca. German chemist Albert Nieman isolated cocaine from coca leaves in He noticed that the powdery white substance made his tongue feel numb. Around the same time, French chemist Angelo Mariani concocted a tonic made from Bordeaux wine and coca leaves. He called it Vin Mariani. More than two decades later, Austrian ophthalmologist Carl Koller experimented with cocaine as a surgical anesthetic because cataract surgery was typically performed without anesthesia at the time. As a result, most cataract patients endured excruciating pain. After soaking the eye in a cocaine solution, Koller found that patients no longer flinched when the scalpel touched their eye. Pharmaceutical companies soon began marketing cocaine. Enthusiasm for anesthetic cocaine quickly waned in the medical community, however, as the number of patients dying of accidental overdoses during surgery soared. Sigmund Freud , the Austrian neurologist who founded the field of psychoanalysis, was fascinated with cocaine. Early in his career, he began to experiment with the drug. He overlooked a major downside to cocaine: addiction. Freud struggled for the next 12 years to break his cocaine habit. American pharmacist John Stith Pemberton founded Coca-Cola in with a beverage concoction of cocaine and sugary syrup. Coca-Cola—at first sold only at racially segregated soda fountains—became popular among the white middle-classes. In , Coca-Cola began selling its drink in bottles. The lower classes and minorities now had access to the cocaine-infused tonic. The company removed cocaine from its products in —a move likely motivated more by racial bias and tightening regulations than by health concerns. The Act, introduced by Representative Francis Burton Harrison of New York , effectively outlawed the sale and use of coca and opium products. Racist sentiment fueled support for the law. According to the U. Drug Enforcement Agency DEA , the price of illegal cocaine dropped by as much as 80 percent during the late s as a glut of the white powder flooded the U. Dealers looking for new ways to sell their products turned to crack. Crack could be produced by dissolving powdered cocaine in a mixture of water and ammonia and boiling it down until a solid formed. Smoking crack brings a short, intense high, making the substance more addictive than powdered cocaine. Crack was also a lot cheaper than cocaine powder. In , crack sold for about five dollars a rock in most cities. When the first crack house was discovered in Miami in , it drew little national attention. The DEA thought it was a localized phenomenon. But by , crack appeared in New York and soon spread to other major cities. Crack usage began to surge in the s. Between and , the number of regular cocaine users jumped from 4. Around the same time, crime in some major cities spiked. A study by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that crack use was tied to 32 percent of all homicides and 60 percent of all drug-related homicides in New York City. For example, the same minimum penalty of five years was given for 1 gram of crack cocaine as for grams of powdered cocaine. Opponents argued the law was racist, since crack users were more likely to be African American. In response to these criticisms, the Fair Sentencing Act of reduced the weight ratio between crack and powder to and eliminated the mandatory five-year sentence for crack possession. Drug Fact Sheet: Cocaine. Drug Enforcement Administration. National Institute on Drug Abuse. The Nation. Cocaine: What is the Crack? Anesthesiology and Pain Management. You can opt out at any time. You must be 16 years or older and a resident of the United States. Your Profile. Email Updates. Cocaine as Medicine German chemist Albert Nieman isolated cocaine from coca leaves in Freud And Cocaine Addiction Sigmund Freud , the Austrian neurologist who founded the field of psychoanalysis, was fascinated with cocaine. Crack Cocaine Crack cocaine—a crystallized form of the drug—became popular in the s. The s Crack Epidemic Crack usage began to surge in the s. Sources Drug Fact Sheet: Cocaine. Sign Up.

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