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Trace element hair analysis has gained increased attention since human scalp hair became widely used as a biomarker of environmental and occupational exposure. Nowadays, hair analysis has found many more applications in toxicological, clinical, nutritional, or forensic sciences and is becoming more and more popular, reliable, and widespread. In this chapter, the brief history of the utility of human hair is presented. The next sections will cover topics such as hair structure, growth phases, sampling protocol, washing procedures, and decomposition methods. Further, some evident advantages of elemental hair analysis over urine and blood studies are discussed, and some apparent limitations of hair surveys are also listed. Hair elemental analysis is reviewed in this chapter in the context of the influence of the selected factors on the accuracy and credibility of the gathered results. Average concentrations for chosen elements with regard to different parameters e. Finally, the information about some general recommendations regarding elemental hair analysis is provided in the summary section. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Institutional subscriptions. Hodge, S. A post-most-mortem review of forensic hair analysis — A technique whose current use in criminal investigations is hanging on by a hair. Google Scholar. Ramsland, K. The Forensic Examiner, 17 3 , 36— Sachs, H. History of hair analysis. Forensic Science International, 84 , 7— Lappas, N. Forensic toxicology. Principles and concepts pp. Academic, Elsevier. Pozebon, D. Elemental hair analysis: A review of procedures and applications. Analytica Chimica Acta, , 1— Hair analysis in health assessment. Clinica Chimica Acta, 18 , — Szynkowska, M. Human hair analysis in relations to similar environmental and occupational exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 40 2 , — Recent advances in trace elements. Saeid Eds. Mikulewicz, M. Reference values of elements in human hair: A systematic review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 36 , — Miekeley, N. How reliable are human reference intervals for trace element? Science of the Total Environment, 1 , 9— Fadhil, A. Scalp hair as a screening tool for detecting trace elements concentration. Astolfi, M. A new rapid treatment of human hair for elemental determination by inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Analytical Methods, 12 14 , — Van Neste, D. Hair cycle and hair pigmentation: Dynamic interactions and changes associated with aging. Micron, 35 3 , — Lai-Cheong, J. Structure and function of skin, hair and nails. Medicine, 45 6 , — Article Google Scholar. Physiology and pathology of growth and loss of human scalp hair. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology, 20 5 , — Preedy, V. Handbook of hair in health and disease. Wageningen Academic Publishers. Chatt, A. Hair analysis applications in the biomedical and environmental sciences. VCH Publishers. Biology of human hair: Know your hair to control it. Yang, F. PeerJ, 2 , 1— Boll, M. Forensic Chemistry, 6 , 1—9. Lepez, T. Fast nuclear staining of head hair roots as a screening method for successful STR analysis in forensics. Forensic Science International. Genetics, 13 , — Ebling, F. The hair cycle and its regulation. Clinics in Dermatology, 6 4 , 67— Kintz, P. Value of hair analysis in postmortem toxicology. Forensic Science International, 2—3 , — Chojnacka, K. Hair mineral analysis in the assessment of human exposure to metals in book. Preedy Ed. Trojanowski, P. Lead and cadmium content in human hair in Central Pomerania Northern Poland. Journal of Elementology, 15 2 , — Rodushkin, I. Application of double focusing sector field ICP-MS for multielemental characterization of human hair and nails. Part I. Analytical methodology. Science of The Total Environment, , 83— Ye, B. Evaluation of mercury exposure level, clinical diagnosis and treatment for mercury intoxication. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 28 , 5. Lead and cadmium in the hair and blood of children of a highly industrial area in Poland. Biological Trace Element Research, 62 , — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Marcinek-Jacel, M. The impact of demographic factors, behaviors and environmental exposure to mercury content in the hair of the population living in the region of Lodz central Poland. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 55 , — Izydorczyk, G. Hair mineral analysis in the population of students living in the Lower Silesia region Poland in Comparison with biomonitoring study in and literature data. Environmental Research, , 1—9. Michalak, I. Determination of exposure to lead of subjects from southwestern Poland by human hair analysis. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 4 , — Reference values for hair minerals of Polish students. Envrionmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 29 , — Concentration and reference interval of trace elements in human hair from students living in Palermo, Sicily Italy. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 32 1 , 27— The effect of age, sex, smoking habit and hair color on the composition of hair. Envrionmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 22 , 52— Gerace, E. Study of cocaine incorporation in hair damaged by cosmetic treatments. Forensic Chemistry, 3 , 69— Sera, K. Quantitative analysis of untreated hair samples for monitoring human exposure to heavy metals. Borella, P. Quality control in hair analysis: A systematic study on washing procedures for trace element determinations. Microchimica Acta, , — Ishak, I. Comparison of digestion methods for the determination of trace elements and heavy metals in human hair and nails. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 22 6 , 11— Morton, J. Removal of exogenously bound elements from human hair by various washing procedures and determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, , 23— Batley, G. Trace element speciation analytical methods and problems. CRC Press. Suliburska, J. Calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper status in women aged years determined by hair analysis. PHiE, 96 2 , — Observations on the use of plasma, hair and tissue to evaluate trace element status in cancer. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 11 3 , — Liang, G. Assessment of typical heavy metals in human hair of different age groups and foodstuffs in Beijing, China. Nouiouia, M. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 98 10 , — Baker, J. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series Evrenoglou, L. A case study from Kifissos River in Attica, Greece. Khudzari, J. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6 8 , — CAS Google Scholar. Baran, A. Concentrations of heavy metals in hair as indicators of environmental pollution. E3S Web of Conferences. De Prisco, P. Level of essential and toxic metals in urban adolescents hair: Preliminary study. Biomedical Research, 21 2 , — Tamburo, E. Gender as a key factor in trace metal and metalloid content of human scalp hair. A multi-site study. Science of the Total Environment, , — Afridi, H. Evaluation of arsenic, cobalt, copper and manganese in biological samples of steel mill workers by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 25 , 59— Wei, B. Trace metals in the urine and hair of a population in an endemic Arsenism area. Biological Trace Element Research, 2 , — Li, J. Detection and analysis of 12 heavy metals in blood and hair sample from a general population of Pearl River Delta area. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 70 , — Huang, M. Risk assessment of arsenic and other metals via atmospheric particles, and effects of atmospheric exposure and other demographic factors on their accumulations in human scalp hair in urban area of Guangzhou, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, , 84— Evaluation of essential trace and toxic elements in scalp hair samples of smokers and alcohol user hypertensive patients. Biological Trace Element Research, , — Kumakli, H. Environmental biomonitoring of essential and toxic elements in human scalp hair using accelerated microwave-assisted sample digestion and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Chemosphere, , — Jaccob, A. Evaluation of Lead and Copper content in hair of workers from oil product distribution companies in Iraq. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 56 , 1—6. Rylova, N. Hair and saliva trace elements content in young athletes from Kazan region, Russia. Journal of Osteoporosis and Physical Activity, 5 1 , 1—4. Ha, B. Age- and sex-dependence of five major elements in the development of human scalp hair. Biomaterials Research, 23 29 , 1—8. Luo, R. Determination of 33 elements in scalp hair samples from inhabitants of a mountain village of Tonglu city, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, , — Gaza, M. Evaluation on Mercury, Cadmium, and Lead in the hair sample as an indicator of autism for children. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 9 12 , — Czerny, B. Screening of trace elements in hair of the female population with different types of cancers in Wielkopolska region of Poland. The Scientific World Journal, , 1— Skalny, A. Reference values of hair toxic trace elements content in occupationally non-exposed Russian population. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 40 1 , 18— Hair concentration of essential trace elements in adult non-exposed Russian population. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, , 1—8. Durkalec-Michalski, K. Analysis of correlation between intake of selected minerals and their content in hair of patients in selected group with primary hypertension. Now Lek, 80 2 , 91— Srogi, K. Determination of trace elements in the human hair. Diagnostic value of hair analysis. Hair as a biological matrix. Is the analysis of the concentration of xenobiotics in hair the past or the future? Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology, 24 3 , — Czora, M. Using of human hair in bioanalytics. Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology, 15 2 , — Penz, M. Hair cortisol as a biological marker for burnout symptomatology. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 87 , — Ludwicki, J. The evaluation of urine and hair total mercury content in occupationally exposed and non-exposed people. Wiadrowska, B. Mercury content in human hair in Warsaw inhabitants occupationally and non-occupationally exposed. Level and relationship of elements in scalp hair of males: Effect of air pollution and smoking habits. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 14 1 , 35— Pereira, R. Scalp hair analysis in assessing human exposure to heavy metals. Science of the Total Environment, 1—3 , 81— Broad, W. Hair analysis deflates Napoleon poisoning theories. The New York Times , June 10, Sykutera, M. Determination of antidepressants in biological materials originating from victims of suicide by hanging. Deeming, S. Hair analysis of trace minerals in human subjects as influences by age, sex and contraceptive drugs. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31 7 , — Srettabunjong, S. Relative studies between hair index, hair area, and medullary index with age and sex in Thai scalp hair. Forensic Science International, , — Journal of Human Hypertension, 24 , 34— Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Aleksandra Pawlaczyk. Reprints and permissions. Pawlaczyk, A. In: Buszewski, B. Springer, Cham. Published : 01 July Publisher Name : Springer, Cham. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Handbook of Bioanalytics. Abstract Trace element hair analysis has gained increased attention since human scalp hair became widely used as a biomarker of environmental and occupational exposure. Access this chapter Log in via an institution. Chapter EUR Hardcover Book EUR Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only. References Hodge, S. Google Scholar Ramsland, K. Google Scholar Sachs, H. Google Scholar Pozebon, D. Google Scholar Mikulewicz, M. Google Scholar Astolfi, M. Google Scholar Preedy, V. Google Scholar Chatt, A. Article Google Scholar Boll, M. Google Scholar Trojanowski, P. Google Scholar Rodushkin, I. Google Scholar Michalak, I. Google Scholar Chojnacka, K. Google Scholar Borella, P. Google Scholar Morton, J. Google Scholar Suliburska, J. Google Scholar Nouiouia, M. Google Scholar Evrenoglou, L. Google Scholar De Prisco, P. Google Scholar Tamburo, E. Google Scholar Ha, B. Google Scholar Luo, R. Google Scholar Czerny, B. Article Google Scholar Skalny, A. Google Scholar Srogi, K. Google Scholar Czora, M. Google Scholar Pereira, R. Google Scholar Sykutera, M. Google Scholar Deeming, S. View author publications. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. About this entry. Cite this entry Pawlaczyk, A. Copy to clipboard. Publish with us Policies and ethics. Search Search by keyword or author Search. Navigation Find a journal Publish with us Track your research.

Elemental Hair Analysis: An Overview of Preparation Procedures and Applications

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The island paradise of Seychelles is suffering from a drug epidemic of huge proportions. Known for its coral reefs, mangroves and white sandy beaches, , tourists travel to the Indian Ocean archipelago each year for a holiday of a lifetime. But look beyond the private islands, the boutique resorts and high-end restaurants, and the small nation is battling a heroin epidemic of huge proportions. Per capita, the Seychelles suffers from the highest rate of heroin abuse in the world. Jed Lesperance was 20 years old when he first started taking drugs. He is 34 now. At first it was fun,' he said. I was smoking heroin two to three times a day, even stealing from my grandmother to pay for my habit. Within a few weeks, I had become addicted,' he said. Heroin makes the long journey from Central Asia, especially Afghanistan, before being smuggled to the islands via East Africa. Made up of islands, the Seychelles has many porous borders, which makes them hard to monitor and easy for drugs to come into the country. But rather than attempting a 'war on drugs', which would criminalise the large proportion of heroin users in the Seychelles, the head of the anti-drug agency has introduced a Portuguese-style drug policy - considering drug addiction as a chronic disease to be treated. Individuals have access to medical and psychosocial support under both programmes. Mr Lesperance is one of those people who has benefitted from joining a rehabilitation programme set up by the agency. Each morning, he visits one of the country's roaming methadone clinics - white vans that are manned by drug counsellors and qualified nurses to give the correct dose of methadone to recovering addicts. Dozens of people line up outside the open windows of the white van ready to show their ID. Their name, the date and time are logged into a spreadsheet and on receipt of the information, the correct dose of methadone is distributed to them. Mr Lesperance, who has been clean for three months, now works as a pastry chef in a five-star hotel on Mahe, the largest island in the Seychelles. Michelle Sabury, who helps recruit drug addicts on to rehabilitation programmes, agrees that 'he is a completely different person'. Now he looks a lot healthier and is able to go to work each day. We are proud of what he has achieved,' she told the BBC. After receiving methadone, many of those enrolled in the programme stay to talk with their peers or a counsellor before heading off to work or back home. Some arrive with family members in tow, illustrating how the stigma attached to treatment in the Seychelles is slowly disintegrating. One of the counsellors, Levina Mosses, is a reformed heroin addict who now comes to offer support to others hoping to get clean. My boyfriend was a dealer at the time, so I never had to pay for drugs. My only option was to get clean. Ms Mosses left her boyfriend, also the father of her children, 11 years ago - and has been clean ever since. Following the rollout of the rehabilitation programmes, the price of heroin in the Seychelles has plummeted. However, there is another threat mounting in the Seychelles as the popularity of synthetic drugs is now on the rise. Skip to content. US Election. Why Seychelles has world's worst heroin problem. Getty Images. Morning methadone clinics. Drug addiction is considered a chronic disease in Seychelles. Heroin users have two options:. To join a high-threshold MMP, which includes a period of in-patient treatment where they must commit to detoxification Or the low-threshold programme, which focuses on harm reduction. Jed Lesperance takes methadone and has been clean for three months. More on drugs in Africa:. How addict Jesus survived South Africa's drug epidemic Prescription drugs sold illegally in Uganda How a codeine investigation changed Nigeria. The former British colony's economy depends heavily on the fishing industry and upmarket tourism. Five things about Seychelles:. Popular with tourists after overcoming history of coups and mutinies following independence The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge spent their honeymoon there in The archipelago has a high per capita income, good health care and education Much of the land on its islands is protected as part of nature reserves Home to the endangered Aldabra giant tortoises. Seychelles country profile. Seychelles starts 'Britain-sized' reserve.

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