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MALAYSIA: FILIPINO WOMAN SENTENCED TO DEATH FOR COCAINE TRAFFICKING

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A historical perspective on clonidine as an alpha-2A receptor agonist in the treatment of addictive behaviors: Focus on opioid dependence. Clonidine operates through agonism at the alpha-2A receptor, a specific subtype of the alphaadrenergic receptor located predominantly in the prefrontal cortex. By inhibiting the release of norepinephrine, which is responsible for withdrawal symptoms, clonidine effectively addresses withdrawal-related conditions such as anxiety, hypertension, and tachycardia. The groundbreaking work by Gold et al. In the s, the efficacy of clonidine in facilitating the transition to long-acting injectable naltrexone was confirmed for individuals motivated to overcome opioid use disorders OUDs , including physicians and executives. Despite challenges with compliance, naltrexone offers sustained blockade of opioid receptors, reducing the risk of overdose, intoxication, and relapse in motivated patients in recovery. The development of clonidine and naltrexone as treatment modalities for OUDs, and potentially other addictions, including behavioral ones, underscores the potential for translating neurobiological advancements from preclinical models bench to clinical practice bedside , ushering in innovative approaches to addiction treatment. About Who We Are. Journal Membership. Contact Us. Development History. Latest News. Information Editorial Policies. Editorial Process. Open Access Policy. Research and Publication Ethics. Article Processing Charges. Advertising Policy. Home About Overview. About the Journal. Editorial Board. Reviewer Board. Academic supporter. Articles Online First. Current Issue. Column Column. Edit a Special Issue. For authors Instructions for Authors. Article Processing Charge. Exchanges Webinars. Article Types. Submit to ITPS. Apply for special issue. Cite this article. Related Info Links. Google Scholar. More by Authors Links. Kenneth Blum. Journal Browser. Volume Year. Forthcoming Issue. View All. News and Announcements. Mark S. Dennen 14 , Panayotis K. Badgaiyan 22, Show Less. Louis, Missouri, United States of America. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Download PDF. Behavioral addictions. Conflict of interest. There are no other conflicts of interest. Neil MJ. Clonidine: Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use in pain management. Curr Clin Pharmacol. Yasaei R, Saadabadi A. Bolliger L, Stevens H. From opioid pain management to opioid crisis in the USA: How can public-private partnerships help? Front Med Lausanne. New directions in the treatment of opioid withdrawal. Clonidine improves hyperarousal in borderline personality disorder with or without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. Neuroanatomical sites of action of clonidine in opioid withdrawal: The locus coeruleus connection. Prog Clin Biol Res. Kane SP. Phar, BCPS. Alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists. Their pharmacology and therapeutic role. Pajouhesh H, Lenz GR. Medicinal chemical properties of successful central nervous system drugs. Elevated norepinephrine may be a unifying etiological factor in the abuse of a broad range of substances: Alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine. Subst Abuse. Cigarette craving, smoking withdrawal, and clonidine. Clonidine in mania. Drug Dev Res. Role of clonidine in neonatal abstinence syndrome: A systematic review. Ann Pharmacother. Pharmacological treatments for neonatal abstinence syndrome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. The maternal lifestyle study: Effects of substance exposure during pregnancy on neurodevelopmental outcome in 1-month-old infants. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid-use disorder. Mayo Clin Proc. Use of drug treatment services among adults with opioid use disorder: Rates, patterns, and correlates. Psychiatr Serv. Five year outcomes in a cohort study of physicians treated for substance use disorders in the United States. J Subst Abuse Treat. Outcomes for physicians with opioid dependence treated without agonist pharmacotherapy in physician health programs. Prognosis for the recovery of surgeons from chemical dependency: A 5-year outcome study. Arch Surg. Medication treatment of opioid use disorder. Biol Psychiatry. Prescription opioid abuse and dependence among physicians: Hypotheses and treatment. Harv Rev Psychiatry. Physician views regarding substance use-related participation in a state physician health program. Am J Addict. Mandatory naltrexone treatment prevents relapse among opioid-dependent anesthesiologists returning to practice. J Addict Med. A rationale for opioid withdrawal symptomatology. Drug Alcohol Depend. Clonidine suppression of noradrenergic hyperactivity during morphine withdrawal by clonidine: Biochemical studies in rodents and primates. J Clin Psychiatry. Opioid detoxification with lofexidine. The role of lofexidine in management of opioid withdrawal. Pain Ther. Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal. N Engl J Med. The locus coeruleus: Its possible role in memory consolidation. Physiol Behav. Clonidine blocks acute opioid-withdrawal symptoms. Munich: Catapressan, Arsneimittel- Forschung; Gold MS. Opioid addiction and the locus coeruleus. The clinical utility of clonidine, naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine. Psychiatr Clin North Am. The use of clonidine in detoxification from opioids. Bull Narc. Gold MS, Roehrich H. Treatment of opioid withdrawal with clonidine. ISI Atlas of Science. Gold MS, De R. Pharmacological activation and inhibition of noradrenergic activity after specific behaviors in nonhuman primates. Soc Neurosci. Anxiety: The locus coeruleus connection. In: Society for Neuroscience Abstracts ; Noradrenergic hyperactivity in opioid withdrawal supported by clonidine reversal of opioid withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry. United States Patent US 4,,; Blum K, Wallace JE. Effects of catecholamine synthesis inhibition on ethanol-induced withdrawal symptoms in mice. Br J Pharmacol. Possible role of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids in postalcohol intoxication states. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Suppression of ethanol withdrawal by dopamine. Morphine withdrawal reactions in male and female mice. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. Morphine suppression of ethanol withdrawal in mice. Enhancement of ethanol-induced withdrawal convulsions by blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. J Pharm Pharmacol. Clonidine enhancement of ethanol withdrawal in mice. Subst Alcohol Actions Misuse. Lofexidine blocks acute opioid withdrawal. Naltrexone in addicted business executives and physicians. Clonidine infusions into the locus coeruleus attenuate behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Psychopharmacology Berl. Clonidine attenuates increased brain glucose metabolism during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. Clinical utility of clonidine in opioid withdrawal: A study of patients. Outpatient opioid detoxification with clonidine. Long-acting injectable naltrexone induction: A randomized trial of outpatient opioid detoxification with naltrexone versus buprenorphine. The sequential use of clonidine and naltrexone in the treatment of opioid addicts. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse. The combined use of clonidine and naltrexone as a rapid, safe, and effective treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone. Alpha2-adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Using ecological momentary assessment to examine the relationship between craving and affect with opioid use in a clinical trial of clonidine as an adjunct medication to buprenorphine treatment. Review article: Effective management of opioid withdrawal symptoms: A gateway to opioid dependence treatment. Clinical efficacy and safety profile of lofexidine hydrochloride in treating opioid withdrawal symptoms: A review of literature. Hypothesizing that, a pro-dopamine regulator KBZ should optimize, but not hyper-activate the activity of trace amine-associated receptor 1 TAAR-1 and induce anti-craving of psychostimulants in the long-term. Dopamine homeostasis: Brain functional connectivity in reward deficiency syndrome. Front Biosci Landmark Ed. Postgrad Med. Opioid substitution therapy: Achieving harm reduction while searching for a prophylactic solution. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. J Syst Integr Neurosci. Death by opioids: Are there non-addictive scientific solutions? Common neurogenetic diagnosis and meso-limbic manipulation of hypodopaminergic function in reward deficiency syndrome RDS : Changing the recovery landscape. Curr Neuropharmacol. Conceptualizing addiction from an osteopathic perspective: Dopamine homeostasis. J Am Osteopath Assoc. PLoS One. Front Biosci Elite Ed. Introducing precision addiction management of reward deficiency syndrome, the construct that underpins all addictive behaviors. Front Psychiatry. Curr Trends Med Diagn Methods. Analysis of evidence for the combination of pro-dopamine regulator KBPAM and naltrexone to prevent opioid use disorder relapse. EC Psychol Psychiatr. Int J Genom Data Min. Promoting precision addiction management PAM to combat the global opioid crisis. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. Curr Psychopharmacol. J Neurol Sci. Neuro-chemical activation of brain reward meso-limbic circuitry is associated with relapse prevention and drug hunger: A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. Reward circuitry dopaminergic activation regulates food and drug craving behavior. Curr Pharm Des. Can genetic testing coupled with enhanced dopaminergic activation reduce recidivism rates in the workers compensation legacy cases? J Alcohol Drug Depend. Mol Neurobiol. J Addict Res Ther. A week-long outpatient induction onto XR-naltrexone in patients with opioid use disorder. Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal. Role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS in treatment of addiction and related disorders: a systematic review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. Noninvasive brain stimulation treatments for addiction and major depression. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS. Clin Neurophysiol. Rehabilitating the addicted brain with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Nat Rev Neurosci. Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation tES and TMS for addiction medicine: A consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS on craving and substance consumption in patients with substance dependence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. A review of brain stimulation methods to treat substance use disorders. Brain stimulation in addiction. Effects of single session versus multi-session non-invasive brain stimulation on craving and consumption in individuals with drug addiction, eating disorders or obesity: A meta-analysis. Brain Stimul. Chronic forced exercise inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res. The therapeutic potential of exercise for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review. Chronic aerobic exercise: Lack of effect on brain CB1 receptor levels in adult rats. Life Sci. Dopamine D2 gene expression interacts with environmental enrichment to impact lifespan and behavior. Daily treadmill exercise attenuates cocaine cue-induced reinstatement and cocaine induced locomotor response but increases cocaine-primed reinstatement. Chronic aerobic exercise: Autoradiographic assessment of GABA a and mu-opioid receptor binding in adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. Coupling genetic addiction risk score GARS with electrotherapy: Fighting iatrogenic opioid dependence. Molecular genetic testing in reward deficiency syndrome RDS : Facts and fiction. J Reward Defic Syndr. The food and drug addiction epidemic: Targeting dopamine homeostasis. Biotechnical development of genetic addiction risk score GARS and selective evidence for inclusion of polymorphic allelic risk in substance use disorder SUD. J Behav Addict. Can we infer neuroplasticity-induced changes in the reward circuit? Improvement of long-term memory access with a pro-dopamine regulator in an elderly male: Are we targeting dopamine tone? Understanding the scientific basis of post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD : Precision behavioral management overrides stigmatization. The benefits of customized dna directed nutrition to balance the brain reward circuitry and reduce addictive behaviors. Precis Med Bangalore. Administration of a putative pro-dopamine regulator, a neuronutrient, mitigates alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats. The effects of buprenorphine on fentanyl withdrawal in rats. Neurobiology of addiction: Treatment and public policy ramifications. Nat Neurosci. Anti-craving medications for relapse prevention: A possible new class of psychoactive medications. Novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of drug addiction and craving. Curr Opin Pharmacol. Acute effects of sublingual buprenorphine on brain responses to heroin-related cues in early-abstinent heroin addicts: An uncontrolled trial. A combined spectroscopic and functional MRI investigation of the dorsal anterior cingulate region in opioid addiction. Mol Psychiatry. Neurosci Lett. Low-dose augmentation with buprenorphine increases emotional reactivity but not reward activity in treatment resistant mid- and late-life depression. Neuroimage Clin. Cingulate biochemistry in heroin users on substitution pharmacotherapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. Investigation of cross-species translatability of pharmacological MRI in awake nonhuman primate - a buprenorphine challenge study. Reinforcement and addictive disorders. United States: McGraw Hill; MR spectroscopy in opioid maintenance therapy: Association of glutamate with the number of previous withdrawals in the anterior cingulate cortex. Addict Biol. J Addict Sci. Can the chronic administration of the combination of buprenorphine and naloxone block dopaminergic activity be causing anti-reward and relapse potential? Erratum in: PLoS One. Antagonists in the medical management of opioid use disorders: Historical and existing treatment strategies. Non-opioid treatments for opioid use disorder: Rationales and data to date. Buprenorphine reduces cerebral glucose metabolism in polydrug abusers. Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. Locus coeruleus: A new look at the blue spot. Convergent regulation of locus coeruleus activity as an adaptive response to stress. Eur J Pharmacol. New perspectives on catecholaminergic regulation of executive circuits: Evidence for independent modulation of prefrontal functions by midbrain dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons. Front Neural Circuits. Cellular interactions between axon terminals containing endogenous opioid peptides or corticotropin-releasing factor in the rat locus coeruleus and surrounding dorsal pontine tegmentum. J Comp Neurol. Morphine effects on locus coeruleus neurons are dependent on the state of arousal and availability of external stimuli: Studies in anesthetized and unanesthetized rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. Predator stress engages corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid systems to alter the operating mode of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons. Gender differences in substance use disorders. Naltrexone: A history and future directions. Christie MJ. Cellular neuroadaptations to chronic opioids: Tolerance, withdrawal and addiction. Light-microscopic localization of somatostatin binding sites in the locus coeruleus of the rat. Brain Res. Cellular and synaptic adaptations mediating opioid dependence. Physiol Rev. Contemp Clin Trials. Lofexidine: A newly FDA-approved, nonopioid treatment for opioid withdrawal. Atomoxetine in patients with ADHD: A clinical and pharmacological review of the onset, trajectory, duration of response and implications for patients. J Psychopharmacol. Vagus nerve stimulation…25 years later! What do we know about the effects on cognition? The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: Modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. Repeated unpredictable stress and antidepressants differentially regulate expression of the bcl-2 family of apoptotic genes in rat cortical, hippocampal, and limbic brain structures. A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates default mode network in major depressive disorder. Molecular role of dopamine in anhedonia linked to reward deficiency syndrome RDS and anti- reward systems. Front Biosci Schol Ed. Noradrenergic function in pathological gambling: blunted growth hormone response to clonidine. Effect of clonidine and phentolamine on self-stimulation behavior in the dorsal and ventral regions of the lateral hypothalamus in mice. Chronic antidepressant and clonidine treatment effects on conflict behavior in the rat. Smoking, food, and alcohol cues on subsequent behavior: A qualitative systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials of clonidine for smoking cessation. Br J Addict. Clin Med Rev Case Rep. Improving naltrexone compliance and outcomes with putative pro- dopamine regulator KB, compared to treatment as usual. Where is the locus in opioid withdrawal? Trends Pharmacol Sci. Cellular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: Studies in single brain neurons. Mol Pharmacol. Regaining control over opioid use? The potential application of auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation to improve opioid treatment in China. 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