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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October Learn More or Try it out now. Drug addiction is one of the most prominent problems in many countries in transition, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. Age limit of drug addiction is shifted to the younger age groups, especially is troubling the increase in number of injection drug users. Our study was aimed to investigate the habits, attitudes and practices related to drug use among young people from the area of Sarajevo city. We can still feel the effects of the war, among which are the most important life without closest relatives, banishment and various types of war and post-war trauma. To determine the frequency of substance abuse among adolescents; Identify potentially relevant biological, psychological and socio economic characteristics of the adolescents; To explore adolescents attitudes towards drug use; Examine the general level of knowledge of adolescents about drugs and their effects. The study was conducted on randomized sample of students in two primary and three secondary schools in Sarajevo and Gracanica. To study used survey method. Survey instrument was a self-made questionnaire with the research variables. The obtained data were processed by a computer and statistically correlated. The study is of combined, retrospective, prospective and transversal type. This percentage among eighth graders is about three times higher. Presented research results clearly suggest a strong contamination of the living environment of young people with different types of psychoactive substances. Offer of drugs is extensive and distribution network covers all the places where young people visits, including schools. From our research, we found that the following factors: Marital status of parents, employment of parents, the number of family members, type of school and satisfaction with oneself are not crucial for the eventual drug use among young people. Drug addiction is one of the most prominent problems in many countries in transition, including Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 - General situation is making much worse unemployment, insufficient and inadequate space for recreation and entertainment of young people. Open borders and lack of link between police and judicial institutions contribute to the widespread of psychoactive substances illegal trade. The drugs are available to everyone, at many places in the city. The main reasons for taking drugs are the current dissatisfaction with the social and political, and especially economic situation. Although the drug addiction is recognized as a major socio-medical problem, still in the fight against it there is no necessary interconnections of different segments of the society. Drug use is an attempt to escape from reality. Only a small number of addicts are ready for treatment. To solve the problem of drug abuse it is necessary to include in the joint work several sectors, but of course the role of the family and a healthy upbringing has the primary position. Carr classified different explanations of psychoactive substances abuse of among adolescents into the following theoretical groups: biological theories, theories of intrapsychic deficits, behavioral theory, family systems theory, social theory and the theory of multiple risk factors. Predisposing factors for substance abuse are creating psychological vulnerability or susceptibility for the development of the disorder. Survey instrument was a selfmade questionnaire with the research variables. The survey was anonymous and contained 20 questions. For most of the questions respondents had to circle the answers on YES or NO principle, or multiple choice questions. Given is the possibility that the respondent chooses one answer from those available, and for some it sought a written reply. Results are presented in tabular and graphical form. The answers given are grouped according to the issues in relation to the school in which the survey was conducted, for more accurate comparisons of some answers. The tables show data in absolute and relative numbers, somewhere was performed and the correlation among tested variables. The survey covered two primary and three secondary schools in the two cities Sarajevo and Gracanica. The largest number of respondents was from the Mixed Secondary School in Gracanica. In the schools in the city of Sarajevo data show that 9. Of the total of respondents in schools in Gracanica 5. Of the total of respondents in the survey, The highest percentage of respondents listed curiosity, a personal problem and recognition among peers. Most information about the harmful effects of drugs adolescents have received from parents, teachers and over the internet and media. The drug is available at all places, even within the school premises. Most drug users choose to take this step at its own initiative or as offer from a close friend. The study included a total of students from two primary and three secondary schools. The survey was conducted among students in the cities of Sarajevo and Gracanica. Most of the respondents completed previous class with very good grades, followed by a good success, average, etc. Most respondents experiencing drugs are readily available, even within the school premises. Most adolescents who consume drugs decide to take this step on its own initiative or at the urging of close friends 2 , 6 , 8 , When it comes to informing pupils about the negative effect of drugs on the body, adolescents received most information from parents, teachers, over the Internet and from the literature. The most common motive of drug consumption by the opinion of adolescent is curiosity, then affirmation among peers. From the survey we received information that the adolescents are generally satisfied with them self. Important role in preventing use of illicit drugs among youth have parents. It is necessary to make better contact with the teachers and spent more leisure time with children. Young people need to create a negative image of narcotics, but it should find a modus how to do it and that it does not cause counter effect. Perhaps it would be advisable to use once the shock therapy, that is, to show to young people any danger due to the consumption of intoxicants. The media also play an important role. Through them we can organize content which will inform young people about the harmfulness of drugs, and the program content should present persons who consume intoxicants. In parallel with these should be adopted more stringent regulations, or at least the consistently apply current ones. In addressing the problem of drug addiction should be involved parents, schools, cultural and sporting institutions, health care workers and so on. It seems that the fear from the drugs weakens from generation to generation and first experiences with drugs adolescents acquire earlier, often as early as in elementary school. Smaller are genders differences in interest for opiates and at the level of experimentation among girls keep pace with the boys. Drugs today are not asking for financial status, does not care in which neighborhood adolescents live, where they go to school, or to what subculture they belong. Research has shown that tobacco smokers showed a greater preference for consuming other drugs, compared with their nonsmoking peers. The same goes for users of alcohol, where we find that significantly more users of alcohol consumed other drugs compared to teens that do not drink alcohol. Reciprocal links do not show up only on the qualitative level consume—not consume , but also include the quantitative aspect. So among heavy smokers of tobacco or marijuana we found a higher rate of consumption of other drugs than among moderate smokers. We also found quite solid chronological sequence of consuming different types of drugs. Teens prone to drug use, as a rule, are entering the world of narcotic substances trough alcohol and tobacco, followed by marijuana and then other illicit drugs. It is unquestionable that in the earliest grades of elementary schools should start the primary prevention of drug use among children using all types of education that needs to be implemented by teachers in collaboration with health educators and possibly professionals working in drug discovery and sanctioning those who take them. Community must devote more resources to this activity, because the consequences are costly or irreparable, for the community and for the family of consumers of the drugs. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Mater Sociomed. Published online Nov Received Jun 23; Accepted Sep Abstract Introduction: Drug addiction is one of the most prominent problems in many countries in transition, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. Goals: To determine the frequency of substance abuse among adolescents; Identify potentially relevant biological, psychological and socio economic characteristics of the adolescents; To explore adolescents attitudes towards drug use; Examine the general level of knowledge of adolescents about drugs and their effects. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on randomized sample of students in two primary and three secondary schools in Sarajevo and Gracanica. Conclusion: Presented research results clearly suggest a strong contamination of the living environment of young people with different types of psychoactive substances. Key words: Drug use, adolescence, risk and protective factors, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The etiology and pathogenesis of drug abuse among adolescents Carr classified different explanations of psychoactive substances abuse of among adolescents into the following theoretical groups: biological theories, theories of intrapsychic deficits, behavioral theory, family systems theory, social theory and the theory of multiple risk factors. Personal predisposing factors Conduct disorder, emotional problems, specific learning difficulties, positive beliefs about drug use, risk-taking and creating excitement, problematic temperament, low self-esteem, externally control focus. Environmental predisposing factors Factors related to the parent—child relationship in childhood: problems of emotional attachment, inconsistent parental discipline, lack of intellectual stimulation, authoritative parenting, indulgent parenting, parents neglect. Stressful situations in childhood: loss, separation, abuse, social difficulties, growing up in an institution. Curiosity about drugs, peer pressure to take drugs, the desire to control the negative mood with the help of drugs, the benefits of the use of drugs, acute stress situations, illness or injury, abuse, being violated by peers. Maintaining factors contribute to the maintenance of psychological problems once they have already occurred. Personal maintaining factors Biological factors: physical addiction, HIV, hepatitis and other diseases associated with drug use can cause negative emotional reactions, which maintains drug abuse. Environmental maintaining factors Treatment factors: problem denial by family, family ambivalence toward solving problems; family that for the first time encountered a similar problem. Family factors: family support model of drug abuse through drug use, expressing positive attitudes about drug use and tolerance of drug use. Parental factors: misleading information about drug abuse, insecurity in relationships, and low self-esteem of parents. Factors of social network: the use of drugs in order to achieve certain goal; association with a group of peers who abuse drugs, adverse social environment, high levels of crime, low employment opportunities. Protective factors preventing further deterioration enhance and maintain the healthy development and have strong implications for prognosis and treatment. Personal protective factors Biological factors: good physical health. Psychological factors: high IQ, good temperament, high self-esteem, high self-efficacy, optimistic attributional style; mature defense mechanisms. Environmental protective factors Treatment factors: family that accepts and wants to solve the problem, families who previously faced a similar problem; family that accepts the treatment plan. Family factors: secure parent-child relationship; authoritative parenting, clear family communication, flexible, family organization, the involvement of the father. Parental factors: good adaptation of parents; incorrect expectations regarding drug use, high self-esteem, high self-efficacy, safety in relationships with others; mature defense mechanisms, functional strategies of coping with stress. Factors of social network: a good network of social support, low levels of family stress, positive educational environment, high socioeconomic status. GOALS To determine the frequency of substance abuse among adolescents; Identify potentially relevant biological, psychological and socio economic characteristics of the adolescents; To explore adolescents attitudes towards drug use; Examine the general level of knowledge of adolescents about drugs and their effects. Methods To study used survey method. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Table 1 The socio-demographic data. Table 2 Knowledge and attitudes of parents about drug use among adolescents. Table 3 Age, the causes of drug use and sources of information about the harmful effects of drugs. Table 4 The availability of drugs and methods of spreading. Conflict of interest None declared. Allport GV. Katarina, Bugojno. Sarajevo: Avicena; Caprara GV, Cervone D. Beograd: Debijati H. Magistarski rad. Sarajevo: Filozofski fakultet Univerzitetu u Sarajevu; Moderno zdravstveno vaspitanje—brana bolesti ovisnosti, Sarajevo. Zavod za javno zdravstvo Kantona Sarajevo. Bulat M. Medicinska farmakologija. Zagreb: Medicinska naklada; Copy Download.

Frequency of Substance Abuse Among Adolescents

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