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Faculty of Science. Nosch, Marie Louise Bech. The paper investigates the textile production at Thebes, Greece, according to the Linear B tablets. Original language English Title of host publication Festschrift in honour of A. Research areas Faculty of Humanities. Number of downloads are based on statistics from Google Scholar and www.
With just four rules, this simple but elegant game from France's legendary Gigamic is easy to learn, and each full game of Pylos takes only 10 or 20 minutes.
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The Linear B tablets from Mycenaean Pylos (dated to ca. BC) suggest a thriving perfume industry, so that from earliest times pharmaceuticals were important.
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View PDF. The doctor stepped softly out of the sickroom, where Licinius was breathing his last. Rattling, rasping, wheezing, gasping for air, the senator had accepted death and requested that his friend and physician, the medicus Marcus Junius Asclepiades, leave the opos lozenges next to the bedside. Caecina son, Publics Licinius Caecina, was last to leave the room, misty with the rich stench of smoking libanotos. Soon there was the faint tinkle of the lozenges dropping to the bottom of a glass cup, followed by a crackle as the lozenges snapped and melted over a flame; and then the mellow gurgle of wine poured into the cup escorting the hiss of cooling. A quick gulp. It was not appropriate for the production of reverential aromas in the resting place of the gravely ill. So much blood, nicely staunched by the smoke from the glechon. The scene here depicted is part of social and medical history in the Roman Empire. Publius Licinius Caecina is a real historical figure, recorded as the son of a a senator who had committed suicide in Roman Spain a genaration before Pliny the Elder set down his Natural History. Pliny dedicated his book compendium to Titus the Emperor in AD A brief account of the suicides in Natural History, XX, The best physicians were well schooled in pharmaceutical lore, with an armamentarium of drugs Fig. Here Marcus Junius Asclepiades is marked as a friend of a dying man. Many medicus styled themselves with the cogomen Asclepiades, presumably to be identified with Asclepius,the ancient god of medicine. Good physicians frequently were clients of powerful families in the Roman Empire, sometimes with both families an physicians interlocked over several generations. Marcus the medicus probably had learned his art as an apprentice to an experienced physicaln. Or perhaps he gained some valued years attached as a medicus to one of legions which had conquered Britain after AD Moist drugs stored in wood containers would not include anything oily, but could include beeswax and perhaps aged animals fats, although both would leech after a time into the wood. A drug box might hold, in separate chambers, tears or chunks of frankincense and myrrh, saffron, some selected flower petals rose petals keep for a week or so, iris petals about two weeks , and perhaps the dry bulbs of squill or rhizomes of iris. With the exception of the saffron, frankincense, myrrh, and beeswax, fresh supplies would have to be gained in season. Itinerant physicians, as most were in Roman times, no doubt asked in each locality what folk drugs were used in any give season. A doctor of less than good repute might carry about the wing covers of blister beetles from which to make a popular aphrodisiac, or the fresh leaves and stems of the pennyroyal to provide contraceptive potions for women in any of the sprawling legionary camps of Europe. Midwives were recognized as professionals in their own right, particularly in terms of knowledge of drugs, medicinesm and poisons. Such women were also skilled in administrating fertility drugs Digest XXV, 4. Three drugs are conspicuous in the death scene of Licinius: opos, libanotos, and glechon. Opos is the very common latex of the opium poppy Fig. Glechon or blechon is the cosmopolitan pennyroyal, known since early Greek times as a contraceptive made into a tea for women. It was also a preferred herb for burning in the birthing chambers due to its sweetish odor, so one learns from the Gynecology of Soraniis of Ephesus flour- ished ca. AD These glimpses of a common knowledge of drugstuffs among the Romans suggest several aspects of ancient life very much at variance from modern, city-based living in the West. Almost everyone, from the most noble to the lowest levels of society, was in some way intimately connected with the land. Anyone who had any pretense to high culture knew by definition the best wines and the grapes from which these vintages were fermented. Roman wine-fanciers could easily identify locale and year with a precision perhaps unmatched even today. Good cheeses and poor ones were known by their distinctive tastes and aromas, and high-quality olive oil was treasured for its clarity for cooking and for its lubricant properties. Oil seeds and their marvelously varied oils—sesame, linseed flax , poppy totally free of any narcotic properties , and many others—were known by consistency and clarity, especially by the talented cooks who were members of all Roman households claiming any sort of status. Henna was an item treasured by Roman women who used the finery ground green powder to color their fingernails, toenails, and hair a fashionable reddish-brown. Drugs, foods, and cosmetics were intermeshed in Roman perceptions, much as we think of spices as drugs while also using them to enhance the flavors of foods, or as we think of fragrant emollients as useful in both perfumes and moisturizing creams for the skin. Henna Lawsonia inermis. Roman women used powdered leaves of henna to color their fingernails, toenails, and hair a fashionable reddish-brown. Courtesy of K. Jayaram and A-Z Botanical Collection. The first surviving herbal in Greek is that by Theophrastus of Eresus ca. Theophrastus put down his Inquiry into Plants about BC, and Book IX of this important tract on botanical morphology is devoted to medicinals. Of the or so plants that can be identified in Theophrastus with some assurance, about 70 are medicinals, a fraction of the drugs known and derived from plants and animals in Greek antiquity. Poisons are here as well, including the infamous hemlock quaffed by Socrates at the behest of the Athenians in BC. The Committee of Eleven directed the preparation of this poison, and everyone was presumed to know the process and its results. Citizens of Attica, the large polis that boasted Athens as its fortified urban and cultural center, also knew well the plants of contraceptive use. Aristophanes ca. Call girls could also have employed the garden-variety rue Fig. Tragedies, too, had their botanicals. This plant was another of the widespread wild species known to all who maintained small or large plots anywhere among the poles of Greece. The red peppers Capsicum spp. Local spices known from Mycenaean times ca. The Linear B tablets from Mycenaean Pylos dated to ca. Rue Ruta graveolens. An extract of th leaves of ordinary rue was thought to be effective in contraception and early abortion. Spearmint Mentha spicata. Leaves and stems of the pennyroyal Mentha pulegium L. Mints also gave flavoring to wines of many varieties; Disocorides, Book V. Mallow Malva sylvestris L. Pharmaka also incorporated animal products: honey, beeswax, the ill-famed solution made from blister beetles usually Lytta spp. Honey is an excellent ingredient for wound dressings. Its high pH 3. Wax and honey aficionados could tell a particular kind by locale, each having its own unique consistency and taste. Poison honeys were also known. The use of blister beetles in aphrodisiacs and poisons was common enough in the Greco-Roman world to engender a large literature. The odd hexameter poems by Nicander of Colophon fl. Many fats are listed by Dioscorides in his brilliantly conceived Material Medica of ca. Marrows are likewise listed, as are milks and bloods of many species of reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans. Crocus Crocus sativus. Courtesy of A-Z Botanical Collection. Dioscorides of Anazarbus is one of the great figures in the history of medicine and pharmacy, and his Materia Medica became the text on drugs of all kinds. Although Dioscorides loathed alphabetical lists of drugs and plants, this is exactly what happened to his collection of data in the Materia Medica. Crateuas, physician to Mithridates VI of Pontus ca. One should make them into lozenges—pounding them in a mortar while they are still green—and drying obstructions and for jaundice, and they cieanse and cure liver complaints. And decocted, these are used in fomentations as treatments for the bladder. But more useful for those who suffer from stones are those colored purple; the white-flowered and gold-flowered kinds are more diuretic. They are also curative for ulcers of the eye viz. Materia Medica, III , Hellmann, II, p. Seated prominently in an armchair top center is Galen of Pergamon AD after , whose huge collection of writings had become standard by the 4th century. Seated below Dioscorides is Nicander of Colophon fl. Below Nicander and gazing up with respect at Galen is Rufus of Ephesus fl. Like Dioscorides, Crateuas has his hand raised in the Byzantine artistic convention representing conversation. Below Crateuas is the fmaous Alexandrian pharmacologist, Apollonium Mys fl. Last of the sevcen, seated on a rock, is Andreas. The personal physician of Ptolemy IV Philopater r. Taken together, these two folios provide a concise pictorial history of medicine from classical Greek days to the early 6th century. Notably absent from the pantheon is Hippocrates of Cos, usually thought of as the father of western medicine. Hellmann, I, pp. Hellmann, I, p. Gather roots for laying up in storage, as well as roots for juices and root barks, when the plants are beginning to shed their leaves. Flowers and such parts that have a sweet smelling fragrance should be laid down in small dry boxes of lime-wood, but occasionally they can be wrapped serviceably in papyrus or leaves to preserve their seeds. As for moist drugs, any container made from silver, glass, or horn will be suitable. Copper vessels will be suitable for moist eye-drugs and for drugs prepared with vinegar, raw pitch or juniper oil. Preface, 9 \\\\\[ed. The drug booths in Roman fora featured a large variety of concoctions, compounds, and simples used in culinary recipes, medications, and cosmetics. The substances incorporated many land and sea creatures, as well as plants. Materia Medica, II, 3 \\\\\[ed. Reduced to ash viz. But the drug should be allowed to become dry and hardened like a potsherd: for the burn having scarred over, the ointment falls off spontaneously. Materia Medica, 4 \\\\\[ed. Chamomile Matricaria recutita. Dioscorides tells us that chamomile, prepared as a drink or a sitz-bath, has heating and thinning properties useful in disorders of the liver, intestines, bladder, and the female reproductive system. Applied as a plaster, the herb cures ulcers of the eye viz. Materia Medica , III, Fresh clams are good for the bowels, but the soup made from them is best. Pickled, reduced to ash, pounded smooth with Greek juniper oil and dropped on plucked eyelids, the eyelashes will not grow back again. And the soup made from the small rectangular bivalves and from other cockle-like shellfish move the bowels viz. And this kind of soup is taken with wine. Materia Medica, II, 6 \\\\\[ed. Triturated with myrrh and frankincense and applied as a plaster, the flesh of these snails close up wounds, particularly the wounds in and about the tendons; and triturated with vinegar, they stop bleeding from the nostrils. And the living animal gulped down especially the Libyan snail alleviates stomach pains. Pounded whole with its shell and a small portion drunk with wine mixed with myrrh, the snail cures pains of the bowels and the bladder. Materia Medica, II, 9. Wellmann, II, p. Saffron is gained from the styles of the flowers of Crocus sativus L. As costly as saffron became, one can presume krokos remained available to forum shoppers for many centuries, since saffron is listed as part of a quince jam recipe prescribed by Alexander of Tralles in the last part of the 6th century. Pale blue jar with an indented sidewall, 3rd-4th century AD. This jar was probably used to mix together an oil — perhaps carefully clarified olive oil — with one or more sweet-scented ingredients such as crushed and pounded rose hips, cinnamon, or saffron. Provenance unknown. Donated by George and Henry J. Vaux Unguentarium of pale green glass, 1st century AD. This small bottle probably stored the kind of sweet-scented medicinal oils prepared in jars such as that in Figure 4. Donated by Mrs. William Pepper And there would be many brightly colored flower petals scattered along the rude shelving on each side of the stall, each type of flower wrapped in Egyptian papyrus or some carefully arranged selection of local leaves. Anyone entering the booth would be met by a melange of aromas, a potpourri of scents that cantillated the medley of drugstuffs, spices, cosmetics, and medicines. This digitized article is presented here as a historical reference and may not reflect the current views of the Penn Museum. Report problems and issues to digitalmedia pennmuseum. Skip Navigation. By: John Scarborough. Opium Poppy Papaver somniferum. The seeds and latex of the opium poppy werer used either directly or in processed form — decoction, capsule, lozenge, poultice — to treat insomnia, coughs, diarrhea, boils, indigestion and other conditions. Cite This Article Scarborough, John. Accessed September 14,
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